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The major bibliographic emphasis in this work is on Russia and China, although some of the sub-headings and entries also focus on India and Japan. Entries are listed under the following categories: 1) Bibliographies; 2) Art, Music, Theater, and Dance; 3) Civilization; 4) Communism, Marxism, and Socialism; 5) Customs and Folklore; 6) Economy and Law; 7) Education; 8) History; 9) International Relations; 10) Languages; 11) Literature; 12) Philosophy and related subjects; 13) Political Science; 14) Religion; 15) Science (pure and applied); 16) Social Sciences; 17) Biography; 18) Fiction; 19) Journals and Periodicals; and 20) Audio-Visual Materials, which is included as a separate supplement. All entries list: author, title, publisher, place and date of publication. None of the entries are annotated. Most of the items included date from the 1950's and 60's, with a sprinkling of older items. (Several pages may be light.) (FDI)

The Occasional Paper is intended as a resource document and is designed to provide teachers of Asian studies with an authoritative study of education in the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1969 where educational effort focuses upon the needs of society rather than the individual. The first twenty years of the history of the People's Republic of China is categorized in terms of six distinct periods of educational reforms. Each of these six periods is analyzed by Dr. S. M. Hu according to its political emphases, educational policy and curriculum trends. The first period of 1949 to 1952 was a consolidation of the regime built, the second period of 1953 to 1957 concentrated on the Five-Year Plan with strong Soviet influence, the third period of 1958 to 1959 impressed the world with the movement of communes and the "Great Leap Forward," the fourth period of 1960 to 1963 proceeded cautiously with a "retrenchment" program, the fifth period of 1964 to 1965 marked by a sharp two-line Party struggle, and the sixth period of 1966 to 1969 alarmed the world with the "Great Cultural Revolution" which means to prepare a new breed of generation. (Author)

One hundred and eleven annotated bibliographic citations of books, including a few journals, on Japan published between 1941 and 1971 comprise this reading guide designed to meet the needs and adaptation of smaller libraries in schools, towns, and cities. Intended for serious beginning students or casual readers, it offers a broad scope of recent information. Having more than passing value, it is for use as a selection tool by librarians. The fourteen sections are classified by subject: Reference; Geography; Social Life and Conditions; Education; Government, Politics, and Law; Economics; Religion and Thought; Language; Literature; Drama; Arts; Biography; History; and Journals; each section arranged alphabetically by author. Complete citations are included. In the selection process emphasis was placed upon accessibility of books. Listings marked with an asterisk are available in a paperback edition. (Author/SJM)

Changing conditions and events in Thailand required that a third edition of this area handbook incorporating current data be published. It is a compilation of basic facts written with military and other personnel in mind. An analytical appraisal of social, economic, and political aspects is provided with emphasis on the interaction of these societal elements in an attempt to convey to the reader an understanding of people and country. A chapter describing the national defense and internal security is included. Additional features offered are a concise country data summary, glossary, index and an extensive classified bibliography. Related documents are SO 002 053 through SO 002 058, and SO 002 428. (SJM)

Intended to improve instruction in Asian studies in grades 1-12, this report of a project (University of California, Berkeley) contains extensive lists of general guidelines for incorporating Asian studies into the social studies curriculum; guidelines for preparing units of instruction on Asian topics; example units for elementary and high school; assessments of units prepared for the project, based on teacher evaluations, student reactions, and test data; and an outline and illustrative lessons plans for a thematic approach to an elective high school course on Asian cultures. A summary of project activities and recommendations for improving curriculum development projects in the social studies are also included. Appendixes present a list of sources of information on Asian studies and Asian countries, a list of project personnel, a list of materials disseminated by the project, and instruments used to evaluate units of instruction. (JS)

