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This article combines a brief overview of the theoretical approach of the Vienna School of Social Ecology with a report on the results of a long-term study on the coincidence of countries’ first access to fossil fuels with social revolutions. The theoretical approach views societies in a system-theoretical perspective as hybrids of materiality and meaning, with "social metabolism" and "colonization of nature" as key links. Historical changes in the energy metabolism of societies are viewed as key drivers of change in social organization, distinguishing broadly between foraging and agrarian societies, both solar based energetically, but distinct by the latter applying elaborate colonization technologies that allow for higher energy returns at the price of a higher labor burden, the emergence of cities, and land-based steep social hierarchies. Finally, we report on a series of studies on the coincidence of countries’ access to fossil fuels as allowing a transition to industrial societies, again on a much higher energy level. The very early transition phase ("critical energy transition period"), as we show empirically for a large number of countries worldwide across the past 500 years, was typically marked by what we characterize as social revolutions. Finally, we ask what societal changes a next energy transition, required to avoid catastrophic climate change, will bring about., Historical Social Research Vol. 48, No. 1 (2023)

This article examines the implications of the land and agrarian reforms on ‘aliens’ and its multiplying effects on citizenship and their rights in Zimbabwe. It also interrogates the contested nature of citizenship in relation to land, agriculture and the rights of aliens. This is premised on a background where a frosty relationship has existed between aliens and the government, making them victims of the country’s land reform programme. Settler colonialism is shown as having partly contributed to contemporary challenges and despite its demise, it continues to influence land and agrarian disputes between the government, indigenous Zimbabweans and aliens. It is against this background that this article interrogates and tells a unique story of inclusion and exclusion in rural Zimbabwe. The country’s land reform programme is shown as having had deep seated socio-cultural, political and economic implications some which are now only becoming evident now. The paper uses strong field based empirical evidence, adopts an interpretive life history research approach and uses the conceptual lenses of T.H. Marshall’s distinction of social citizenship (civil political and economic) to show how land reform has reconfigured rural social and economic relations. The article shows that in post land reform Zimbabwe, citizenship remains a contested issue and socially, economically and politically aliens are at a disadvantage and are failing to enjoy the rights and privileges which are due to them as enshrined in the country’s laws. The article concludes that despite the politics of inclusion and exclusion in rural Zimbabwe, aliens continue to positively contribute to socio-economic and political processes in the resettlement areas.

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, impulsada por el gobierno ilustrado de Carlos III, se puso en marcha en el sur de la Península Ibérica una experiencia de colonización agraria en la que se empleó, fundamentalmente, a familias procedentes de Centroeuropa. Estos individuos, en los momentos iniciales, solo hablaban sus lenguas maternas (alemán, francés e italiano, sobre todo) por lo que la figura del intérprete de lenguas fue imprescindible para facilitar la comunicación. Sin embargo, esta función, al igual que aquellos que la desempeñaron, no ha sido estudiada hasta ahora; de ahí que nuestro objetivo en este trabajo consista en aproximarnos a la figura del intérprete en esas nuevas poblaciones durante sus primeros años de existencia.

How did the telegraph improve market integration in late imperial China? We exploit differences in the exogenous timing of telegraph construction in different prefectures from 1870 to 1911. The empirical results show that the arrival of the telegraph within a prefecture pair reduced the ratio of the two prefectures’ monthly high-grade rice prices by 6.6 percentage points in 9 southern Chinese provinces, or 17.2% of the mean of the dependent variable. The main results are robust to controlling for institutional or transportation changes occurring during the same period, to using an alternative measure of market integration, to using prices of mid-grade and low-grade rice, and to excluding outliers with low data quality. In addition, the effect of the telegraph was stronger for prefecture pairs in which information transmission was more costly, and traditional long-distance traders played an important role in the telegraph’s promotion of market integration. In conclusion, our findings help us understand how a new information technology enhanced market integration in a premodern agrarian society with an established commercial network.

Key moments of the American Civil War and the 1899–1902 South African War and their tragic immediate aftermaths remain powerful features of national memory in both countries. Over the past century, vengeful politicians and ideologues in both have transformed them into formidable stock-in-trade. Second-, third-, and fourth-hand accounts of the alleged churlish manner of the victorious armies, especially soldiers of African descent, were made into combustible timber for reactionary political campaigns. The perceived cruel turns of fate have made their way into literature, stage, and screen. The two wars afforded people of various races and social conditions opportunity to act upon their conceptions of a just society, albeit amid terrible carnage and loss. They also underscored the permanence of the industrial transformation of both countries. In the decades following these two wars most of the black and white agrarian populations discovered that state and agrarian elites had cynically manipulated and then extinguished their aspirations. Most often, for black agrarians, violence was the preferred instrument to pursue desired outcomes. Reconstruction in the American South was a paradox. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left the entire South, especially upland cotton regions, economically backward. In Louisiana, especially, politicized violence to coerce black labor was pervasive. After the South African War, white violence against rural black people was widespread. Lord Milner’s Reconstruction Administration was more concerned to bring South Africa’s gold mines back into production than to stem the violence. The low-intensity violence of the postwar countryside became the backland route to apartheid.

