Search

The phenomenon of “fat shaming” (in particular with its aspect of the especially harsh criticism of the corpulence in young adult women) seems nearly non-existent in the ancient Classical literature. The extant satirical depictions of fatness are uncommon and aimed, almost exclusively, at overweight men. The author of the paper analyses this satirical description, its background in the ancient moral philosophy, as well as comments on plumpness and gluttony in the context of assessments of the female physical beauty. He also attempts to explain how some ancient ideas may have evolved in the attitudes of today, showing some examples from the 19th-century prose as a step in the reshaping of the ancient ideas. Eventually, the author makes an attempt to offer a better understanding of this contemporary phenomenon, which only in some of its elements may be seen as rooted in Antiquity.

The work “On Education” (De tradendis disciplinis) by the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives (1492/3–1540) is considered from the perspective of the use of ancient literature during the in-itial period of child school training (from 7 to 15 years). Vives’ appreciation of the Latin language, a positive attitude towards teaching Greek at school, and the influence of ancient languages on modern European languages — Italian, Spanish, and French are discussed. The article draws attention to some features in teaching the Latin language that are not characteristic of the hu-manists who preceded Vives and also wrote about school. They are as follows: using the native language as an instrument for mastering Latin at the initial stage of learning, and using modern literature - writers, grammarians, humanists, which helps to learn ancient languages in the subsequent period. These features can be explained by Vives’ epoch when national states were being estab-lished, national languages were strengthening, and pedagogical thinking was developing. The article also examines the issue brought up by Vives himself about the attitude to pagan literature and to some, in Vives’ opinion, morally questionable poets. With all the inconsistency of Vives and the low persuasiveness of his self-censorship, the solution to this problem comes down to se-lecting such authors the study of whose works will protect school students from vices. The article shows that both Latin and Greek literature (works on oratory, poetry, comedy, history, my-thology, etc.) are widely used in teaching. Ancient writings not only form and enrich the language, but also provide versatile knowledge, mainly of humanitarian kind, help to bring up an ed-ucated and cultured person. This is supported by a large survey of over 100 ancient authors, modern writers, scientists, humanists, early medieval writers, “church fathers”, publishers, translators, and commentators provided at the very end of Vives' discussion on education, with brief characteristics of many of them.

The level of scepticism met by the concept of macro-chiasm in ancient literature is noticeably lower today than two decades ago, with sizable agreement coalescing around certain examples. One such example is found in the synoptic double-tradition material as it is preserved in Luke's Gospel, which provides the methodological foundation for the reconstruction of the hypothetical synoptic source document Q. This article explores the study of the macro-chiasm identified in Luke (Q) 3.7–7.35 and its implications for the synoptic problem. It also addresses the methodological considerations advanced by S. E. Porter and J. T. Reed in their NTS article two decades ago, meeting a certain stipulation placed by them upon subsequent scholarship.

Ayurveda value lies in the fact that it is not a medical science dealing solely with treatment of disease. Instead, it offers practical guidelines that apply to every facet of daily existence. It also seeks to reconcile health and lifestyle with universal aspects of existence, and to enhance wellbeing. Earliest available evidence and concept of maternal and child care are present in Rigveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Upnishada and Samhita. Historical review focused on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature. Details about mechanism and management of labor are described elaborately. To get relieved from difficulties of labor, certain oblations and enchanting of Mantra are advised. Vivid description of Sukhprasava chronologically presented in this article.

This article argues that the defamiliarization caused by extensive repetition, termed ‘semantic satiation’ in psychology, was used by ancient poets for specific effects. Five categories of repetition are identified. First, words undergo auditory deformation through syllable and sound repetition, as commonly in ancient etymologies. Second, a tradition of emphatic proper-name repetition is identified, in which the final instance of the name is given special emphasis; this tradition spans Greek and Latin poetry, and ultimately goes back to the Nireus entry in the Catalogue of Ships. Third, repetition is used for wordplay, where the final instance of the repeated term not only is emphasized but also incurs some change to its meaning or shape. Fourth, the incantatory repetition of divine names in hymns and cultic invocations amplifies a sense of divine presence behind and beyond the repetend. Fifth, repetition of half and full lines by different speakers in Old Comedy serves to undercut and parody the original sense of the repeated words. Extensive repetition in ancient literature was never merely ornamental but was used for a range of specific auditory and semantic effects with distinct and identifiable structures.