THIS TEXT WAS DEVELOPED PURSUANT TO A CONTRACT BETWEEN THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION AND THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES (ACLS) AS PROJECT NUMBER 35 OF RESEARCH AND STUDIES IN URALIC AND ALTAIC LANGUAGES OF ACLS. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK IS TO STUDY THE VERNACULAR GENRES OF VERSE AND PROSE IN KOREA, BEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST GENRES IN OLD AND MIDDLE KOREAN POEMS, DEALING IN TURN WITH FICTION IN CHINESE AND KOREAN, THE DRAMA AND WRITINGS IN CHINESE, AND ENDING WITH 20TH-CENTURY VERSE AND PROSE. INCLUDED ARE A CHART OF VERNACULAR GENRES, A COMPARATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF KOREAN AND WESTERN LITERARY FIGURES AND EVENTS, SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES, AND A GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES AS WELL AS OTHER PROPER NAMES AND TERMS. THIS BOOK WAS PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION FOR ASIAN STUDIES BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, 1005 N. PALM ROAD, TUCSON, ARIZONA. (AMM)

Procedures and evaluation of a simulation designed to reenact the British-Chinese Opium War negotiations are described. (DE)

This article describes the role of Lu Hsun inthe repudiation of Confucian teachings during the progress of the Chinese revolution from 1919 through 1949. The reactionary role of Confucius in the twentieth century is emphasized. (DE)

Five articles describe the educational activities and teachings of Confucius and his desciple Mencius as counter revolutionary attempts to restore the falterning slave-owning aristocracy of ancient China. (DE)

Transcript of a conference (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) held in Princeton at the Institute For Advanced Study. (AP)

The syllabus reflects a course in Islamic civilization taught at the University of Chicago and includes the recommendations of participants at a conference on the problems of presenting such a course. The "civilization approach" offers a panoramic view of various related fields, affords a perspective on the problems of analyzing changes over time, and offers insight into the very nature of civilization. The syllabus was designed to guide the instructor to essential subjects, suggest major problems he would encounter in presenting them, list the best reference works available, yet allow him a wide choice in topic and method of presentation. After an explanation of the structure of the course and use of the syllabus, there is material on: transliteration, the Muslim calendar, reference works, European interprestations of Islamic history and civilization, geography, political events to the 11th century, the religious message and its institutionalization, Arabic literature to the 11th century, political events from the 11th to 16th century, Sufism and literature from the 11th to 16th century, scientific and philosophical achievements to the 16th century, Islamic visual arts, socioeconomic changes, expansion beyond the heartland, integration, Ottoman, Safavi, and Mughul empires, the impact of the modern world on patterns of investment and trade and on the Islamic peoples--their political and cultural attitudes and social structure. (JS)

THE FIRST CHAPTER IN THIS ILLUSTRATED TEXT DEALS WITH THE FINNO-UGRIC PEOPLES IN THE LIGHT OF PHILOLOGY. THE AUTHOR CLASSIFIES THIS LANGUAGE FAMILY AS COMPRISING ONE OF THE TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF URALIC (THE OTHER BEING THE SAMOYED GROUP). SUBDIVISIONS OF FINNO-UGRIC ARE BALTO-FINNIC, LAPP, VOLGA-FINNIC, PERMIAN, AND UGRIC. THE HISTORY OF THESE RELATED LANGUAGE GROUPS IS TRACED FROM THEIR MOST DISTANT COMMON ORIGIN, THE URALIC ERA. FOLLOWING CHAPTERS DEAL IN TURN WITH THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS AND CULTURES WITHIN THE FINNO-UGRIC FAMILY--THE FINNS, LAPPS, CARELIANS, VEPSIANS, VOTS, ESTONIANS, LIVONIANS, MORDVINIANS, CHEREMIS, VOTYAKS, ZYRYANS, OB-UGRIANS, AND HUNGARIANS. AN EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY IS APPENDED. THIS VOLUME MAY BE OBTAINED FOR $12.50 FROM THE EDITOR, URALIC AND ALTAIC SERIES, PATTON HOUSE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA 47401. (AMM)