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of the head of the Department of Russian History of the Samara National Research University, Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation P.S. Kabytov. It analyzes the scientific achievements of the hero of the day, his social activities. On the basis of the material presented, the author made a conclusion about the phenomenon of P.S. Kabytov in modern Russian and foreign historiography from the point of view of his contribution to the study of the history of the Samara Volga region, the agrarian history, and other problems.

On the first day of April 1649, on the predominantly rural manor of Walton, Surrey, the sight of people preparing land for the plow was unremarkable. To see men up at dawn, dressed for the field in broad-brimmed hats, homespun waistcoats, and short breeches, loosening or breaking up clods with their spades, stooping to toss aside root and rock, was typical. What did raise eyebrows, however, was the sight of such busyness on a Sunday, the Sabbath, and on no less remarkable ground than George Hill, with its “very barren,” sandy soil. When questioned, Gerrard Winstanley reframed this performative break with religious, social, and agricultural norms as he did in his soon to be published manifesto, The True Levellers’ Standard Advanced. To work this land was to “declare . . . by action,” as well as by word, that Winstanley, the self-described “prophet” William Everard, and a small number of others had been sent by the Creator to begin their mission of transforming “the Earth [into] a common Treasury for all, both Rich and Poor.” Rural, religious, and resource poor, the Digger collective has not received substantial attention from performance studies scholars. Even some historians of the seventeenth century have questioned the significance of this small, nonviolent agrarian group in the intensely “charged political atmosphere of the 1640s,” but as a collective whose theatrical social performances raised them from obscurity to national visibility, Diggers are in some ways the epitome of this era.

Monograph review: Padalka S.S., Kyrylenko I.G., Vergunov V.A. Agrarian history of Ukraine : in three parts. Kyiv : Agrarian Science, 2019. Part I : From ancient times to the beginning of the twentieth century. 332 p. ; Part II : Soviet era 1917–1990. 458 p. ; Part III : The period of independence 1991–2018. 372 p.

On the example of Żuławy, the paper discusses questions connected with postwar migrations to the Polish Western and Northern Territories, and their consequences for agriculture. It focuses on issues related to the development of the region by new settlers and the changes taking place in the cultural and social landscape. The text highlights the region’s character and its economic conditions before 1945, and considers agricultural settlement and the agrarian and social structure after 1945. Post-war agriculture in the region is presented in the light of the cultural heritage described in scientific literature, the first settlers’ recollections written in the form of diaries in the early 1970s, and biographical accounts that the author recorded in Żuławy in 2018.

Cuba is a paradigmatic case where the term and concept of the peasantry remains of lived importance. Cuban peasants had a significant role in the past as they did return to the political agenda after the Revolution with particular emphasis under Raul Castro’s administration. However, the Cuban case has not been significantly explored from a long-term perspective that connects the old debates and dimensions of land reforms under developmentalist states to the new agrarian questions in the global era. Based on secondary sources, semi-structured interviews and updated data on land structures, this article explores the long-term process of land reform in Cuba.

The farmer cultural system is based on tillage and planting cycles. The patterns produced from system tillage and planting cycles then form a system of civilization based on the future of the garden or tillage. The agrarian ecological system inspired cultural expression that is manifested in a variety of cultural activities. One of the cultural poducts of farmers is the stories of the wayang Krucil, who were involved in the Panji cycle. Krucil puppet art shows are cultural performances that are creative and reflect the spirit of the times. Panji stories in the puppet Krucil can be described by their constituent structures. Cultural farmers are very dependent on the presence of the sun and water, so the sun and water symbols are very dominant. The structure of peasant culture can be demonstrated by a reciprocal relationship between humans, the sun, water and air. Symbols can transform into various forms. The transformed symbols of the sun and water can be found in the model of the stage, the structure of the story, and the depiction of the characters in the puppet Krucil. Agrarian society has always had mechanisms to develop their culture, including developing cultural patterns that are different from the maritime community. Keywords: farmer culture, pennant cycle, puppet Krucil

Between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as the United States was transformed from an agrarian nation to an industrial one, significant changes in the nation’s economic, social, and politica...

This contribution discusses the early years of Italian immigration in the uplands of southern Brazil, known as the Serra Gaucha (1875–1915). Tracing back early agrarian practices and deforestation techniques of the early settlement years, we investigate the consolidation of this human group in the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. In addition, analysing the development of both wood logging and winemaking industries in the region, the essay frames the identitarian construction of this social group, looking at the intersection between cultural traditions from the homeland, socioeconomic drives and local environmental factors. This analysis builds upon primary sources from both Brazilian and Italian institutions, local newspapers, and scholarly publications on environmental history, as well as Brazilian and Italian migration history.