Two disease-descriptions featured in ancient literature (skolekosis and phthiriasis) have long been interpreted as evidence of medical illness, but this paper argues that they should be understood as strictly literary phenomena; they do not describe any diseases that occurred in the ancient Mediterranean world. The lack of correspondence between narrative literature and ancient medical writings controverts the dominant scholarly assumption that these diseases had some basis in history/medicine. Instead, this paper argues that four relatively distinct conceptions of skolekosis and phthiriasis were at play in ancient literature, despite their shared use of worms and lice. With a clearer understanding of this typology, we are better positioned to understand the normative function of narratives depicting skolekosis and phthiriasis.

The term “sophist” in Ancient Greek originally referred to a man with a particular skill and a claim to wisdom. Keywords: ancient Greece; cultural history; government, politics, and law; Greek history; literature; Roman history

Literature can play an important role in shaping our responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. It can offer us significant insights into how individuals treated the trauma of pandemics in the past, and how to survive in a situation beyond our control. Considering the changes and challenges that the coronavirus might bring for us, we should know that the world we are living in today is shaped by the biological crisis of the past. This understanding can help us deal with the challenges in the current pandemic situation. Literature can show us how the crisis has affected the lives of infected individuals. By exploring the theme of disease and pandemic, which is consistent and well-established in literature (Cooke, 2009), we come across a number of literary works dealing with plagues, epidemics and other forms of biological crises. Among the prominent examples of pandemic literature is Albert Camus’s The Plague (1947), narrating the story of a plague sweeping the French Algerian city of Oran. The novel illustrates the powerlessness of individuals to affect their destinies. Jack London’s The Scarlet Plague (1912) is another story depicting the spread of the Red Death, an uncontrollable epidemic that depopulated and nearly destroyed the world. The book is considered as prophetic of the coronavirus pandemic, especially given London wrote it at a time when the world was not as quickly connected by travel as it is today (Matthews, 2020). Furthermore, Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death (1842) is a short story on the metaphorical element of the plague. Through the personification of the plague, represented by a mysterious figure as a Red Death victim, the author contemplates on the inevitability of death; the issue is not that people die from the plague, but that people are plagued by death (Steel, 1981). Moreover, Mary Shelley’s The Last Man (1826) is another apocalyptic novel, depicting a future which is ravaged by a plague. Shelley illustrates the concept of immunization in this fiction showing her understanding about the nature of contagion. Pandemic is also depicted in medieval writings, such as Giovanni Boccaccio’s The Decameron and Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales illustrating human behaviour: the fear of infection increased sins such as greed, lust and corruption, which paradoxically led to infection and consequently to both moral and physical death (Grigsby, 2008). In ancient literature, Homer’s Iliad opens with a plague visited upon the Greek camp at Troy to punish the Greeks for Agamemnon’s enslavement of Chryseis. Plague and epidemic were rather frequent catastrophes in ancient world. When plague spread, no medicine could help, and no one could stop it from striking; the only way to escape was to avoid contact with infected persons and contaminated objects (Tognotti. 2013). Certainly, COVID-19 has shaken up our economic systems and affected all aspects of our living. In this respect, literature can give us the opportunity to think through how similar crises were dealt with previously, and how we might structure our societies more equitably in their aftermath. Thus, in order to explore what literature tells us about the pandemic, the following interview is conducted with Frederick Aldama, a Distinguished Professor of English at the Ohio State University.

The scientific article deals with the image of a tree in the literary heritage of ancient times. Speaking of the heritage of ancient literature, we must first take into account that the works are common not only to the Kazakh people, but also to the literature of other peoples of Turkic origin, written in the ancient Turkic language. One of such common heritages is the target symbol of the mykan tree, which has become a symbol of the legends on which our article is based. There are many legends about the giant tree, the saying "My giant tree has fallen" about the tree, which reflects the roots of the deep-rooted Turkic peoples. This word has a long history of its own meaning, as well as legends, and to this day it has found its place in history as a sacred tree, which is described in detail in the article with specific examples.

Over the years, India has made significant contributions for the advancement of science and technology. Ancient literature on various skin disorders by Indian scholars and philosophers attest to the early work carried out in this field in the country. Indians have played a significant role in contributing to the growth of dermatology, venereology, and leprology. In this article, we have attempted to compile the significant contributions made by Indians in the field of Dermatology, which we hope would inspire the coming generations.

