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Archaeological evidence of human-influenced transformations of physical strata and the Earth system provides strong support to the broad concept of the Anthropocene, yet it also presents a powerful material challenge to some of its most entrenched assumptions. This substantial and growing body of time-transgressive evidence has the potential to radically alter the concept from the ground up and to provide a literal ground on which interdisciplinary collaboration among the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities can take place.

William Jones, famously, by identifying close linkages between Sanskrit and European languages, gave birth to research into the common ancestry between Indians and Europeans. In the earlier years of contention on the matter, India was considered the cradle of civilisation and Sanskrit as the mother of all Indo-European languages. With the rise in the imperial power of Europe over India, the cradle of civilisation began to shift outside India and ultimately landed in Europe. Simultaneously, the idea of invasion of India by the ‘Aryan race’, or the Aryan invasion theory (AIT), was promoted. Since then, however, one archaeological find over another have consistently refuted the AIT, proving it as false. As flawed as it remains, this theory has, nonetheless, persisted and morphed in its current form as the Aryan migration theory (AMT) and continues to find mention and favour in contemporary academic discourse. In mainstream academia, today, whether in grade-school texts or in texts meant for undergraduate and graduate study, whenever India and Hinduism are mentioned, the coming of Aryans from outside of India and establishing Hinduism and civilisation in India are discussed as veritable facts. By examining the theory in anticolonial and postcolonial contexts, we show that despite considerable archaeological evidence refuting the theories of the invasion or migration of Aryans into India, its colonial embeddedness in the notion of the racial superiority of the Europeans or people with European ancestry that the theory does not fade into oblivion.

В статье рассмотрены археологические свидетельства торговых связей главного золотоордынского центра на Северном Кавказе города Маджар с городами Византии. Эти связи проиллюстрированы на примере двух категорий находок византийского происхождения, зафиксированных на территории города Золотой Орды. Первая категория находок – поливная керамика. На Маджарском городище обнаружены образцы пяти групп керамики, изготовленные в различных производственных центрах Византийской империи. Наибольший интерес представляют находки поливных сосудов второй группы, являющейся хроноиндикатором для периода середины – третьей четверти XIII в. Дальнейшее картографирование находок сосудов этой группы на площади городища сделает возможным выявление наиболее раннего участка городской территории, на котором появляются первые строения и с которого начинается рост городских кварталов. Вторая категория – находка византийской монеты Андроника II и Михаила IX константинопольской чеканки. 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К вопросу о кожевенном производстве в Золотой Орде: Результаты археологического и археозоологического исследования на городище Маджары в 2017 году // Поволжская археология. 2019. №4(30). С. 184–199 doi: 10.24852/pa2019.4.30.184.199Бочаров С.Г., Яворская Л.В. Кожевенное производство золотоордынского города Маджар (Северный Кавказ) по результатам археологических и археозоологических исследований // Маргулановские чтения – 2020: материалы международной научно-практической конференции «Великая Степь в свете археологических и междисциплинарных исследований» (г. Алматы, 17–18 сентября 2020 г.). / Гл. ред. Б.А. Байтанаев. Алматы: Институт археологии им. А.Х. Маргулана, 2020. Т. 1. С. 242–252.Волков И.В. Поливная керамика комплекса Кабарди (1240-1260) // Поливная керамика Средиземноморья и Причерноморья X–XVIII вв. / Ред. С.Г. Бочаров, В.Л. Мыц. Киев: Издательский дом «Стилос», 2005. С. 122–159.Волков И.В. 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Продукция скотоводства в золотоордынском Маджаре: мясные продукты и ремесленные производства // Археология Евразийских степей. 2018. №5. С. 68–73.Яворская Л.В., Бочаров С.Г. Кожевенное производство в средневековом городе: опыт атрибуции // Северные Архивы и Экспедиции. 2020. Том 4. № 3. С. 190–199. DOI:10.31806/2542-1158-2020-4-3-190-199Bocharov S., Maslovskiy A. The byzantine glazed pottery in northern Black See region (end XIII-XIV centuries). // Atti di IX Congresso Internazionale sulla ceramica Medievale nel Mediterraneo. А cura di S. Gelichi. Venezia: All’Insegna del Giglio, 2011. Р. 255–266.Bocharov S., Maslovskiy А. Pottery decorated with splashes of brown (manganese) color in Bizantinum, Northen Black Sea Region and Eastern Europe in 13th – 14th centuries // 12th Congress On Medieval and Modern Period Mediterranean Ceramics. Abstracts. Athens: National Center of Scientifics Research, 2018. P. 24.Bocharov S., Maslovskiy А., Iudin N. 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The Ancient Near Eastern powerful states in the mid II millennium BC were not only directing and supervising the military-political, trading-economic, and sociocultural processes, but were also trying to obtain their dominance and control in the region. This was the reason that two conflicting groups gradually polarized in the region, where each state, despite its interests concerning the redistribution of spheres of influence in the ancient Near East, had to ally a more convenient political formation, given the current political situation and its capacities. As a result, the Hittite New Kingdom, Arzawa and Wilusa appeared to be in one of the groups, and the New Kingdom of Egypt, Kassite Babylonia and Mitanni were in the other one. The inter-state relations of these powers included both military-political and diplomatic rivalry, and a controlled system of well-organized transit trading and cultural relations. At the same time, each of the groups sought to urge other small early state organizations and tribal unions of the region to get involved in the alliance, contributing to the realization of prospective political plans with their capacities of raw materials, production of specific items and human resources. This was the situation also with the part of the early state organization of the Armenian Highland. Meanwhile, both the written sources and the archaeological excavations in general, testify the anti-Hittite orientation of the early state organizations of the Armenian Highland and their tending towards Egypt-Mitanni-Kassite Babylonia alliance.

