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The article discusses the history of the development a delegate sports federation in France for athletes with physical disabilities during the mid-1900s, and it mentions the French Framework Act Favoring the Disabled, as well as physical rehabilitation, competitive sports, and the creation of the Fédération Sportive des Handicapés Physiques de France in 1963. Founder Philippe Berthe's Amicale Sportive des Mutilés de France club is assessed, along with disability management.

During their long exile during 1940–1944, various components of the “Free French” were largely kept out of the “Post-War Planning” process that took place in the American State Department. They perceived this absence as a major, and often deliberate, humiliation that made the circumstances of their exile all the more exasperating. Charles de Gaulle was seen by the “Anglo–Saxon” Allies as a figure of dubious worth and usefulness, and Washington’s general tone was to dismiss the exiles as the “so-called Free French.” They were admitted to the decision-making process only slowly and grudgingly, and not until after many of the key decisions about organising the United Nations had been taken. This article shows how that exclusion affected the French leadership, how they reacted, and suggests some lasting results. It also assesses to what extent France had a coherent contribution to the formation of a global international organisation during 1943–1944, and what factors inhibited France properly articulating that contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores issues associated with the transparency of French society to the government of France between 1944 and 1968. Topics explored include the black market, resistance to taxation, public health policy, and state and society. Other subjects include French language policy, civil-military relations, and urban planning.