Undeniably, one of the rare characteristics of James C. Scott's scholarship is that his analytical insights are widely recognized in many fields beyond political science and Asian studies. Scott's contributions to the vast literatures of agrarian and environmental studies, the theory of hegemony and resistance, development studies, postcolonial studies, state formation, and anarchism, to name just a few, are recognized by scholars of diverse disciplines as new standards that challenge widely accepted assumptions and theories and reveal underappreciated aspects and untold narratives of social history—particularly for those who, under normal conditions, do not raise their voice and did not have letters to leave records.

Thidambu Nritham is an ancient Indian folk dance performed in villages of North Malabar in Kerala state. The performance follows several rules of Natya shastra, and at the same time, has influenced the cultural and social life of Malabar due to the ritualistic nature. According to the background and history, Kolathiri dynasty has introduced Thidambu Nritham as a part of temple rituals, the art form being seven-century old. Thidambu Nritham is deep-rooted in the civilization of north Kerala, as it has close links with agrarian culture and harvests in the region. The elements used for rituals and ceremonies in Thidambu Nritham connect with soil fertility and prayers for an enhanced crop yield. The aesthetics of Thidambu Nritham is related to the colourful decorations of thidambu using flowers and drumming in four rhythms. The culture of temple procession and worshippers joining the celebration could be traced from the prehistoric Indian tradition and heritage.

In many eighteenth-century agricultural texts, peasants were depicted as an impediment to agrarian improvement, superstitious and resistant to novelty. That was the stereotype one often encountered, in any case, in more programmatic writing about agriculture from this period. A closer look at the era's technical literature tells a more complicated story, however. Much as traveling European naturalists relied on local intermediaries in far corners of the globe, elite agricultural improvers back home relied on local rural knowledge as they drafted a new technical literature on farming. This article looks at Jacob Guyer (also known as Kleinjogg), a Swiss farmer who became an enlightened celebrity after the Zurich doctor Hans Caspar Hirzel published a biography of him in 1761. Hirzel called Kleinjogg a "philosophical farmer"; the article explores the implications of this title, and examines the various ways that elite eighteenth-century authors used contact with rural people and direct experience of farming as a source of authority.

No form of English popular protest has been subject to such close scholarly analysis as the eighteenth-century food riot, a response not just to the understanding that food riots comprised two out of every three crowd actions but also to the influence of E. P. Thompson's seminal paper ‘The moral economy of the English crowd’. If the food riot is now understood as an event of considerable complexity, one assertion remains unchallenged: that riots remained a tradition of the towns, with agrarian society all but unaffected by food rioting. This article offers a new interpretation in which the rural is not just the backdrop to food protests but instead a locus and focus of collective actions over the marketing of provisions, with agricultural workers taking centre stage. It is shown that agricultural workers often took the lead in market town riots as well as well as in instigating riots in the countryside. Further, such episodes of collective protest were neither rare nor unusual but instead formed an integral part of the food rioting repertoire. It is also shown that rural industrial workers – notoriously active in market town riots – were often joined or even led by agricultural workers in their protests.

The plantation as a fusion of rural industry and commercial agriculture has become a shorthand for the the intensification of land-use, circulation of commodities, and the organization of labor concomitant with the modern world. While not the only place where plantations existed, the Atlantic is the context in which most archaeological research has taken place leaving untested certain assumptions about the development of the plantation. and the regions which informed its varied materializations in the modern world. By extending the the methods and approaches employed by archaeologists studying plantations to South India, we decenter plantation narratives and show how Indian Ocean commercial agriculture and rural industry also enabled the modern world. This article reports on results from the first phase of the Colonial Tharangambadi Archaeological Survey (CTAS). The goal of CTAS was to document changing settlement patterns, settlement organization, and material assemblage through a systematic landscape survey in the former Danish colonial enclave, Tranquebar (Tharangambadi). Specifically, we documented one South Indian settlement formation devoted to commercial agriculture called “gardens,” which has origins in the sixth century CE, or earlier, and how they were used outside the town’s walls in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. We argue that from historically distinctive agrarian facilities geared to commercial production, these plantation-like rural industries developed quite broadly using vulnerable labor to produce plant commodities in high volume for international markets. The particularities of plantation studies are enriched by considerations of parallel developments under similar conditions, as illustrated by India’s lesser-known Danish colony.