Very early experiments described in ancient literature usually have no detailed explanation of the methods used let alone the explicit Control expected by modern scientists for comparison with Treatments. Athenaeus describes a rarely recorded exception in The Deipnosophistae which has been briefly noted in scientific literature but not sufficiently contextualized. The experiment described has one treatment, a control and Athenaeus cites the desirability of replication, making this passage read like a modern text rather than an ancient one. Because technical processes were invented in ancient times I assume that experiments were also practiced, even though they are not described in ancient literature. This passage in Athenaeus exemplifies, by rare contrast, the general lack of description for ancient scientific methods. This lack may be because the ancient practitioners of technical processes did not have the reason modern scientists use for disclosure of all methods and results. Moderns achieve monetization that is protected by Intellectual Property Law or by acquisition of authority followed by salaried teaching in the academy. Ancient experimenters protected their discoveries by secrecy and maintained monopolies by concealment, an inconvenience for modern scholars. The form of ancient literature is important for this subject: it is not like modern scientific literature. When the ancients mention scientific subjects in writing it is in the form of literary discourse and debate where the aim is cerebral. There is no description of technical details where the aim is to allow replication of the experiment. Comfortable logic not experiment is described and intellectual improvement was usually the aim of ancient literature, rather than practical outcomes. The only reason we have knowledge of ancient practitioners of something similar to modern scientific methods from literature is that their kind of technical antics were briefly mentioned by ancient authors, because of their surprising and amusing nature.

Purpose of the study---The major objective of the research is to analyse how the events from the epic poem Ramayana are used in three Malaysian Tamil modern poems to portray the dilemma of the present-day spinsters. Methodology: The design of this study is qualitative method and the method of descriptive analysis has also been used. Main Findings: The findings show that the selected three Malaysian Tamil modern poems have been written to illustrate the problems faced by spinsters by using two events from the Ramayana. Of the three poems, one poem uses the event featuring Akalikai waiting for Rama's arrival to release her from her cursed life and two other poems showcase Sita waiting for the coming of Rama to break the bow and marry her. Applications of this study: This study is useful in finding out the effectiveness of using situations from epics to the poems of modern days in drawing examples, guidances and reflections so as to understand and find solutions to the problems of spinsters in the Malaysian Indian society of today. Novelty/Originality of this study: Problems of spinsters as depicted in Tamil modern poems reflect the reality faced by these people in the real-life of today. The poems do not claim to have a continuity of these problems from the past. The research claims to be the first such attempt to do a comparative study with an ancient literature, the Ramayana epic, in finding the similarities and differences of these problems in various distant time frames. © 2020, Hampstead Psychological Associates. All rights reserved.

The paper exploresthe influence of Indian Ancient Philosophy and its significant strand in the American literary tradition. Why did culture, myth, history and philosophy of the East fascinate such a towering figure of the mid- 19th century Classic American literature, R.W. Emerson. This is an attempt to analyze how he looked towards the East for creative inspiration and sustained spiritual guidance. The investigation tries to trace the instances where he holds the Middle East in great esteem and regards the intellectual feats of Oriental civilizations. The study finds that Emerson provided the American people with a new momentum of literary milieu. There was every reason for the people of America to go through the ancient literature, to study history, fictions, culture, religions and spirituality. The curiosity in having discussion about the East increased. The Eastern Studies became their prime attention. The American erudition praises the Ancient Wisdom after they had exuded in turning page after page to penetrate into the Harem of the East.What makes this study especially interesting and is worth establishing is the Cultural variations with great possibilities of cross- cultural influences as an integral part of Emerson’s engagement with the Eastern philosophy.

La conduite et les réactions du prince lors des spectacles sont l’objet de nombreux commentaires dans les écrits de plusieurs auteurs de l’époque impériale. Si l’on ne peut pas encore parler d’étiquette comme dans les cours européennes de l’époque moderne, il s’avère néanmoins à la lecture de ces témoignages littéraires que certains comportements étaient réprouvés, du moins par les auteurs de ces textes. C’était le cas notamment lorsque le prince se donnait publiquement en spectacle, que ce fût dans un théâtre, un cirque ou un amphithéâtre. L’analyse des sources révèle qu’un bon prince devait faire montre en ces lieux de moderatio, tant dans l’intérêt qu’il manifestait pour les jeux que dans ses réactions face aux réclamations de la foule. À l’inverse, le mauvais prince se signalait par ses excès, notamment par son engouement excessif pour les jeux qui le poussait parfois à se produire en public comme cocher, histrion ou gladiateur, ou encore par l’usage d’une violence inappropriée ou disproportionnée à l’encontre des autres spectateurs. The conduct and reactions of the Emperor when present at spectacles are the subject of numerous comments in texts by several authors of the Imperial Period. If one cannot yet speak of etiquette in the same sense as in the European royal courts of modern times, it is nevertheless clear from the literary evidence that certain kinds of behaviour were disapproved of, at least by the authors of these texts. This is especially the case when the Emperor is on public display, whether in a theatre, a circus or an amphitheatre. Analysis of the sources reveals that a good Emperor needed to show moderatio in these places, both in the interest he exhibited in the games and in his reactions to the clamour of the crowd. Conversely, the bad Emperor revealed himself by his excess, and especially by his excessive infatuation with the games, which sometimes led him to exhibit himself in public in the guise of charioteer, actor or gladiator, or by the use of inappropriate or disproportionate violence directed towards the other spectators.