The ancient city of Jaffa experienced considerable changes during the 19th century. The effects of warfare, extensive reconstruction and urban expansion turned the Jaffa of 1900 into a markedly different place than the town Napoleon besieged in 1799. Although textual, artistic and photographic records reflect these long-term changes, it is maps drawn by military and civilian European engineers that provide the most comprehensive illustrative testimony.Recent archaeological efforts have, moreover, added yet another perspective to this mosaic of sources. Among the material evidence providing valuable insight into Jaffa's 4000 years of history, data on the later phases of Ottoman rule is particularly intriguing. We now have previously unavailable material confirmation and more detailed records in a higher resolution for urban expansion over farmland and cemeteries, road paving, public construction and the dismantling of fortifications.The joint cartographic and archaeological testimonies offer a more realistic outlook on a period, which, until recently, had been subjectively perceived through military and religious filters, or the critical and often derogatory perspectives of explorers, adventurers and tourists. The challenges the Ottoman authorities faced were numerous and complex; cartographic and archaeological evidence has increased our understanding of the means, investment and planning they employed to maintain control over a thriving and heterogeneous harbor town during a period of profound transformation.

El análisis del terreno desde una perspectiva específicamente militar es una herramienta esencial para el estudio de batallas del pasado. La premisa básica que lo guía es que el terreno, incluyendo tanto los rasgos naturales como antrópicos, influye de manera decisiva en las batallas, tanto en el plano estratégico como táctico, condicionando su desarrollo y resultado. Es por ello que las investigaciones históricas y arqueológicas de campos de batalla han comenzado a incorporar esta perspectiva de análisis de manera rutinaria, destacándose el proceso analítico conocido como KOCOA, desarrollado en los Estados Unidos. En este trabajo se ensaya la aplicación de dicho protocolo al análisis del campo de batalla de Pavón, donde el 17 de septiembre de 1861 se libró un enfrentamiento crucial para nuestra historia nacional, definiéndose el curso del proceso de construcción del estado nacional argentino. Se exploran las distintas dimensiones que definen la configuración del campo de batalla, contrastándose la información así obtenida conlas interpretaciones historiográficas de la batalla y con la evidencia arqueológica recuperada hasta el momento.

Burial grounds and secular settlements in early medieval Wales (fifth to eleventh centuries AD) are understood to have been in geographically separate locations. In contrast, it is known that in England and on the Continent during this period burial began to be integrated within settlements. Changes in burial practice also occurred in Ireland, where early medieval ‘cemetery settlements’ with integrated burial and non-funerary activity are a relatively recent discovery. This paper presents a reassessment of the archaeological evidence from five published early medieval Welsh cemeteries and one recently-excavated example. It will demonstrate that these Welsh cemeteries share a number of attributes with Irish cemetery settlements and will critically evaluate the significance of this for our understanding of early medieval Wales. The paper will conclude that such sites are better conceptualized as ‘multifunctional cemeteries’, rather than ‘cemetery settlements’.

Although literary and epigraphic texts attest to the widespread use of random selection in the ancient Mediterranean, archaeological evidence beyond the Athenian-style kleroterion is rare. A recent...

In a recent article, Kunz and Mills (2021) report 10 drawn, a speo finished, turquoise blue, IIa40 beads manufactured in Venice and recovered from three late precontact sites in the Alaskan Arctic. They argue that these beads date to the fifteenth century, predating Columbus's arrival in the Americas. This conclusion is certainly in error because beads of this type were not manufactured prior to approximately AD 1560. The historical and archaeological evidence for this dating is substantial. Additionally, the elemental and radiocarbon evidence presented by Kunz and Mills (2021) supports a late sixteenth- to early seventeenth-century date for these beads.

Bones of remora are infrequently identified in archaeological assemblages yet ethnographic and historical accounts from across the world provide evidence for an innovative practice. People intentionally caught remora for use as a fishing aid, allowing them to haul in turtles, marine mammals, and other species to which remora attach themselves. Without considering historical and ethnographic evidence for remora-aided fishing, zooarchaeologists are likely to dismiss bones of remora as bycatch, when the remains might be evidence for the ingenuity of people. Documentary evidence illustrates the relationship between humans and remora was complex with people often respecting the abilities of this fish.