From the early 1960s to the mid-1980s, a revaluation of the French countryside as a site of leisure and as a place to imagine France's rural past fueled an unprecedented boom in the ownership of peasant houses by urban dwellers for use as secondary residences. The rural résidence secondaire became a mass phenomenon and a paradoxical hallmark of the radical modernization of French society that had taken place during the years of rapid economic expansion dubbed the trente glorieuses. This article lays out the economic and social developments that made mass ownership of secondary houses possible and that stimulated the emergence of a market for old, often dilapidated, houses in rural areas. It also explores the affective needs and consumer desires that made fixing up a rundown peasant house or farm building compelling for so many city dwellers and a lasting feature of French postwar culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing for the first time on personal interviews with over 25 informants and new documentary evidence, this article looks at an under-researched area of enquiry: political spaces and dynamics within Communist Party organisations that existed in parallel and functioned concurrently to the democratic centralist system. Taking as a case study a representative sample of the regional party membership of the French Communist Party Var Federation in 1956, it considers contemporary perspectives, interests, contradictions and tensions in everyday politics at this level which, whilst not representing internecine conflict as such, constituted nevertheless distinct articulations of communist identity and militancy. However, the objective of this article is not simply to measure the extent of adherence to a regulatory system within a political entity, although it inevitably does that. This is a qualitative study that examines in detail and explains in context power relations within a micro-political environment, within a wider political structure, within a world movement, at an important conjuncture in post-war history. In so doing, it sheds new light on the orientation, nature and practices of the Parti Communiste Français as a national party at this time. It also, automatically, addresses questions of human agency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article aims to analyse the processes by which French savings banks have transformed themselves in the past 70 years. Although much is known about how banking has changed in industrialised countries since the late 1970s, in particular through higher competition, regulatory changes and restructuring, we know relatively little about how non-profit banks have been affected. In addition, although the key factors of change highlighted in the literature all reveal an implicit emphasis on exogenous sources of change (i.e. banks respond to changes in their external environment by adjusting their strategy), not much research has been dedicated to investigate the potential endogenous factors of change and, by extension, more complex interactions between banks and their environment have been ignored. This article aims to respond to these two challenges, by drawing on the framework proposed by Haveman and Rao suggesting that organisational change occurs as the outcome of co-evolution between organisations and institutions. Given the key role played by the state in banking, the article proposes an amendment to this framework by taking into account the multiple interdependencies between state and banking actors, and how these interdependencies evolve over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationships among female respectability, aesthetics, and national belonging in the wake of World War II. This was a time of tumult, and the French sought order through conformity. This conformity had much to do with conservative gender roles. The article analyzes images of female beauty and love in the feminine press. A complex reading of these images reveals an intriguing subtext: a woman needed to conform to certain images of respectable femininity, which included a properly feminine appearance and, perhaps most important, a satisfied man at her side. Articles in women's magazines warned that a woman's failure to conform to such standards would result in ostracism and a lifetime of loneliness. This article posits that establishing these strict guidelines for women was crucial to reinstating a sense of male virility and control in France after the chaos of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly attention to decolonization in the French Empire and beyond has largely focused on the political transitions from colonies to nation-states. This introduction, and the essays in this special issue, present new ways of looking at decolonization by examining how religious communities and institutions imagined and experienced the end of French Empire. This approach adds valuable perspectives obscured by historiographical emphasis on French republican secularism and on the workings of the colonial state. Bringing together histories of religion and decolonization sheds new light on the late colonial period and the early successor states of the French empire. It also points to the importance of international institutions and transnational religious communities in the transitions at the end of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article questions the references to the ‘Trente Glorieuses’ in French advertising through the study of a corpus of recent advertisements. It analyses the ‘Trente Glorieuses’ historical label and the ‘retro’ cultural label as two sides of the same outlook on the past. An examination of the diverse ways in which the past is represented in advertising demonstrates the representational fixity of the ‘Trente Glorieuses’ which takes place. Memory is condensed in it around unconditional and stable imaginaries that are close to a panegyric. Advertising shapes a veritable nostalgic fantasy for those decades, crystallised around vast and unifying themes of memory such as that of revolt. A final angle addresses the representations of ‘anti-nostalgia’ through a study of a campaign that rises up against advertising amnesia and positions itself as a witness to history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the second most visited site in Paris during the 1960s, behind only the Eiffel Tower, which stood outside the city's walls in Orly. The airport there, re-built in 1961 to welcome the new era of high-speed air travel in the form of jet service, featured a prominent 'terrasse' where visitors paid admission to watch the jets come and go. This article examines the jet-age renovation of the airport and the wild popularity of visits there in order to consider the role of visual spectacle in advancing the culture of technological optimism of 1960s France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algol was a high-level programming language, created by American and European mathematicians in the late 1950s. It sparked a wave of debates, projects and counter-projects, and remained lively in academic spheres until the 1970s. This article focuses on Algol, less as a programming language than as a research programme, an object of circulation and translation, and a decisive step in the building of a new scientific community: computer science, or informatique. It provides an analysis of the main French actors involved in the global Algol endeavor--small groups of computer scientists who became interested in this project, appropriated it, and participated in its evolution, either within academic laboratories, R&D departments of computer companies, user organizations, or learned societies. This involves grasping each group with its local, particular rationale, culture, and environment as well as its integration in scientific networks at national and transnational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1946, the French Antilles were "assimilated" to France as constituent departments of the Republic. With assimilation, hundreds of Antilleans traveled to France to attend college, university, and technical schools. When they arrived in the metropole, they were confronted by racism, discrimination, and "incomprehension," confined to immigrant quarters, refused lodging and service, and even attacked by far-right activists. This article examines how the encounter with the racial reality of postwar France radicalized a generation of Antillean students. These students formed organizations, from Catholic student groups to militant youth organizations, that questioned the gains of assimilation, the realities of French citizenship, and their own cultural and social identities. Former student militants would go on to play an important role in both Antillean politics and in Antillean culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Avignon Arts Festival was created by Jean Vilar with a production of Richard II in 1947, as a way to restore national cohesion in the aftermath of WWII. Vilar's idea of a theatre for all people led him to develop theatrical activities outside Paris, making him a major actor of the decentralisation, and to break with Italian style theatre, particularly with the convention of the fourth wall. Vilar staged Richard II in the Honour Court of the medieval Popes's Palace, today listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and the neuralgic centre of the festival. The choice of this venue, which was meant to revive the Greek and Elizabethan traditions of open-air theatre addressing large and diversified audiences nevertheless challenged and still challenges theatrical performances, which are either magnified or totally annihilated by the monumental upstage wall charged with history. Vilar claimed that Shakespeare's drama, a constant in the festival since 1947, helped him to negotiate with the wall. The article purposes to question the different modes of interaction between corpus and venue: to what extent does the genius loci inform Shakespearean performances? And how does Shakespeare's adaptogenic drama reveal itself appropriate to invent new theatrical forms, far from what Vilar denounced as “Shakespeare's guaranteed income"? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a movement to promote hygiene in France during the 1950s. It provides background information on hygiene in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and comments on aspects of hygiene including laundry, toilets, and the washing of the body. Topics considered by the author include sanitation, attitudes toward naked bodies, and hygiene in schools and in the military. He also reflects on French infant mortality rates, magazine surveys, and housing costs, conditions, and policies.