THIS UNIVERSITY-LEVEL TEXT IS AN ATTEMPT TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN SUPERFICIAL IMPRESSION AND SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING INDONESIA. IT PROVIDES AN INTRODUCTION TO INDONESIA THROUGH CHAPTERS ON--(1) PHYSICAL AND HUMAN RESOURCE PATTERNS, BY K.J. PELZER, (2) INDONESIAN CULTURES AND COMMUNITIES, BY H. GEERTZ, (3) THE CHINESE MINORITY, BY G.W. SKINNER, (4) THE AGRICULTURAL FOUNDATION, BY K.J. PELZER, (5) FROM COLONIAL TO GUIDED ECONOMY, BY D.S. PAAUW, (6) LABOR IN TRANSITION, BY E.D. HAWKINS, (7) THE COURSE OF INDONESIAN HISTORY, BY R. VAN NIEL, (8) DYNAMICS OF GUIDED DEMOCRACY, BY H. FEITH, (9) GENESIS OF A MODERN LITERATURE, BY A.H. JOHNS, AND (10) THE ENDURING TRADITION--MUSIC AND THEATER IN JAVA AND BALI, BY M. HOOD. EXTENSIVE NOTES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, AND AN INDEX ARE APPENDED. THIS 600-PAGE BOOK IS PUBLISHED BY THE HUMAN RELATIONS AREA FILES PRESS, BOX 2054, YALE STATION, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT 06511 ($12.00). (JD)

THE SECOND VOLUME OF THIS JAPANESE READING TEXT CONTAINS THE PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTIONS, BACKGROUND NOTES, AND GLOSSES FOR THE READING SELECTIONS IN THE FIRST VOLUME. THE COMPREHENSIVE ANNOTATIONS ARE INDEXED TO THE READING SELECTIONS BY PAGE AND COLUMN NUMBER. SINCE THE READING SELECTIONS ARE NOT GRADED AND MAY BE READ IN ANY ORDER, THE ANNOTATIONS FOR EACH SELECTION ARE SELF-CONTAINED AND INCLUDE ALL VOCABULARY ITEMS UNFAMILIAR TO A STUDENT AT THIS LEVEL. THIS REPETITION OF ANNOTATIONS REINFORCES UNUSUAL USAGES AND BUILDS THE STUDENT'S TECHNICAL VOCABULARY. PART I (254 PAGES) AND PART II (506 PAGES) ARE AVAILABLE AS A SET FOR $7.50 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS, 615 EAST UNIVERSITY, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48106. (JD)

“Schools of Violence” tells anew the story of “how China became modern” through the lens of military academies, a Western-style educational model adopted by the imperial state in the late nineteenth century that fundamentally transformed state-organized violence in China throughout the next century and to today. From the first military academy founded by the Qing dynasty in 1885 with German instructors, this novel institution then proliferated across the entire Empire and, even after the 1911 Revolution that ended dynastic rule, each successive contender for China’s future—from Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek to Mao Zedong and others—reproduced and reinvented their own military academies as central components in their respective national projects. Despite its central importance in creating the China we see today, military academies remain understudied, making this dissertation one of the first in-depth studies on the subject in English.This dissertation places the advent of the modern military academy in China within two interrelated vectors of change. The first is technological change. Whereas scholarship has long recognized the great disparity in military technology that confronted nineteenth century imperial China vis-à-vis the West, particularly in naval development, this dissertation highlights the unrecognized importance of a different technological invention: the breech-loading rifle. Supplanting muzzle-loading muskets, these new rifles exponentially increased the lethality of individual soldiers and had key battlefield ramifications: it replaced the tactical logic previously based on mass with dispersed unit formations, decentralized command structures, and gave lower-level, junior officers unprecedented independence and responsibility. The second vector is educational change: for the new-found importance of junior officers required the Chinese state to break from its existing system of military examinations, which merely tested officers in physical skills, and to offer its agents of violence comprehensive, resident education for the first time in history. But the new military academy structure did not merely impart technical skills. In one of the most exciting findings of this dissertation, I show that the first military academy adopted Confucian classical education, taken directly from the civil service examination curriculum, repurposing it to cultivate individual agency in the junior officers that had become critical on the modern battlefield. This novel incorporation of the Confucian classics also gave the military unprecedented moral and social legitimacy as a field of learning. Whereas the story of modern China is told largely as a rejection of Confucian tradition, I show how these classical texts took on renewed importance for modern war.Using archival materials and newly discovered and underutilized sources to reconstruct Chinese military academy classrooms, as well as the battlefields where education was put into practice, I show how Confucian tradition, far from being universally discarded by the modernizing imperatives of industrialized warfare, directly engendered the key role ideology came to play in organizing state-directed violence for both China’s Nationalist (KMT) and Communist (CCP) Parties that inherited and expanded the institution in their fight for China’s future.