الملخص: تهدف الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على تحصينات مدينة عمورية ومواجهاتها الحربية في العصر العباسي الأول (132-232هـ/750-847م)"، وهو من الموضوعات المهمة الجديرة بالبحث، حيث إن عموريةتعد من أهم المدن البيزنطية، فهي أفضل مدينة بعد القسطنطينية، وقد قام الأباطرة الرومان ببنائها وتحصينها في القرن الخامس الميلادي، وتعاهدوها بالترميم والتحصين، مما جعلها قلعة عسکرية حصينة، وهذا ما أکدته المصادر التاريخية والشواهد الأثرية التي تؤيدها الاکتشافات الحديثة لبقايا مدينة عمورية الأثرية، وبسبب حصانتها ظلت عصية على المسلمين، رغم المحاولات العديدة لفتحها في العصر العباسي الأول (132-232هـ/750-847م)، إلى أن نجح الخليفة المعتصم بالله (218-227هـ/833-841م) في ذلک عام (223هــ-838م)، حيث قاد أکبر جيش عرفته الخلافة العباسية؛ کرد فعل انتقامي من الإمبراطور ثيوفيلوس (214-227هـ/ 829-842م) الذي اعتدي على الثغور الإسلامية، وقد اتبعت الدراسة منهج البحث القائم على الاستدلال والاستنتاج، وکذا المنهج التحليلي والتنقيب في المصادر التاريخية، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى بيان أهمية عمورية الإستراتيجية والتاريخية والدينية، وتحصيناتها، ومواجهاتها العسکرية في العصر العباسي الأول. The study aims to shed light on The Fortifications of The City of Amorium and their War Confrontations in the first Abbasid period (132-232 AH / 750-847 AD ,It is one of the important topics worth researching, Amorium is one of the most important Byzantine cities, as it is the best city after Constantinople. The Roman emperors built and fortified it in the fifth century AD, and undertook restoration and fortification, which made it a fortified military fortress, and this is confirmed by historical sources and archaeological evidence supported by recent discoveries of the remains of the ancient city of Amorium and because of its immunity, it remained insensitive to Muslims, despite numerous attempts to open it in the first Abbasid period (132-232 AH/750-847 AD), ​​until Caliph Al-Mu'tasim Billah (218-227 AH/833-841 AD) succeeded in that year (223 AH/838 AD) Where he commanded the largest army known to the Abbasid Caliphate; As a retaliatory reaction from the Emperor Theophilus (214-227 AH/829-842 AD) who attacked the Islamic Thoghour. The study followed the research methodology based on reasoning and conclusion, as well as the analytical method And exploration in historical sources, The study managed to a statement of the Amorium strategic, historical and religious Amorium importance, its fortifications, and its military confrontations in the first Abbasid period.

Ram Janmbhoomi (birth place of Lord Rama) is the most controversial dispute of the independent India. The dispute was existing in pre-independence era but after independence dispute has changed the direction and condition of Indian political system. There was claim that mosque was built after the demolition of Ram temple. This dispute was so intense that it brought the incident of demolition of mosque in 1992. After demolition suit was filed from both the side: Muslim and Hindu. The decision of apex court on civil suit came after 27 years. The apex court took the cognizance of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) report to decide the claim of parties. This paper aims to give a brief background of Ramjanmbhoomi dispute; explore evidentiary value of expert opinion; whether archaeology is science or art; to evaluate the evidentiary value of archaeological report prepared by ASI through evacuation in the judgement.

This paper deals with the ancient settlements in the plain where the city of Sulaimani found in 1874 A.D. In his book (Babylonian Problems) Lane (1923) proposes that modern Sulaimani built on the long-lost city of Celonae that was mentioned by the Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus (1st century A.D.) in his book "Histories of Alexander the Great.” Also, the Kurdish historian Amin Zeki in his book (The History of Sulaimani)1951, agrees with Lane, and he suggests that the name of modern Sulaimani’s name perhaps derived from the same name of Celonae. Many other historians and archaeologists repeat the same identification. In this paper, we investigated this identification, and we found that the city of Celonae was mentioned only once by the Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus (1st century A.D.) in his book "Histories of Alexander the Great,” he refers to the journey of Alexander the Great from Susa to Ekbatana, according to Rufus, on his way, Alexander camped in Celonae. We suggest a new identification for the Celonae Town in the northern edges of Garmian district at the foot or on the top of one of the mountains of the modern Qaradagh ranges, because, Alexander took the road from Susa to the north then east crossing the city of Sittake on the Tigris near Celucia/al-Madain, then moving to other cities along the road to the direction of the north-east, camped in Celonae, then moved to the east and reached Bagastana (Behistun) and after wards to Ecbatana, the capital of the Median Empire in (modern Hamadan). We found also, that the Assyrian royal inscriptions refer to a mountain called Siluna, the Assyrian king Adad-Narari III (811-783 B.C.) in his campaign on Namri and Media, after crossing the Lower Zab toward the east, first he mentions the mountain Siluna, where the sun rises, then he occupied Namri and crossed the other lands in the east to reach Media, and since Namri was the land of the Kassites (in the post-Kassite period) located in the area of Sangaw-Garmian-Qaradagh-Bamo ranges, we can conclude that the mountain Siluna and the city Celonae were located in the same place somewhere in Qaradagh ranges. In the base of the above-mentioned evidence, we can reject the previous identification of Celonai with modern Sulaimani. On the other hand, in this paper we discussed other identifications of modern Sulaimani with ancient cities and towns mentioned in the cuneiform records, for instance, Radner (2017), suggests that the Zamuan capital city of Arrakdi of the Lullubu people located under modern Sulaimani, but this is not a proper identification, because the city of Arrakdi was mentioned in the cuneiform records three times, and in all records they refer to the point that the city located beyond a roughed mountain, the Annals of Ashurnasirpal II refers that the city located at the foot of the roughed mountain Lara, and this mountain should be modern Lare mountain in the east of Shabazher district far east from modern Sulaimani. Also, the cuneiform tablet that was discovered in Sitak in Sharbazher district and that tablet also refers to Arrakdi. Also, we found that Spiser linked the village of Uluba (Ulubulagh) now it is a district in the southern east of Sulaimani, with the Lullubian City of Lagalaga, this identification only based on the similarities between the two toponyms. On the other hand, Abdulraqeeb Yusuf, suggests that the old village of Daragha, which is now a district in the eastern part of Sulaimani derived from the Zamuan city Dagara of the Lullubies, this identification also not appropriate one, because the village and district named after the name of a nobleman called Mr. Dara Agha, and there is no archaeological ruin in this district as well. The city of Sulaimani was built on an area where a huge archaeological Gird/Tell existed, the Babanian princes built their palace on this artificial hill and the administrative buildings to the east of it, when they dug for the foundations, they discovered coins, a stone with unknown script, and many jars, some of them big jars contained human skulls. In 2005, when the modern building Kaso Mall constructed on the northwest of the hill, we found two seals date back to Jamdet-Naser = Nineveh V period, and Ubaid potsherds, and some bull skulls, their horns cut with a sharp instrument. This evidence indicate that the city was built on a settlement date back to the 5th-4th millennium B.C. Other archaeological discoveries in Girdi Kunara and Girdi De Kon in the western part of the city at the bank of Qiliasan and Tanjero rivers, in Kunara many cuneiform tablets discovered there, we can link these sites also with the Lullubies in the third & second millennium B.C.