An understanding of the ecological philosophy of More’s Utopia ensues both a textual and contextual analysis. This fact/fiction interrelationship, inherent within utopian texts, makes any critical attempt to concentrate solely on their historical context or textual format flawed and reductive. More’s society was an agrarian, feudal, subsistence economy on the verge of transformation to a capitalist market economy. Land enclosures, referred to by More in the First Book of Utopia, represent a site for defining oppositional views regarding nature/human relationships. In early modern texts, pastoral and georgic concepts of nature were blurred in a perpetual process of interpenetration. It is this liminal position, which Utopia assumes as a fictional as well as a factual space that invites its interpretation as a chronotope. My research is concerned with dealing with a canonical text like Utopia from an ecocritical perspective. Questions which concern me in this research revolve around: The relation between textual and contextual Nature in this text, Exploring the relationship between nature and humans from its earliest expressions and tracing within these early expressions the beginnings of contemporary ecological troubles.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Romanian provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia experienced a series of modernising reforms, some of them concerning the agrarian regime. The enforcement of the Organic Statues in the 1830s attempted to reform the political and economic life of the principalities, but it favoured the big landowners, at the expense of the peasantry. The agrarian reform enacted in 1864 put an end to serfdom and granted the right to own land to former corvée peasants. It was soon followed by the appropriation for the newlyweds, a law that offered land to newly married peasants in order to settle them in low populated rural areas. Population growth triggered a new demand for agricultural land because the big landowners still controlled approximately two thirds of the arable land. As a result, in 1881 and 1889 the state passed two laws concerning the sale of public domains to the peasantry, attempting to improve their standard of living. This article focuses on the process of rural colonisation, which took place at the end of the nineteenth century after the sale of state-owned estates to the peasants. Using data extracted from official statistics the article analyses, from a spatial point of view, the creation of a series of new settlements in low populated but fertile regions of the country. Finally, the article investigates how, at that time, this rural colonisation was perceived by peasants, politicians and rural sociologists.

The purpose of this paper is to determine trends in the wages and living standards of male agricultural labourers in Central Chile during the agrarian expansion, c. 1870-1930. We found that nominal wages increased eightfold; this is relevant because wage labour became the main rural labour regime in this period. Nominal wages rose steadily from the early 1870s until 1910, and with significant fluctuations thereafter, before plummeting with the Great Depression. Real wages also increased, but only slightly. Furthermore, during certain short periods, agricultural labourers' real wages were similar to or higher than those of low-skilled urban workers. However, the persistent gap between agricultural and non-agricultural wages was one of the causal factors of the outmigration of rural workers.

Scholars have long been attentive to the relationship between legal regimes and agrarian dispossession in the resource frontiers of the postcolonial world. The analytical problem of identifying how private firms use legal regimes to take control of land—whether for mining, plantations, or Special Economic Zones—now animates a new body of research seeking the historical antecedents for contemporary land grabs. In the case of colonial South Asia, existing scholarship has often tended to suggest that the law precedes processes of capital accumulation, and that colonial capital operated within the confines of definable, even if legally plural, institutional regimes, such as property rights and commercial law. This perspective suggests, if only implicitly, that capitalist firms prefer to work within formal frameworks of legality. In this article, I outline a different understanding of the place of law in colonial South Asia, which follows the formation of property law for coal at the end of the nineteenth century. I argue that the discursive framing of coal's status as property emerged out of, rather than preceded, social and ecological displacements caused by a coal commodity boom after 1894. Reconstructing conflicts over coal-bearing agrarian land through civil court records and mining company property deeds, I demonstrate how the absence of coal property within the colonial legal archive was reassembled through a recursive conception of legality. This genealogy of law recovers the historical context for contemporary struggles over mining claims in India's coal region today.

This article examines how and why smallholder peasants mobilize for collective action to put forward their claims. Taking the resistance by cotton farmers in Burkina Faso as a case study, it demonstrates that institutions of neoliberal governance – which are presented by their proponents as making governance more “effective” by improving the participation of various public and private stakeholders in different degrees – nevertheless fail to represent the interests of the large population of agrarian poor. In the 2010s, the cotton sector in Burkina Faso became a field of contention, with smallholder cotton producers mobilizing on a massive scale to take collective action. It is argued that the mobilization of cotton farmers can be explained through the effects of the sector's liberalization. Economic liberalization, which has been promoted by the World Bank since the mid-1990s, has changed the institutional setting of the sector and has significantly impacted the ways and means of collective claim-making available to farmers. Building on primary data (qualitative interviews, focus group discussions, observations) collected during several months of field research between 2018 and 2020, and analyses of press reports and a variety of documents, recent protests by cotton farmers are examined and related to these liberalization policies.

Marital exchange between origin ‘houses’ is central to Timorese narratives and has been a central concern of anthropological study of Portuguese Timor and independent Timor-Leste. This article chal...

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, cultivators and administrators in India contended with the ravages of kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum), a deeply rooted wild sugarcane ca...