In the summer of 1930, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, reorganized the academic structure at its party school, the Central Political Institute. After the KMT completed its Northern Expedition in late 1928, unifying China and establishing its Nationalist regime in Nanjing, the party school switched its focus from the political education of revolutionary cadres to the technocratic training of future civil servants, establishing a set of departments with bespoke curricula that were meant to produce the next generation of Chinese judges, local administrators, and, after the 1930 reorganization, diplomats. This dissertation is a prosopographical study of the 130 students who joined the KMT party school’s Diplomacy Department during the first decade after its founding. The early chapters explore the experiences of these students while studying at the Central Political Institute as they studied the curriculum that party leaders had designed for them, an ideologically infused blend of technocratic skills and novel theories of international relations. The later chapters focus on how these students put their training into practice during their later careers during World War II and the Cold War, working within the diplomatic systems of both the Republic of China (ROC) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). In 1949, at the end of the Chinese Civil War, the cohort bifurcated with nearly half of the Diplomacy Department graduates moving to Taiwan with the party that had trained them while an equivalent number of their former classmates chose to stay in China and work for the Chinese Communist Party’s new government. The final chapters consider the respective trajectories of these two groups with identical training and educational backgrounds after they were separated by the Cold War divide, working in two very different political contexts during the final decades of their careers.Theories of global politics that circulated on campus at the party school, both those that were taught in the classroom and others that students developed on their own in response to the political and intellectual currents of the 1930s, continued to shape the foreign policy approach of graduates long after they had left the Central Political Institute. As students studied theories of “diplomatic administration” that were inspired by academic managerialism, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs began a process of rapid institutional expansion and bureaucratization. Other Diplomacy Department students gravitated towards ideas of “revolutionary diplomacy” in school, an ideologically driven approach to Chinese foreign policy that emphasized building relationships with anticolonial political movement around the world rather than continuing to appease China’s imperial tormentors. This global outlook became increasingly important to Chinese global strategy as a mid-century wave of decolonization swept around the world and dozens of new nations gained independence. Finally, as party school students studied the links between China’s international interests and the Chinese diaspora, the global architecture of Chinese diplomacy increasingly came to mirror the distribution of overseas Chinese populations around the world. Together, these trends constituted a mid-century bureaucratic transformation and strategic reorientation of Chinese foreign policy. Central Political Institute graduates were not solely responsible for those changes, but their education and later careers were deeply intertwined with this evolution in the larger diplomatic system.After the bifurcation of 1949, parallel diplomatic systems emerged in China and Taiwan comprised of institutions and personnel with their roots in the bureaucratic transformations of the pre-revolutionary period. This continuity across the 1949 divide is largely in line with trends that historians of early PRC state and society have observed in other domains, but accounts of the new state’s foreign affairs have largely still emphasize total rupture from what came before. This dissertation’s focus on the technocratic inheritance that the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs received from its Republican predecessor helps extend the continuity thesis to the history of Chinese foreign affairs. Similarly, while this project builds on a rich body of literature that has assessed the state-building efforts of the Kuomintang and its Nationalist regime, it does so not to continue the debate over whether those efforts were effective or self-defeating. Instead of studying these initiatives in terms of the Nationalist government’s eventual collapse, this dissertation considers them as part of a longue durée process of Chinese state-formation, building on the efforts of previous regimes and with long afterlives across the twentieth century and into the present day.