Secret societies, involving restricted and hierarchically organised initiation rituals, are conspicuous in the chronicles of many past and present societies. These rarely leave a substantial written record and yet archaeology can provide vivid insight into past performances, for example in relation to Roman ‘mystery cults’. Far less research, however, has focused on Australia and the Pacific Islands. This article presents archaeological evidence for ceremonies practised on Woeydhul Island in the Western Torres Strait, exploring initiation rituals at the cusp of contemporary memory. By doing so, it provides a detailed and long-term history for Torres Strait Islander secret societies and ritual activities involving dugong bone mounds, stone arrangements and worked stingray spines.

Subfloor pits, or root cellars, associated with African American housing and dating from the 17th through the 19th centuries, have been documented archaeologically in the Mid-Atlantic states and upland South. Excavations in 2014 and 2015 at the Bulow Plantation in Florida exposed the footprint of an early 19th-century slave cabin containing a stone-lined subfloor pit, which represents the only well-documented archaeological example of its type identified south of South Carolina. Two conflicting interpretations exist regarding the cultural origins of subfloor pits: that the subfloor-pit phenomenon, writ large, is an African tradition that was simply continued under enslavement in the United States, or, alternatively, subfloor pits are not African in origin at all, but were innovated in the British American colonies in the early years of enslavement. The combined archival and archaeological evidence gathered here entirely support the latter interpretation.

Under the conditions of corporate slavery in the Great Dismal Swamp, enslaved women transformed the mechanisms of capitalist exchange into resistance. Archaeological evidence from Dismal Town, a la...

The Roman province of Lusitania went through a sequence of processes from the end of the 4th century onwards that resulted in the end of the classical landscape. The Christian Church gradually replaced private entrepreneurship in the management of the main economic activities and the organization of the daily activities. This process is difficult to characterize, but some archaeological evidence, from specific sites and from the analysis of the rural settlement patterns, emerges. Some considerations will be presented here, trying to contextualize certain mechanisms of change. La provincia romana de Lusitania atravesó, desde el final del s. IV d.C., una serie de procesos continuados que tuvieron como consecuencia el final del paisaje clásico. La iglesia cristiana reemplazó de manera progresiva a la iniciativa privada en la gestión de las principales actividades económicas y en la organización de las actividades cotidianas. El proceso es difícil de caracterizar, pero se cuenta con algunas evidencias arqueológicas, en yacimientos específicos y en el análisis de los patrones de asentamiento rural. Se presentarán aquí algunas consideraciones con la intención de contextualizar algunos de los mecanismos de cambio.

Archaeological evidence from Britain shows botanical inclusions formed part of the post-medieval funeral. Findings from the analysis of three burial grounds consider the extent of demographic, socioeconomic, and local variation in the manner of tributes. Twenty-six of 1431 excavated burials showed evidence for flowers placed inside or bouquets or wreaths placed on top of the coffins, and adults and children had received botanical tributes. The use of tributes increased during the later nineteenth century but local variation existed in the manner and extent of botanical tributes adopted but trends can be affected by biases introduced by preservation and survival between different sites.

Black and/or Gray Gaza Ware pottery is often found in archaeological contexts in the southern Levant and is broadly dated to the Ottoman and/or British Mandate periods. This ware was primarily made in Gaza, Khan Yunis, and Faluja. In 2002 Yigal Israel conducted an archaeological reconnaissance of Faluja and found archaeological evidence for the manufacture of this ware. He returned to this site in 2009 and excavated a kiln that was used to fire Black Gaza Ware pottery. This report describes his archaeological investigations at the former village Faluja.

Imagination and innovation are likely stimulated through the intersection of brain power, motor skill and social need. Through time, escalating creativity may have influenced cognition and social interactions, creating a feedback situation that also implicated demography. Such reciprocal interactions between technology, cognition and society may have motivated the accumulation of innovations that are particularly visible in the archaeological record after 100,000 years ago (not as a revolution, but incrementally). Raw materials also played a role because they are not passive; intense interaction with objects reflexively stimulates human imagination and creativity. Archaeological evidence for material culture items that appear to embody imagination is present before the appearance of Homo sapiens. The implication is that imagination is not the sole preserve of people like us; nonetheless, H. sapiens took imaginative expressions to new heights after about 100,000 years ago. Perforated and ochre-covered marine shells were found in early modern human burials and living sites and thereafter more material culture items convey imagination. Shell beads were strung to form a variety of patterns, and engraved ostrich eggshells, engraved ochre, worked bone and hundreds of pieces of utilised ochre have been widely found. Innovation, imagination and complex cognition are also conveyed in the manufacture of everyday objects used for subsistence activities.

As a key component of Ireland’s agricultural and marine economy, salt was a much prized and vital commodity for the trade of the nation. Yet, archaeological evidence for salt-working is surprisingl...