This article is about a widespread plot in which the rods and arrows easily break apart, but it is impossible to break their bundle. The author compares this plot, recorded in the Kalmyk fairy tale, with the plots of The Secret History of the Mongols, a collection of annals of Rashid-ad-Din and a Japanese fairy tale. The author investigates in detail the texts of the ancient fabulist writers Aesop and Babrius, which are considered to be the most ancient and represent the source of the distribution of these stories throughout Eurasia. The fixation of these plots in East Slavic fairy-tale folklore is noted, the author’s texts of Leo Tolstoy based on Aesop’s fable are analyzed in detail.

O artigo trata dos desafios da digitalização das informações sobre o passado. Inicia-se com a apresentação de uma longa tradição de transmissão material e analógica das informações, desde a Antiguidade, tradição textual, imprensa, até a revolução informática e numérica. Apresentam-se, a seguir, as mudanças das últimas décadas no armazenamento e transmissão de informa­ções, assim como crescente importância da realidade virtual no geral, e no que se refere à apresentação e tratamento do passado. No caso específico do mundo romano, multiplicaram-se os bancos de dados, tanto da tradição textual, como da imensa materialidade (inscrições, imagens, artefatos, construções e muito mais). Isso significa um acesso muito mais amplo e generalizado ao mundo romano. Outro aspecto refere-se à recriação virtual, que se amplia cada vez mais, tanto no meio acadêmico, como de divulgação. Isso gera questões epistemológicas pouco óbvias a respeito da diversidade interpretativa, na medida em que a ampliação das possibilidades construtivas virtuais leva à multiplicação de questionamentos sobre os modelos e pressupostos interpretativos. Talvez esse seja o maior desafio das novas tecnologias.

Este artículo explica algunos de los nuevos hallazgos sobre la sexualidad femenina, la Respuesta Sexual Expandida (RSE) y los orgasmos prolongados–ampliados en comparación con las descripciones de las antiguas filosofías tántricas y taoístas. El orgasmo femenino y las «experiencias pico» femeninas tienen su adecuado reconocimiento en la antigua literatura de la India, China y Extremo Oriente. Al igual que los orgasmos tántricos, la respuesta sexual expandida se definió recientemente como: la capacidad de alcanzar orgasmos de larga duración y/o prolongados y/o múltiples y/o sostenidos y/o status orgasmus que dura más tiempo y es más intenso que los patrones de orgasmos clásicos definidos en la literatura occidental. Occidente empezó a comprender la verdadera naturaleza del orgasmo femenino en la segunda mitad del siglo XX con el uso de métodos de investigación científicos objetivos y racionales. En esta revisión se presentan descripciones detalladas de estos fenómenos en el marco de investigaciones clínicas actuales.

Dermatopytosis are superficial infections of keratinized tissue caused by organisms of three genera of fungi known as the dermatophytes. In contrast dermatomycosis represents systemic and deep fungal infections that may have prominent cutaneous and systemic manifestations. This paper demonstrates both concepts of dermatophytosis Unani and Modern. In Unani literature, it is terned as Qooba. Explaining the historical review of any disease is a very difficult thing, why did it come into existence, currently how much treatment is available for the disease and also, there is a need to assess the progression of disease whether it is progressive or curable. We always try to control the disease, So for this we review the disease from time to time and try to give the best treatment to cure the disease. It is also interesting to note that a number of physicians have done immense work in the field of Qooba. Some of the few may be Greeko- Roman, Arabs, Persian physician who has done some great amount of work with regard to Qooba. As we may talk about the historical records and ancient literature of Qooba, It was the father of medicine,Hippocrates(377-460 BC) who first gave an ample amount of literature and right direction through his valuable humour theory.