“Ancient elite propaganda” can be defined as the institutional production of information in which ideological messages were communicated among elite groupings. During Late Antiquity, elite propaganda flourished in local areas of the Han Empire and the Roman Empire. Two such local areas, the Qing-Xu-Yan 青-徐-兗 region in China, from the Han period to the Western Jin dynasty (ca. 200 BCE to 300 CE), and the Gallic provinces of the Roman Empire (ca. 1st century BCE to 500 CE), can help to illustrate this point.The present dissertation includes two parts. Part I (Chapters One and Two) focuses on the institutions of local elite propaganda in Late Antiquity. Chapter One examines how the different interactive ethics of Han and Roman elites were expressed through their information institutions, and how such ethics were encoded into propagandistic messages that helped the elite populations ally with more companions. Chapter Two looks into how the interplay of three domains—information dissemination, textual production, and the use of language—reinforced local elite propaganda in the two regions, the Qing-Xu-Yan area and Gaul, and how elite populations of the two regions gradually became definers of not only “appropriate language” but also “good opinions.”Part II (Chapters Three and Four) focuses on the discourse of local elite propaganda in Late Antiquity. Chapter Three examines the sustaining and development of a “meta-discursive master” that dominated the production of local elite discourse, during the early stage of Late Antiquity. The propaganda discourse of local elites, in this period, obtained its power of persuasiveness from the meta-discursive authority of history and ritual. Chapter Four investigates the quasi-paradigmatic shifts in the propaganda discourse of local elite populations during the period of High Late Antiquity and the closing era of Late Antiquity. In the areas of QXY and Gaul, the meta-discursive master gradually disappeared from local elite discourses during High Late Antiquity, which rendered the realm of elite discourse somewhat centerless. When it came to the closing era of Late Antiquity, a new master emerged, and dominated the socio-political discourse of elites. The emergence of this new aesthetic master was based on the changing relationship between local elites and the new ruling group. To conclude, I argue that the triangular relationship between the idea of “truth,” the formation of textual authorities, and the operation of political regimes in Late Antique Eurasia was so complex that the boundary between the so-called “ancient” and “medieval” periods is not as clear as we may have thought.

This dissertation explores the mountain engineering projects in South Korea from 1948 to 1972, focusing on how the state and grassroots efforts reshaped South Korean highlands into the national resource interior and natural reserves. The study situates South Korea's mountain management within the broader context of U.S. postwar strategies in East Asia, highlighting the interplay between American imperial interests and South Korean state-building efforts. By examining key projects in tungsten mining, coal extraction, forestry, and national park development, this dissertation illuminates the multifaceted objectives and outcomes of these endeavors, ranging from energy transition and industrialization to environmental conservation and national development. In doing so, this dissertation argues that the Cold War (and hot wars) and authoritarian (and populist) developmentalism transformed South Korean highlands from an organic commons of mountain communities into the nation’s reserve of energy, soil, water, and labor.This dissertation contextualizes South Korea’s mountain engineering within the global history of American efforts to engineer nature as part of anti-communist state-building and containment of subversive uplands. In this context, this dissertation illuminates post-World War II U.S. decolonization (and neocolonial) mission and containment policy, but also prewar U.S mining colonialism and environmental engineering of its western frontier as a background. In so doing, this dissertation highlights how American and South Korean engineers, economic planners, and highland society viewed the resource-rich mountains as pivotal space for South Korea’s economic recovery and anti-communist state-building, emulating how the U.S. engineered its highlands as its resource interior. To illuminate this, each chapter of this dissertation envisions various development, preservation, and labor mobilization projects, and how they facilitated South Korea’s anti-communist state-building. By suggesting how such projects contributed to the industrialization of South Korea and high carbon emissions today, this dissertation points to the Cold War and anti-communist origins of carbon-consuming energy regime of South Korea today. This dissertation illuminates three actors as the main agents of the mountain engineering projects: American engineers, South Korean state agencies, and local communities. Each group brought distinct priorities and visions, leading to complex negotiations and collaborations over the ways in which how highland’s resources and nature should be exploited and preserved. Each chapter of this dissertation, in this context, analyzed how local grassroots initiatives, national development plans, and international geopolitical strategies converged in the building of South Korea’s highland frontier. By illuminating three actors of South Korean and the United States, this dissertation highlights the trans-Pacific nature of the South Korean mountains engineering, positing its mountains as a dynamic site where global, national, and local forces intersected.Finally, the dissertation addresses the broader implications of South Korea’s mountain engineering for understanding post-Korean War development in South Korea, and by extension, non-communist part of Asia-Pacific regions in (post) Cold War period. This dissertation challenges the conventional focus on the lowland-centered development in South Korean historiography, by showing how environmental crises, labor mobilization, and energy development in the highlands shaped the trajectory of the state-building and statecraft in South Korea, and even beyond the Korean Peninsula. By integrating environmental history with political and economic analyses, the study offers a nuanced account of how the highlands were transformed from marginalized hinterlands of South Korea and other Asian highlands into the nation’s internal frontier.