Archaeological evidence and the text of the Strategikon show that it was only in the late sixth century AD that the Roman-Byzantine military adopted the stirrup. It is now widely argued that the Avars, who settled in the Carpathian basin in the sixth century, played a key role in introducing iron stirrups to the Roman-Byzantine world. However, the evidence to support this assertion is limited. Although hundreds of stirrups have been found in Avar graves in the Carpathian basin, very few stirrups of sixth- or seventh-century date are known from the Roman-Byzantine empire - no more than seven - and only two of these are of definitively Avar type. The text of the Strategikon, sometimes argued to support this Avar source, can be interpreted differently, as indeed can the archaeological evidence. While the debate about the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup has focused mostly on finds from the Balkans, two early stirrups are known from Asia Minor, from Pergamon and Sardis. This paper presents a third, previously unpublished stirrup, from a seventh-century deposit at Aphrodisias in Caria; this is the first stirrup found in Asia Minor from a datable context. Here we present this find and its context, and use it to reconsider the model of solely Avar stirrup transmission that has dominated scholarship to date. So varied are the early stirrups that multiple sources of influence, Avar and other, and even a degree of experimentation, seem more likely to underpin the Roman-Byzantine adoption of this technology.

Written and archaeological evidence from Ostrogothic Italy offers the opportunity to investigate how a late antique society coped with hydraulic problems. Although stretching across a few decades (from the establishment of Theoderic’s power over Italy in AD 493 and the end of the Gothic war in AD 555), the Ostrogothic period is marked by social, economic, political and cultural transformations which affected the management of water. Ostrogothic authorities held control over aqueducts and the water supply following earlier administrative and legal tradition. Though there is evidence for private misappropriation of part of public aqueducts’ water, the main function of aqueducts - to make ample supplies of water available to entire communities - was generally achieved. At the same time, it is undeniable that they had to cope with irreversible trends, whose impact was magnified by major historical events such as the Gothic war.

To evaluate a model of the travel-route selection process for upper Ohio Valley Paleoindian foragers (13,500–11,400 cal BP), this study investigates archaeological data through the theoretical framework of landscape learning and risk-sensitive analysis. Following initial trail placement adjacent to a highly visible escarpment landform, Paleoindians adopted a risk-averse strategy to minimize travel outcome variability when wayfaring between Sandy Springs, a significant Ohio River Paleoindian site, and Upper Mercer–Vanport chert quarries of east-central Ohio. Although a least-cost analysis indicates an optimal route through the lower Scioto Valley, archaeological evidence for this path is lacking. Geomorphic and archaeological data further suggest that site absence in the lower Scioto Valley is not entirely due to sampling bias. Instead, evidence indicates that Paleoindians preferred travel within the Ohio Brush Creek–Baker's Fork valley despite its longer path distance through more rugged, constricted terrain. Potential travel through the lower Scioto Valley hypothesizes high outcome variability due to the stochastic nature of the late Pleistocene hydroregime. In this case, perceived outcome variability appears more influential in determining travel-route decisions among Paleoindians than direct efforts to reduce energy and time allocation.

The result of this study is intended to prove that the Banjarese have the right attitude of tolerance, supported by archaeological evidences. In this regard, the research question is, how the tolerance implemented by the Banjar community, recorded in archaeological data, and how local people inherit and implement it in their life nowadays? This research used a descriptive method with inductive reasoning. The data were described as well as being placed in the historical timeline of the Banjar Sovereignty. Tolerance data are indicated by the group diversity (at least two groups) existed in the same time and locus, and both have a relationship. Furthermore, tolerance is evidenced by the attitude of the ruler who was willing to tolerate, not suppress, and give proper rights. This study’s results indicate that archaeological evidence had been supported by historical literature, which showed that the Banjar people have strong historical roots of tolerance. The people of South Kalimantan can continue the implementation of that tolerance in a life of diversity presently. It can be concluded that the history of tolerance that has been practiced since our ancestors must be maintained by continuously dialogued so that it can be implemented in an appropriate space and time context.

Archaeological evidence of the existence of the sultans of Samudera Pasai Kingdom is marked by the remains of gravestones that mention their name, title and year of death. From these data we can arrange the order of the sultan’s name, title, name of his parents and the year of his death. And, not only that, this archaeological evidence can also map the morphology (form) of tomb and the type of material. As for the study of the morphology of the gravestones of the sultans of Samudera Pasai Kingdom, until now no one has done it. Therefore, this paper becomes a kind of introduction for those interested in the study of the ancient tombstone of Samudera Pasai Kingdom. The method of writing this work uses a historiographic approach in examining the time sequence of the gravestones. This paper then succeeded in recording the morphology of the gravestones and the types of materials according to the tombstone sequences of the sultans of Samudera Pasai Kingdom, starting from the first sultan to the last sultan.

Heavy rains and subsequent bank erosion in 1973 exposed the skeletal remains of 10 men and boys on Walnut Creek in Barton County, Kansas. The site (14BT301) has not been fully reported, and this ef...

The church burials of Room-94 and Church-79 as well as the Tower 35-Tomb were excavated within the ancient Byzantine settlement in Khirbet es-Samrā, North Jordan. They were initially dated between the 7th and 9th centuries AD. The report provides the results of macroscopic analyses of the obtained human skeletal remains. These include demographic, anthropometric, epigenetic, and pathologic features. The available biological and archaeological evidence tend to suggest that the five adults and child buried in Room-94 tomb were related males, possibly of one local and highly positioned family that was associated with the adjacent Church 95. The six were successively buried in the “private” tomb in Room-94 of Church-95 and not in the “public” cemetery just outside the settlement. The two probable cases of brucellar lesions on the cervical vertebrae of two adults could be indicative of an animal breeding family and that dairy products were part of the local diet. The report also suggests a possible relatedness between Room-94 tomb burials and the 7th century AD senile female burial in Church-79, which was previously assumed to be a male church-functionary burial. Despite being marked by a cross-engraved stone and a probably lethal arrow injury, the available evidence lead to conclude that the male Tower burial, previously identified as of the 9th century AD, was in fact a medieval burial and that it is neither related to the ancient settlement nor to its ancient population. Also presented are some rarely reported biological features, e.g. the “en bloc” manifestation of the transverse foramen division on the cervical vertebrae C5 to C7. Keywords: Jordan - Byzantine Period - Church Burial – Anthropometry - Epigenetics- Paleopathology.