The purpose of the article is to analyze and determine the main typological blocks of the game repertoire of the traditional Ukrainian wedding in its final namely Perezviansk-carnival part, where the leading role belonged to the adult sex and age group. Methodology. The study was conducted based on an interdisciplinary approach, through a systematic analysis of literary, documentary, ethnographic and folklore materials. Scientific novelty. The study fills a significant gap in the study of entertainment and gaming culture of Ukrainians. Conclusions. The predominantly agrarian nature of the traditional culture of Ukrainians is explained by the fact that the main array of the repertoire of the Perezvian (second) part of the folk wedding consists of game practices that mimic the production activities of the farmer. In the context of archaic consciousness, labour processes were closely associated with productive erotic magic, designed to ensure the happiness and well-being of the newly formed family. Games with pronounced erotic symbolism and attributes, accompanied by shameful folklore and expressive vocabulary, belong to the oldest layer of agrarian rituals. In the traditional Perezvian (second) part of Ukrainian wedding, this group is represented by the games “Pestling in Stupa”, “Hammering a Stake” (“Peg”), “Show the Boundary” and others. The category of imitation games includes: “Threshing rye” or “Sowing rye”, “Mower”, “Blacksmith”, “Miller”, “Turner”, “Thresher”, “Combine” and others. The method of game undressing (exposure) observed by us in the wedding custom is the antithesis of carnival dressing and disguise. Both of these game practices are traditional ways of transferring people into a festive atmosphere, where everything is “upside-down”, not as in everyday life. The historical evolution of wedding ceremonies went in different directions: the most barbaric and archaic died out, and others gradually became a folk amateur theatre, characterized by humour, optimism, dramatic improvisation.

The presented article shows huge, multifaceted work, which in one of the most important economic districts of the country was carried out by local authorities, directors of large industrial enterprises, public organizations on restructuring into military form of industry of a separate region - Ulyanovsky district of the Middle Volga region. The presented materials help to reveal those mechanisms and organizational reserves, the correct use of which within two years allowed to create the most powerful production cluster in the territory of the deaf, located in the Russian hinterland of the mainly agricultural area. The subsequent work of the newly created Ulyanovsky Industrial District allowed not only to create the most powerful scientific and production center, but also to turn one of the numerous agrarian districts of vast Russia into a regional center. The materials of the article will make it possible to present visually the difficulties that have been overcome by the organizers of new industrial industries, many of which have been evacuated from the western regions of the country, in the face of an acute shortage of workers, production space, electricity and rolling stock. The work of workers, engineering and technical personnel, who in the face of constant disruptions in the supply of the most necessary, semi-hungry existence, acute shortage of housing showed miracles of labour heroic, is shown. It is told about difficult labor weekdays of defense enterprises, examples are given when workers, working in conditions of lush frost, under the open air not only performed, but also exceeded production plans. A huge contribution was made by factory and university science, when scientists and manufacturing inventors could within a few weeks develop a completely new design of a small-scale engine, a new generator, introduce such innovations into the production process, which allowed to significantly increase productivity. The authors also tried to show the restructuring of enterprises already existing in the Ulyanovsky district. They also managed to adapt quickly to difficult military conditions, so improving the production process, which eventually allowed to increase productivity and output volumes of final products. The effectively organized production and educational process allowed enterprises to organize a labor rise among employees, to create an atmosphere that allowed to mobilize rear workers for serious labor achievements. No industrial enterprise allowed any sabotage, provocation by enemy agents, and serious production accident throughout the war.

The main objective of the article is to present some observations on the singing styles that have been used in relation to Agrarian Life in Sri Lanka. They were sung until the late 1990s by people who were employed in agriculture or who were peasants themselves. Today’s commercial entertainment singers, in the 21st century, are performing these poems with great enthusiasm using audio-visual media. It is questionable whether they are well aware of the environment related to those songs. The agricultural society that promoted these songs has been widely transformed through changed working processes and demographic shifts. Therefore, the modern society is in a position where stage performers cannot have a real experience of these past times. This study is to observe and investigate the specific musical features of those songs that have been transmitted over the centuries. These observations may help to increase a conscious dealing with musical traditions in the context of Sri Lankan agrarian life and their future representation.

Using a micro-analytical approach, this case study attempts to capture and explain situation of local political elites in two comparable agrarian small towns from different parts of Habsburg Monarchy (Uherské Hradiště and Brixen) during crucial time of their transition from the Austrian rule to different conditions of new states after the WWI. We concentrate on social background and political and social attitudes of municipal elites, exposed to substantial pressures for adaptation emerging from deep contextual change with important national-political consequences and linked to democratisation and growing ideologization of political life. The two towns were determined to take a different path. Brixen was forcibly incorporated into a state with different history and culture and consequently faced establishment of Fascist regime. Political elites thus were confronted with until then unknown challenges. On the other hand, the transition to the own republican state represented a fulfilled dream for the citizens of Uherské Hraditě although local elites had to deal with the rise of new (educated) elites, new political parties and modern transformational processes. However, political-national fracture accompanied by modernising tendencies did not bring fundamental discontinuity in the position of municipal elites of both towns who were still able to maintain political and wider social influence.