This dissertation demonstrates how industrializing policies of the Chinese socialist state and grassroots practices of industrial employees constituted a new kind of urban space in China after 1949, shaped by shifting social narratives about the differences between the rural and the urban and between the factory and the city. It considers the ways in which factory cadres promoted a gendered order of factory space, emphasizing women’s selfless contribution to production and their families and drawing women’s labor toward the developmental goals of the factory and the state. Utilizing internal factory documents, factory and local gazetteers, oral history, and ethnographic observations, this study analyzes how industrial space was regulated by state officials and formed by the needs and demands of factory employees and their families. In centering space as symbolic, concrete, and lived, this work develops a new understanding of the history of urban space in China, one that accounts for the contradictions and unevenness in how it evolved and the labor and actions of those who made it possible. My research weaves together a story about space with the making and unmaking of China’s state-owned factories and, in so doing, elucidates the intimate collective experiences of Chinese socialism and its afterlives.

How do governments create expendable populations as a historical process? This question underpins From Users to Criminals: Creating, Pathologizing, and Killing ‘Drug Criminals’ in Twentieth-Century China. My dissertation historicizes how governments create marginalized populations and convince people to enact violence against them by uncovering the social, medical, cultural, and political histories of narcotics treatment and suppression in China from the early modern to modern period.My interdisciplinary work challenges accounts of mass campaigns in China as irrationally destructive and argues that governments used anti-narcotics campaigns to draw ordinary people into the project of building new political communities. I show how the Qing (1636-1911), Republic of China (1912-1949) and People’s Republic of China (PRC, 1949-) governments drew on scientific expertise and techniques of population management to create new senses of political and social belonging. The project analyzes how from 1906 to 1953 governments dehumanized drug users to create collective identity and promote state-building. Following China’s defeat in the Opium Wars, narcotics became a symbol of national shame. Reformers during the Republican period authored plays, propaganda, songs, and medical studies that cast drug use as a marker of moral degeneracy and physical illness. While the Republican government saw itself as the agent of punishment, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) persuaded ordinary people to participate in emotional and physical violence against drug users and traffickers to define belonging in China’s new political community and extend the reach of state power to the bodies and minds of citizens.From Users to Criminals is the first study of violence in China that moves beyond accounts of casualties to explore how different governments used non-physical forms of violence. I depart from conventional studies that privilege violence’s physical forms and focus on establishing state culpability or casualty numbers. Instead, I disaggregate violence and examine its different forms, be it discursive, ideological, clinical, emotional, or public. Rather than understanding violence simply as a destructive force, I historicize violence as a flexible and creative process of subject creation that forms a shared community identity based on hatred and exclusion.