EnglishThis paper addresses the notion of sensory nuisance in relation to commercial hospitality in the Western Roman world, which was associated with the occupation of the caupo, the Roman innkeeper. This sector, and more specifically one of its branches, the restaurant industry, triggered many complaints among ancient authors aimed at the various inconveniences these commercial establishments caused to the senses: smoke that impaired smell and sight, noises displeasing to the ears, and so forth. Nevertheless, it is difficult to distinguish, in literature, between common cultural tropes, sociological bias, and descriptions drawn from experience. This analysis is based on a letter of Sidonius Apollinaris, who at the end the 5th century produced a vivid description summing up the various sensory nuisances connected to inns and popinae (restaurants) in the Roman cultural context. It follows the development of these themes throughout Latin literature, testing them, when possible, against available archaeological evidence. francaisCet article convoque la notion de nuisance sensorielle au sujet d’un secteur professionnel de l’Occident romain : l’accueil mercantile, associe au metier du caupo, de l’aubergiste. Ce secteur professionnel, et surtout une de ses branches, la restauration commerciale, ont engendre, chez les auteurs anciens, de nombreuses plaintes contre les desagrements qu’ils auraient occasionnes aux sens : fumees blessant l’odorat et la vue, bruits heurtant les oreilles, etc. Dans les sources litteraires qui s’en font l’echo, la difficulte est de faire la part entre le lieu commun, le biais sociologique et la realite quotidienne de ces etablissements. A partir d’une lettre de Sidoine Apollinaire, qui, a la fin du Ve siecle, produit un condense descriptif des nuisances sensorielles associees a l’auberge et a la popina dans le contexte culturel romain, on analyse les motifs parcourant la litterature latine, en les confrontant autant que possible aux realites observables dans les vestiges archeologiques.

An analysis of a group of the administrative texts from the Persepolis Fortification Archive gives the impression that the Fahliyān region in northwestern Fārs was probably the heart of the territory in which the Patischorian tribe and Gobryas family were centered in the Achaemenid period. This article attempts to examine hypothetically the connection between archaeological remains discovered in the Fahliyān region with the Patischorian tribe. Above all, the monumental building excavated in Jenjān and the well-known rockcut tomb of Dā-u Dokhtar might have been a tribal seat and a tomb of Gobryas respectively. An argument on the possible connection between the seals used on the so-called Gobryas texts and the Gobryas family is also of especial significance with the interesting result that the stamp was a favorable type-seal for this family. Both of this evidence seems to suggest the Elamite and Greek personal trends of Gobryas, a fact inherited in his role in the political events of the age.

A late 13th-century survey of Berwick-upon-Tweed includes an entry entitled ‘la Roundele’. It has not previously been interpreted satisfactorily but this paper shows it to have been a large circular site, in a secondary use by the time of the survey, at the head of the town’s early beachside marketplace. It is argued that the site’s shape, size and ability to survive in the changing townscape means that it originated in a substantial earlier structure – such as a broch or similar complex Atlantic roundhouse. The proposition accords with what is known of the early history of the Tweed estuary and southern brochs in general. Archaeological evidence for the structure may survive beneath later buildings. Canmore ID 25990

This paper presents the archaeological evidence regarding the path of the Via Nova Traiana between Petra and al-Khirbet al-Samra from a fieldwork project in 2011 and 2014. It discusses the traceabl...

El vareo es una de las fases de la recolección de bellotas, frutos usados como alimento básico o como complemento de la dieta humana desde época prehistórica. Consiste en sacudir las ramas de la encina, u otras especies del género Quercus, sirviéndose de una vara de madera larga y flexible. De esta herramienta no existen hasta el momento evidencias en el registro arqueológico debido a los materiales perecederos utilizados en su fabricación. Esta ausencia puede ser suplida con la información derivada tanto del estudio de la iconografía prehistórica e histórica como del registro etnográfico actual. En este artículo se analizan diversos ejemplos que van desde el Neolítico hasta la actualidad, que demuestran la pervivencia de esta milenaria práctica usada por las sociedades rurales de la Europa mediterránea. The knocking down is one of the stages of acorn harvesting, used as a supplement to human diet from prehistoric times. It consists in shaking tree branches with the help of a long and flexible wooden pole. Due to both the use of perishable materials, there is no evidence for this tool in the archaeological record. The lack of archaeological evidence for this practice can be compensated for with information derived both from the study of certain prehistoric art scenes and from the ethnographic record. Thus, the article analyses various examples, from Neolithic to current times, which show the endurance of this millenary practice, typical of agricultural societies in Mediterranean Europe.&nbsp

New evidence allows us to demonstrate that a regional trade connected North Syria with both central Anatolia and Babylonia well into the 17th-Centurybc. Archaeological evidence indicates that a specific type of vessel, the globular flask, was produced at Zincirli Höyük in the mid-17thcentury for the purpose of storing and transporting wine. The simultaneous appearance of these vessels as far afield as Kültepe and Sippar-Amnānum lines up with Late Old Babylonian attestations ofalluḫarum-pots in 17th-c. texts from Sippar, Babylon, and Dūr-Abiešuḫ. These, we argue, must refer to the same vessels calledaluārumin earlier Old Assyrian texts from Kültepe from the 19thcentury. Taken together, this evidence points towards the existence of a previously unsuspected trade network centered on the ancient Syrian state of Mamma that thrived in the decades between the collapse of the Old Assyrian Trade Network and the accession of Hattušili I. Through a dialogue between textual and archaeological materials, we are not only able to reveal the persistence of long-distance exchange for a century previously believed to lack it, but provide more context for the political transformations taking place at the end of the Middle Bronze Age.