The paper compares changes in the celebration of holidays in the period from 1992 to 2018. The data originate from large Estonian children’s lore corpora from 1992, 2007, and 2018. The first collections are preserved at the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum (ELM) in Tartu, Estonia, and the 2018 collection as well as the digitized data of the earlier campaigns are available in the digital archives EFITA – the Research Archives of the Department of Folkloristics of the ELM. The calendar corpus allows us to monitor changes in the structure and essence of folk/ethnographic/local traditions, feasts celebrated at home, church feasts, and public holidays at school. The authors indicate that endeavours to establish national public holidays to accompany traditional agrarian ones began in the early 20th century. During the 20th century, the system of holidays changed three times (1918, 1940, 1991) due to political changes: the establishment of an independent state in Estonia, the loss of independence and continuation as the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, and restoration of independence in 1991. In addition to state, church, and folk holidays different ways to introduce novel international holidays (Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, Halloween, Mother Tongue Day), and a search for new forms of celebration were also noteworthy during this period. As students, youngsters participate in the celebrations of their school as well as in the celebrations of public holidays, and at the same time are involved in maintaining their family traditions.

Mass riots of serfs in Right-bank Ukraine in the spring of 1855, known in historiography as the “Kyievan Kozachchyna”, is an important topic that should be careful researched, especially from a cultural and anthropological points of view. In this way it is possible to identify the deep motivation of the peasants’ actions and to explain the reaction of the landlords, clergy and government officials. An important source for the study of the “Kievan Kozachchyna” is the correspondence and diary notes of the Ukrainian public figure Hryhoriy Galagan (1819–1888) of this time. These texts contain not only his own views on the causes, course and consequences of the mass peasant riots in the Kyiv region in the spring of 1855, but also valuable eyewitness accounts of these events, from the governor-general to the ordinary peasant. Galagan’s narratives show a knot of contradictions between representatives of various strata of the agrarian society of the “pre-reform era”, such as the peasantry, landowners, officials and the clergy. Mutual alienation of these strata, lack of communication between them, being in different discursive fields led to the Kyiv Cossacks.

The peoples of southern Mesoamerica, including the Classic period Maya, are often claimed to exhibit a distinct type of spatial organization relative to contemporary urban systems. Here, we use the settlement scaling framework and properties of settlements recorded in systematic, full-coverage surveys to examine ways in which southern Mesoamerican settlement systems were both similar to and different from contemporary systems. We find that the population-area relationship in these settlements differs greatly from that reported for other agrarian settlement systems, but that more typical patterns emerge when one considers a site epicenter as the relevant social interaction area, and the population administered from a given center as the relevant interacting population. Our results imply that southern Mesoamerican populations mixed socially at a slower temporal rhythm than is typical of contemporary systems. Residential locations reflected the need to balance energetic and transport costs of farming with lower-frequency costs of commuting to central places. Nevertheless, increasing returns in activities such as civic construction were still realized through lower-frequency social mixing. These findings suggest that the primary difference between low-density urbanism and contemporary urban systems lies in the spatial and temporal rhythms of social mixing.

For the historian of Bosnia in the 19th and early 20th century, the politicization of the zadruga seems an irrelevant question: at that time, public debates focused on fiscal questions. During the Austro-Hungarian period (1878-1918), two other prominent public debates appeared: the agrarian question and the political autonomy of the different religious communities. Family matters concerned neither public opinion, nor decision-makers, with the exception of the antiabortion policies of the Otto...

The article is devoted to the role of school education in the life of peasants of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The main sources are published materials and documents stored in the state archive of the Orel region. The results of the study give an idea of the process of reforming the primary school system not only at the national level, but also at the regional level, allowing us to assess the level of implementation of state policy in the field. This makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the direct impact of school education on the social and economic transformations that took place in the Russian Empire.