The article discusses municipal development, tourism, and nudism in France following World War II, particularly on the Ile du Levant, France. The author argues that a nudist subculture that had developed in Europe following World War II created a demand for nude vacations, and that French municipalities took advantage of an alleged lack of national policy on nudism to attract nudist vacationers. The author asserts that the actions of French municipalities regarding nude tourism were significant in the development of a national policy on attracting tourists to France. The article also compares the actions of French municipalities to other European nations such as Germany.

As with the rest of biomedicine, psychiatry has, since the Second World War, developed under the strong influence of the transnational accumulation of a whole series of practices and knowledge. Anthropology has taught us to pay attention to the transactions between local-level actors and those operating at the global level in the construction of this new world of medicine. This article examines the role played by the recommendations of the WHO Expert Committee of Mental Health in the reform of the French mental health system during the 1950s. Rooted in the experience of practitioners and administrators participating in the process of reforming local psychiatric systems, the recommendations of the WHO Expert Committee developed a new vision of regulating psychiatry, based on professionalism and an idea of a normativity of the doctor–patient relation. This article shows how, by mobilizing the WHO reports'' recommendations, French administrators and doctors succeeded in creating a typically French object: “the psychiatric sector”, founded on elaborating a new mandate for the psychiatric profession. The article thus questions the deinstitutionalization model as an explanation of transformations of the structure of the French psychiatry system in the post-war period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Under what conditions do sets of two former adversary states with deeply rooted historical animosity try to reconcile with each other? When they seek bilateral reconciliation, why are the outcomes significantly different? France and Germany were historic antagonists that fought three catastrophic wars between 1870 and 1945. In the postwar era, however, their antagonism and hostility dramatically evolved into mutual partnership and cooperation. Unlike the Franco-German case, Japan-Republic of Korea relations still remain frigid due to mis-trust and enmity, although sixty-three years have passed since Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule. This article argues that in both cases, the motives for reconciliation were mainly derived from realpolitik concerns such as security and economy. Structural conditions also affected the initiation of international reconciliation. Nonetheless, it was the dynamics of political leaders and nongovernmental organizations that played central roles in differentiating the reconciliation processes and outcomes in the two dyadic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the lack of self-expression of the generation of French young people that grew up following the conclusion of the Algerian War in 1962. The author states that while some argue that young people are ensconced in and preoccupied by the material well-being of their civilization, the author contends that the silence of the younger generation is due to a lack of a language of expression for them to use. The author identifies and analyzes three types of language: violence, silence, and the language of humanity responsible for the world. The author concludes by calling for a renewal of language that will allow for modes of expression adapted to contemporary situations.

From the early 1960s to the mid-1980s, a revaluation of the French countryside as a site of leisure and as a place to imagine France's rural past fueled an unprecedented boom in the ownership of peasant houses by urban dwellers for use as secondary residences. The rural résidence secondaire became a mass phenomenon and a paradoxical hallmark of the radical modernization of French society that had taken place during the years of rapid economic expansion dubbed the trente glorieuses. This article lays out the economic and social developments that made mass ownership of secondary houses possible and that stimulated the emergence of a market for old, often dilapidated, houses in rural areas. It also explores the affective needs and consumer desires that made fixing up a rundown peasant house or farm building compelling for so many city dwellers and a lasting feature of French postwar culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]