Archaeological remains of viticulture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (AD 1099–1291) are quite rare, and those that are present are incomplete. In contrast, textual sources show extensive evidence of grape cultivation, wine production and wine consumption. Based on integration of archaeological and historical data, the focus of this article is on characteristics of Frankish grape cultivation and wine production in the East. By doing so, its goal is to offer new interpretation and identify new questions. Coming from the Christian West, the Latins brought with them a wine culture which differed from that in the area under Muslim rule. This new attitude towards wine expressed itself in the demand for large quantities of wine for nutritional, religious and therapeutic purposes, and consequently influenced vine growing and wine making in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Through the topic of viticulture, we aim to explore the extent to which Frankish society—as a migrant society—assimilated with, borrowed from, rejected and/or influenced its new environment.

El antiguo molino harinero localizado en el Municipio de Payogasta (Salta, Argentina) se ubica en la margen derecha del río Calchaquí. Se trata de un conjunto de estructuras de adobe (seis habitaciones relevadas hasta el momento), la mayoría de las cuales aún conservan los techos. La maquinaria de molienda se encuentra en una de ellas, que destaca por su buena preservación. En este trabajo nos proponemos abordar la cronología de funcionamiento del molino, desde un enfoque transdisciplinar que ponga en diálogo diferentes registros de información: relatos orales, evidencia arqueológica y documentos históricos. Las primeras conclusiones sugieren que la estructura de molienda habría funcionado de manera ininterrumpida desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta avanzado el siglo XX., The ancient hydraulic flour mill of Payogasta (Salta, Argentina), settled on the right bank of the Calchaquí river is a set of adobe structures (six rooms have been examined so far), most of which still retain the ceilings. The grinding machinery is located in one of the best-preserved rooms. In this paper, we intend to address the chronology of the mill, particularly the chronology of its operation, from a transdisciplinary approach that puts into dialogue different records of information: oral accounts, archaeological evidence and historical documents. The first conclusion we can make is that the grinding structure has been functioning uninterruptedly since the mid-19th century to the late 20th century., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Este artigo faz algumas considerações relativos à história da cidade romana de Bracara Augusta, com a pretensão de debater acerca da memória esquecida de uma opulenta urbs, importante no noroeste da Hispânia. Também, será debatido como as evidências arqueológicas foram um importante instrumento fundamental na (re)descoberta da cidade desde 1976, mostrando nuances antes fragmentadas e olvidadas por sobreposições de períodos. Portanto, ambiciona neste artigo fazer algumas ponderações acerca do protagonismo da cidade perante a região e o processo de integração da população no mundo Romano.

This article examines literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence for the Christian reidentification of statuary and reliefs as biblical scenes and protagonists, saints and angels. It argues that Christian identifications were promulgated, amongst others by local bishops, to make sense of imagery of which the original identity had been lost and/or was no longer meaningful. Three conditions for a new identification are discussed: the absence of an epigraphic label, geographical and/or chronological distance separating the statue from its original context of display, and the presence of a specific attribute or characteristic that could become the prompt for reidentification. In their manipulation and modernization of older statuary, Christians showed a much greater appreciation of the statuary medium than generally assumed.

Within the Phoenix Basin in southern Arizona, disk beads have long been highly valued. Remarkably, the Akimel O’Odham (i.e., Pima) and Pee Posh (i.e., Maricopa) still place great importance on them...

Interventions by creative practitioners play an increasingly important part within museum education. This produces a series of questions and tensions around the relationship between creativity and authenticity in terms of the role and limits of evidence, where room for creativity lies, and what it looks like. We explore these questions in the context of prehistoric archaeology by reflecting on the challenges and opportunities of working with creative practitioners during the process of developing a performance-based live game in the Creative Europe project, Journey to the Beginnings.

This paper draws upon documentary, visual and archaeological evidence to chart the development of the sacristy of Westminster Abbey from its construction as one of the earliest parts of the abbey’s thirteenth-century rebuilding to its demolition in the mid-eighteenth century − a story that reflects wider changes of religious and political history.

The Tiber river as a frontier between Umbria and Etruria: some reflections on the case study. This paper analyses the importance of the Tiber River as a frontier between Southern Umbria and the Etruscan territory, paying particular attention to the importance for the Tiber as a commercial route between two cultures along an area included between the ancient territories of Volsinii and Todi, corresponding today to the municipal territories of Baschi and Montecchio in the province of Terni. The research area corresponds to a sector of the Middle Tiber Valley between the Umbrian settlements of Todi and Amelia, where the infiltration of the Etruscan culture originated one of the most important archaeological evidence of it, such as the necropolis of Vallone San Lorenzo. In this context the site of Copio represents the main settlement related to the necropolis. Here the last field-walking survey demonstrated a longue duree of this settlement and his importance as a possible commercial intermediary between the two banks of the river.

Scholarly interpretations of the descent and description of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21–22 have tended to evaluate the city against biblical and extra-canonical descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple, apocalyptic accounts of heaven and ancient utopian literature in general. While some have noted the ways in which the New Jerusalem parallels the description of Babylon elsewhere in the Apocalypse, no one has yet considered the ways in which the New Jerusalem mimics, mirrors and adapts the excesses of elite Roman architecture and decor. The argument of this article is that when viewed against the backdrop of literary and archaeological evidence for upper-class living space, the luxury of the New Jerusalem is domesticated and functions to democratise access to wealth in the coming epoch. The ways in which Revelation's New Jerusalem rehearses the conventions of morally problematic displays of luxury can partially explain later patristic discomfort with literalist readings of this passage.