The aim of the article is to analyze manuscripts of the famous Ukrainian organizer of branch education and agricultural research work Pavlo F. Tushkan (1867-1942), which are transferred to the Depository of the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Agrarian Scinces of Ukraine (NAAS) by Olga S. Radchenko - the greatgranddaughter of the scientist, as well as to reproduce the vicissitudes of the preparation and attempt to publish a unique manuscript of professor "Agricultural droughts and its study in Ukraine" on their basis. The research methodology is based on the author's use of the methods of historical-scientific analysis, systematization, chronological, biographical, as well as source and textual methods of source analysis, which made it possible to determine its form composition and information potential. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the description of hitherto unknown manuscripts from the family archive of relatives of professor Pavlo F. Tushkan, which are stored in the Depository of the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the NAAS. Conclusions. The Depository of the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the NAAS contain unique manuscripts of professor Pavlo F. Tushkan, in particular: manuscript of the journal article "Agricultural droughts and its study in Ukraine", dated August 1941; numerous notes on the main content of the work, plans of reports and speeches at meetings of research institutions, where the scientist presented his own work on the research topic; drafts of Pavlo F. Tushkan's appeals with a request to consider, hear and promote the publication of his papers; minutes of meetings of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Socialist Agriculture and the Institute of Botany of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Academy of Sciences; manuscripts of reviewers' reviews of Pavlo F. Tushkan's papers; personal documents of the scientist, certifying his professional path and creative activity; notebook "To whom and when professor P. F. Tushkan sent his work "Agricultural droughts and its study in Ukraine", formed by one of his followers - M. P. Pestushko; his correspondence, dated 1970, with the daughter of the scientist - Yelyzaveta P. Tushkan; manuscripts of papers by M. P. Pestushko.

Una laguna historiográfica fundamental sobre México son los nexos entre pueblos y haciendas, donde residía el grueso de los habitantes desde la independencia y hasta la revolución del siglo XX. Este artículo explora algunas aristas destacadas de esta contradictoria relación. El escenario es una región de densos bosques del suroeste de la ciudad de México, en la cuenca del río Magdalena. La perspectiva es de historia social, la relación de leñadores, madereros, carboneros, pastores y gente del común con las haciendas circundantes. Se muestran tanto las notables continuidades desde la era novohispana como los grandes cambios, en este caso, cuando el desplome porfirista permitió a los pobladores ventilar sus agravios en voz alta y, a veces, con lujo de violencia. Resaltan las dinámicas sociales sutiles que, si bien quedaron relativamente ocultas por mucho tiempo, al caer las compuertas del orden trastocaron severamente el statu quo. La revolución entregaría a estos pueblos, en forma de ejidos, la mayor parte de los territorios forestales disputados con las haciendas. Con base en una extensa recopilación de archivos, en especial el histórico de la Ciudad de México y el Archivo General Agrario, se analizan las raíces del descontento: los derechos de uso, posesión y propiedad del bosque, tanto como los agravios personales y de carácter moral. También, los argumentos de los contendientes, mismos que enlazaban ideas y valores antiguos con otros de nuevo cuño. Un personaje clave para mantener el orden social concentró el odio popular: los administradores de haciendas con sus típicas redes caciquiles.

En este artículo se hace un recorrido por distintos temas palentinos en los que insistió el profesor e historiador Manuel Revuelta; en concreto, sobre la historia de aquella Iglesia diocesana en los siglos xIx y xx, sobre el sindicalismo católico agrario liderado por el jesuita Sisinio Nevares y el seglar Antonio Monedero y sobre temas culturales, como las tres estancias de santa Teresa en Palencia y otras cuestiones relacionadas preferentemente con la historia y el patrimonio artístico de varios pueblos del Camino de Santiago a su paso por tierras palentinas.

The Western Australia (WA) State Barrier Fence stretches 2,023 miles (3,256 kilometres) and divides Australia's largest state. The original 'Rabbit Proof Fence' fence was built from 1901–1907 to stop the westbound expansion of rabbits into the existing and potential agricultural zone of Western Australia. Starting as a seemingly straightforward, albeit costly, solution to protect what was considered a productive landscape, the fence failed to keep out the rabbits. It was subsequently amended, upgraded, re-named and used to serve different purposes: as Vermin Fence and State Barrier Fence (unofficially also Emu Fence or Dog Fence) the fence was designed to exclude native Australian animals such as emus, kangaroos and dingoes. In the Australian 'boom and bust' environment, characterised by extreme temperatures and unpredictable rainfall, interrupting species movement has severe negative impacts on biodiversity – an issue aggravated by the fact that Australia leads in global extinction rates (Woinarski, Burbidge and Harrison, 2015). The twentieth century history of the fence demonstrates the agrarian settlers' struggle with the novelty and otherness of Western Australia's ecological conditions – and severe lack of knowledge thereof. While the strenuous construction, expensive maintenance and doubtful performance of the fence provided useful and early environmental lessons, they seem largely forgotten in contemporary Australia. The WA government recently commenced a controversial $11 million project to extend the State Barrier Fence for another 660 kilometres to reach the Esperance coast, targeting dingoes, emus and kangaroos – once again jeopardising habitat connectivity. This paper examines the environmental history, purposes and impacts of the State Barrier fence, critically discusses the problems associated with European farming and pastoralism in WA, and touches on alternative land-use perspectives and futures.