This dissertation traces the development of the early South Korean prison system. It follows changes in prison administration after Korea’s liberation from Japanese colonial rule and subsequent division by the United States and Soviet Union in 1945. It examines the use of prisons before, during, and after the Korean War (1950–3) and ends with the fall of the Syngman Rhee regime in 1960. After the 1948 establishment of the Republic of Korea, penal reformers proclaimed the goal of reforming the prison system under the slogan “democratic punishment” (minju haenghyŏng, 민주행형/民主行刑). Though appearing oxymoronic, reformers wielded the slogan when legitimating real changes in penal administration. This dissertation examines successive benchmarks in early ROK penal reform history to reveal that the “democratization” of penal administration was an earnest project to transform South Korea’s prisons into laboratories, factories, and schools for producing ideal citizens. More broadly beyond the Korean context, Democratizing Punishment traces the changing discourse surrounding criminality and reform in the early ROK to explicate the role of punishing society’s others in reflexively producing national identity, solidifying state power, and building the Cold War’s U.S.-aligned bloc known as the “Free World.” It argues that early South Korean prisons were not exceptional, aberrant, or an inadvertent reversion to colonial practices: they operated as designed to produce the ideal South Korean citizen from the negative example of its abject other—the criminal, the communist, and the social deviant.

How did economic burden and techno-science shape the politics of Juche? This dissertation examines the transformation of exchanges between the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Soviet-led socialist bloc, arguing that this structural change from “selfless” assistance to equal cooperation accelerated the realization of Juche (meaning self-reliance) in North Korea from 1945 to 1965. Based on a range of North Korean publications and Russian archival documents, this dissertation analyzes how intra-bloc flows of experts and knowledge for mass industrial production steered North Korea’s quest for uplifting the nation through “North Korean” techno-science. Revising politics-centered, nation-centric accounts of North Korean history, this dissertation shows how the global pursuit of a strong economy, changing geopolitical situations, increasing costs of “socialist cooperation,” and the short-term success of homegrown technologies coincided to propel North Korean planners to enact Juche as a mode of development and lasting national identity. Offering an original narrative of North Korea’s exploitation of socialist assistance, this dissertation provides a useful lens to better understand the origins of North Korea’s diplomacy and techno-scientific policy-making, tracing the roots of its technological confidence to defy the U.S.-led global order.

This dissertation examines the technologically mediated developments in the relationship between the Party and the People in Mao era China (1949-1976). With a focus on audio technology (radios and loudspeakers), and drawing from sound studies, media studies, and 20th century Chinese history studies, it explores the soundscape of the period, in order to understand how the proliferation of amplified sound, combined with the unique nature of the Party’s propagandizing, to forge a new form of sonic politics for New China. Chapter One focuses on Tiananmen Square parades and rallies, and the ways in which a new political culture was shaped by the Party’s application of sound media at these events, and the emotionally charged vocal responses from the People. Chapter Two broadens the scope of the inquiry by examining the nationwide construction of the Party’s sonic infrastructure in the 1950s, and considering the Party’s aspirations as well as the challenges it faced in attempting to transmit its new political culture through sound media. Chapter Three turns to the actual content that was broadcast across the sonic infrastructure, paying attention to the usage of loudspeakers in the education system, as well as the Party’s manipulation of sound effects and noise to spread propaganda and provoke appropriate emotional responses from listeners. In Chapter Four I explore the ways in which individuals reacted to extreme loudness and targeted sonic harassment in the soundscape, and consider the specific qualities of the loudspeaker that made it a useful tool for maintaining control over bodies, space, and time. Chapter Five broadens the scope of the soundscape study once more to analyze international perspectives on the Party’s usage of sound media, which centered on accusations of “brainwashing,” as well as the Party’s attempts to construct a “sound wall” around the People, by campaigning against the Voice of America. The dissertation, as a whole, constructs an overview of the Mao era soundscape, which illustrates that despite various points of failure and weakness in the PRC’s sonic infrastructure in this period, the application of sound media was integral in shaping and circulating a new political culture, and in forming new bonds between the Party and the People.