Following the fortuitous 2015 discovery of a substantial assemblage of mid-16th-century Spanish ceramics in a residential neighborhood overlooking the Emanuel Point shipwrecks in Pensacola Bay, the University of West Florida Archaeology Institute worked with more than 120 landowners to conduct extensive archaeological testing across a broad area in order to determine the boundaries of and to explore the site. This article compares documentary and archaeological evidence to confirm the identification of the roughly 13–15 ha site as Tristan de Luna y Arellano’s 1559–1561 settlement, making it the largest mid-16th-century Spanish colonial site in the Southeast and the earliest multiyear European settlement in the entire United States.

In place of the traditional view that raids and invasion from the north introduced new weapons and chariots to the Shang (c. 1200 BC), we argue that archaeological evidence illustrates the presence of several regional groups at or near the late Shang centre, Anyang. Here we review burial practices at Anyang dating to the late second millennium BC, and describe a substantial group of prone burials that reflect a ritual practice contrasting with that of the predominant Shang elite. Such burials occur at all social levels, from victims of sacrifice to death attendants, and include members of lower and higher elites. Particularly conspicuous are chariot drivers in some chariot pits. An elite-level link with chariots is confirmed by the burial of a military leader in tomb M54 at Huayuanzhuang at Anyang, with tools that match exactly those of chariot drivers. Given that prone burial is known to the north, in the Mongolian region that provided chariots and horses to the Shang, a route can be traced eastwards and southwards, down the Yellow River, and then through mountain basins to Anyang. Our inference is that a group originally from outside the Central Plains can be identified in these distinctive burials. This marks a first step towards understanding the heterogeneity in the central population of the late Shang.

A critical examination of the relationships between food and identity is explored among early British and American Loyalist settlers in Upper Canada (southern Ontario) from the late 18th to the late 19th centuries. This research synthesizes zooarchaeological data from the region and interprets these alongside historical texts to address how meat was incorporated into early immigrant diets. Previous scholarship generally agreed that pork played a dominant role in Upper Canadian cuisine and that residents first settling in the area were particularly reliant on wild meat resources. Archaeological evidence suggests this was not the case. Results and discussions highlight the influence of British working-class traditions on Upper Canadian identities and the development of regional cuisines in southern Ontario. Parallels are drawn to anthropological and sociological studies of migrant foodways, encouraging archaeologists to consider the importance of maintaining food traditions when examining early immigrant assemblages.Se examinan críticamente las relaciones entre la comida y la identidad entre los primeros colonos lealistas británicos y estadounidenses en el Alto Canadá (sur de Ontario) desde finales del siglo 18 hasta finales del 19. Esta investigación sintetiza datos zooarqueológicos de la región y los interpreta junto con textos históricos para abordar las formas en que la carne se incorporó a las primeras dietas de los inmigrantes. Los estudios anteriores generalmente coincidieron en que la carne de cerdo desempeñaba un papel dominante en la cocina del Alto Canadá y que los residentes que se establecieron por primera vez en el área dependían particularmente de los recursos de carne silvestre. La evidencia arqueológica sugiere que este no fue el caso. Los resultados y las discusiones resaltan la influencia de las tradiciones de la clase trabajadora británica en las identidades del Alto Canadá y el desarrollo de las cocinas regionales en el sur de Ontario. Se trazan aspectos paralelos con los estudios antropológicos y sociológicos de las vías alimentarias de los migrantes, alentando a los arqueólogos a considerar la importancia del mantenimiento de las tradiciones alimentarias en el examen de los primeros grupos de inmigrantes.Les relations entre les aliments et l'identité parmi les premiers pionniers loyalistes britanniques et américains dans le Haut-Canada (Ontario du Sud) à compter de la fin du 18ème siècle jusqu'à la fin du 19ème siècle font l'objet d'un examen critique. Cette recherche effectue une synthèse de données zooarchéologiques collectées dans la région pour ensuite les interpréter conjointement à des textes historiques afin d'étudier les voies par lesquelles la viande a été introduite dans les régimes alimentaires des premiers immigrants. La recherche antérieure s'accordait généralement sur le fait que le porc jouait un rôle dominant dans la cuisine du Haut-Canada, et que les résidents qui se sont initialement installés dans la région s'appuyaient particulièrement sur des ressources de gibier. Les preuves archéologiques suggèrent que tel n'était pas le cas. Les résultats et les discussions mettent en lumière l'influence des traditions de la classe ouvrière britannique sur les identités du Haut-Canada et le développement des cuisines régionales dans l'Ontario du Sud. Des parallèles sont établis avec les études anthropologiques et sociologiques des régimes alimentaires, incitant les archéologues à prendre en compte l'importance de la préservation des traditions culinaires dans l'étude des assemblages des premiers immigrants.

In 1566, Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived at the capital of the Calusa kingdom. During that same year Menendez issued the order to construct Fort San Anton de Carlos, which was occupied until 1569. This fort was also the location of one of the first Jesuit missions (1567) in what is now the United States. We now can confirm what archaeologists and historians have long suspected: the location of the fort and the capital of the Calusa was Mound Key (8LL2), located in Estero Bay in southwestern Florida. In this article, we present the first archaeological evidence of structures and fortifications associated with the 16th-century Spanish fort and mission of San Anton de Carlos. We conducted this work, which includes both remote sensing and excavation, in an effort to better document the history of the Calusa capital up to and including the colonial period.