El libro de Adrián Ascolani y Miguel Catalá recupera, a través de las intervenciones públicas reproducidas en la prensa agraria, la trayectoria gremial de unos de los principales dirigentes de la segunda mitad del siglo XX: Humberto Volando, productor ganadero de la provincia de Córdoba, que tuvo bajo su dirección los destinos de la Federación Agraria Argentina (en adelante, FAA). Podemos afirmar que este aporte se inscribe en una dilatada preocupación de miembros de dicha entidad por relatar los aspectos más sobresalientes de las gestiones de sus líderes.Muchas de estas visiones son institucionalizantes, puesto que contribuyen a fijar la memoria de la entidad y/o exaltar la figura de sus líderes ubicándolos en una suerte de “panteón”

The article highlights the convergence between a new generation of researchers at the Ecuadorian National Agrarian Research Institute (INIAP) and the emergence of a new international research agenda focusing more on small farmers during the second phase of the Green Revolution in the mid-1970s. It does so via analysis of two agrarian modernization programs for small farmers: the Research in Production Program and the Andean Crops Program, the first linked to the Mexican International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and the second to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). These programs further illustrate a new trend in INIAP research, in relation to the initial phase since 1964 which had focused on responding to the needs of landowners and international research centers interested in conducting plant-breeding tests.

There are few studies of post-emancipation-period African American agrarian landowners because their numbers were small in contrast to those African Americans who remained landless. Archaeologists’ emphasis on sharecroppers has overlooked the socioeconomic diversity within the African American community and minimized the importance of land ownership to the assertion of black freedom. Using the ceramics recovered from the Ransom and Sarah Williams farmstead, an historical African American site in central Texas, I show that land ownership enhanced the lives of freed African Americans by enabling them to become self-sufficient. This self-sufficiency was an important strategy that ensured their racial and economic autonomy within a precarious agricultural economy. However, their position was liminal because racism precluded them from using their landholdings in any way beyond the achievement of self-sufficiency. Therefore, land ownership was not economically emancipatory because African Americans were not able to build wealth.

We provide the first estimates of gender income and land inequality in Chile during the first decades after independence, when Chile was a predominantly agrarian society. We have used a new source: the records of the first agricultural censuses ever made for any Latin American republic. We found that there were over six times more male landowners than women, and that male owners gathered up to 87% of total agricultural income (of those paying the catastro ). On the positive side, we found that female landownership was more widespread than has previously been assumed by Chilean historians, although it was declining in relative terms. We have also identified the main elite women agrarian entrepreneurs, finding that one of the biggest landowners of this period was a woman, who has been ignored in the historiography. We have documented her economic activities, as well as those of many other prominent women agricultural entrepreneurs, thus showing that women’s involvement in crucial entrepreneurship activities started earlier than previously been acknowledged, from colonial times.

The article deals with introducing important items of the Core Curriculum for Foreign Language Training of Non-Residents in Higher Agrarian Education Institutions based on CEFR and taking into account professional orientation of foreign (Ukrainian) language training (on the example of Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine). Different methods of research (theoretical and empirical) have been used. The Curriculum’s content (goal; objectives; principles of training; content components) has been shown. The main goal of foreign language training is identified as the students' acquisition of skills of communicative activity through the integration of communicative, learning and upbringing goals as well as deep professionalizing the future specialist. The Curriculum’s context (stages, communicative training areas) are correlated with the requirements of CEFR to meet internationally recognised standards. To monitor if the curriculum meets the students’ needs in foreign language training the questionnaires were conducted October-November, 2018. The questionnaires on students’ self-assessment of language proficiency level; learning activities preferences; situations in which foreign language is useful for; the importance of work with professionally-oriented materials were generalised. Conclusions: the important foreign language skills for agrarian students are speaking and reading ones; the preferable communicative areas are the social-cultural and the learning-professional ones; the work with professionally-oriented materials is indicated as an important one. This confirms the appropriateness of the curriculum to international students’ needs in foreign language training. The results can be extrapolated for other higher agricultural institutions while foreign language curriculum development.

Lisung paired with halu is one of the traditional Sundanese farming tools that has a practical function as a pestle/grain pounder into rice. From the perspective of the world view of Sundanese, lisung-halu is a cultural product that is born from the mythical logic of Sundanese. It is the manifestation of the values, norms, characteristics, desires and beliefs of agrarian Sundanese. It is the personification of male and female in world’s top (mythical world). Sundanese are oriented towards awareness of their origins. Men are considered stronger than women. But in the context of lisung-alu, the role becomes reversed. This article is descriptive qualitative by using the theory of psycho-analysis from Carl Gustav Jung to study the physical of lisung-halu (awareness output) as the personification of women in the mythical world (unconscious output) within the framework of the world view of agrarian Sundanese. The approach which is taken in this article is the cultural approach because this article is an attempt to understand the facts that refer to something. This writing is in order to generate insight and knowledge about the values of life and beliefs of the agrarian Sundanese which is contained in lisung-halu through the personification of women in mythical world.