This dissertation examines the various responses of south Indians to the local and global transformations of the late eighteenth century, with the goal of opening up a new perspective on how the Indo-Muslim world actually experienced the revolutionary age. Drawing from hitherto untapped and overlooked primary sources written in Arabic, Persian, Tamil, French and English, this dissertation explores the political, ideological and religious shifts that occurred in three major cities of south India: Madras, Pondicherry and Mysore. It examines how the new economic, military and political challenges brought about by the presence of two competing European imperial powers, the British and the French, provoked locals to explore novel political ideas and ideologies, contest imperial authorities, search for new alliances and allegiances, and introduce new reform agendas in order to reorganize themselves and assure their social, political, and religious survival. The dissertation investigates these questions by analyzing the wide range of responses of Muslim rulers, local intellectuals, and social groups to the new regional dramatic shifts, and exploring their connections with the wider global revolutionary currents of the late eighteenth century. Two major global developments with a great impact on the regional transformation during the period are of particular interests to this dissertation. First, the dissertation explores neglected links between south Indian Muslim rulers, particularly Tipu Sultan of Mysore and Muhammad Wālājāh of Arcot, and Muslim revivalists of the Naqshbandi Mujaddidi order. Second, the dissertation seeks to trace the spread, impact and appropriation of French revolutionary language and symbols in Pondicherry, Madras, Mysore and Hyderabad, and explain how they became entangled with the transforming forces already at work on a local level, even as the British acted quickly to suppress them. Overall, the dissertation argues that during the 1780s and 1790s locals developed a new type of revolutionary consciousness principally driven by local circumstances and conditions but also shaped by the wider global revolutionary currents configured around the French Revolution. This revolutionary consciousness, the dissertation suggests, survived after the death of Tipu Sultan and provided a foundation for anti-British political activities and resistance in early nineteenth century.

The objective of this paper is to illustrate elite women’s political contributions and agency through a case study of Taira Shigeko/Kenshunmon’in. She was the “primary” wife of monarch Go-shirakawa, the mother of monarch Takakura, and a sister-in-law of Taira Kiyomori. Since the Heike regime brought “warriors” to the center of the court for the first time, its military aspect has been emphasized. By examining the sociopolitical structures of the insei period, however, it is apparent that violence alone would have never been enough to both establish and maintain the regime: both civil authority and military power were required. Through a biography of Shigeko, I explore how elite women in this period wielded power through civil authority and conclude that Shigeko was the co-founder of the regime that became a bridge to Japan’s first shogunate. Moreover, by positioning the Heike regime as the Go-shirakawa-Heike medieval ie, I demonstrate the shift of women’s expected role from that of “mother” to “wife.” As co-manager of the ie, medieval women held authority, and with their initiatives and agency, they could also wield tremendous power in the ie.

This MA thesis traces how “ethnic Koreans” in northeastern China (chaoxianzu) reshaped their perception(s) of “ethnicity” over the course of the great political and social upheavals from Manchukuo to the People’s Republic of China. By looking into less-explored memoirs and oral histories, this research is interested in dissecting the interrelations between memory-formation and ethnic imagination. Chapter 1 lays the theoretical groundwork for my memory-centered approach, through which I historicize the ethnic Koreans’ conceptualization(s) of “ethnicity” as a process, rather than a self-evident precondition. Chapter 2 reveals the ethnic Koreans’ ambiguous and fluid sense of ethnicity under Manchukuo’s ideology of minzu xiehe (concordia of ethnos). Chapter 3 examines the cultural construction of “Korean ethnicity” advocated by the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese civil war. Chapter 4 investigates the contestations between the Party-state’s revolutionary narrative and the bottom-up ethnic discourse in the early socialist era. This thesis argues that memory comes to be a mediator reifying the fluid, contingent, and sometimes-contested process of ethnic imagination in between the boundaries of nation-states.