The article addresses the reception of classical literature in comparative literature as a literary discipline; as well as the history of relations between comparative literature and classics or classical studies. It argues that the relationship between both disciplines is complex and dynamic, because comparative literature often neglects the study of antiquity. The influence of ancient literature and ancient literary criticism on the development of early French comparative literature is discussed. It is also suggested that Anton Ocvirk neglected antiquity’s influence on the development of comparative literature. Methodological developments in classical studies are then considered and it is suggested that the methodology of comparative literature productively influenced this development. Two examples are presented: the pluralization of the term antiquity in the context of postcolonial theory and world literature studies; and the development of classical reception studies. In the conclusions, it is stressed that ancient literature and classics played an influential role in the development of comparative literature; and that comparative literature importantly influenced the development of contemporary classical studies.

Medea's emotions loom large in a wide range of dramatic, literary, and philosophical sources from Euripides onwards. In focusing on aspects of the emotional texture of the original Euripidean play, all one can do is scratch the surface of an enormous subject, both in that play and in its reception in ancient literature and thought. Fortunately, we have the other articles in this issue of Greece & Rome to supplement this inevitably limited perspective. My procedure in this short paper is simply to highlight certain aspects of the dramatization of emotion in Euripides’ Medea that strike me as especially worthy of analysis in terms of ancient or modern emotion theory.

Background: Ancient literature of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) contains massive clinical experiences which are important ingredient of TCM knowledge and valuable for TCM clinical practice of nowadays. However, it is difficult for TCM professionals to acquire such valuable experiences due to their massive volume and broad occurrence in the literature. Furthermore, different characteristics of ancient Chinese language from the modern one lead to additional challenges for analyzing the literature, regardless of how to perform the analyzing, manually or automatically with a software toolkit. Methods: In order to overcome the aforementioned challenges, we formalize a novel information extraction task for ancient literature of TCM, and the entities to be extracted are Disease-Specific Clinical Experiences (DSCEs) occurring in the literature. For the purpose, we have collected two corpora from ancient literature of TCM and annotated them manually with DSCEs occurrence information for the diseases pregnant abdominalgia and colporrhagia (妊娠腹痛及下血) and jaundice (黄疸) respectively. We further propose a deep learning and CRF-based algorithmic framework with character encoding of ancient Chinese, thus avoiding the special difficulty in word segmentation for ancient Chinese texts. We investigate the framework with different methods for contextual encoding of characters in a sentence, including CNN, Bi-LSTM and BERT, and diverse approaches to aggregate contextual information of characters into a sentence encoding, such as max-pooling and attention mechanism. After that all the encoded sentences in a section of the literature are passed through a Bi-LSTM-based sequence labelling model with CRF inference on its top to obtain an optimal label sequence for the sentences in the section. Results: We conduct a series of experiments on the two corpora to verify the effectiveness of our framework for the task, and evaluate its effectiveness with different metrics in two granularities of labelling, namely accuracy/F1-value in sentence-level labelling and precision/recall/F1-value in correct recognition of the whole DSCEs. Conclusion: The experimental results demonstrate that the deep learning and CRF-based framework with character encoding of ancient Chinese could achieve an accuracy of 80.40%±1.64% and an F1-value of 76.73%±1.59% for the sentence labelling, while for recognition of the whole DSCEs, it is able to obtain the recall of 44.97%±2.16% and the precision of 51.13%±2.64%, meaning that the framework is a promising baseline for further development of the novel information extraction task for TCM.

Water is the fundamental constituent of Earths Hydrosphere and the fluids of all acknowledged residing organisms in which it acts as solvent. It is essential for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrient. Water makes up greater than two thirds of human body weight, and besides water, we would die in a few days. The ancient literature of ayurveda explained significance of water along with property. Ayurveda explains various types of Jala (water) under the heading ‘Jala Varga’. Jala persisted Guna of all six Rasa considering that due to its unique property to dissolve each and every rasa individually. Water is considered to be Jeeva (life) in Ayurvedic perception. This article review regarding ayurvedic perpective of jala and significance of jalapana in daily life.

Ancient Chinese literature has a long history, and a large number of poems, songs and other literary works have been accumulated. The arrival of the era of big data brings a new way out for the study of ancient literature. This paper studies the ancient literature and art on the basis of big data. This paper uses big data clustering algorithm to analyze the relevance of ancient literature, and uses literature analysis and other research methods to carry out research. In the study, we summarize the 10 most influential ancient literary works from 2012 to 2019, and analyze the artistic characteristics of ancient literature and the ranking of ancient literary works. In order to better study the relevance of ancient literature, we also summarize and analyze the number of artists of painting, calligraphy and literature in different periods of ancient Chinese literature. From the pre Qin period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 808 writers, 108 calligraphers and 222 painters. From this, we can see that Chinese ancient literature originated in the pre Qin period, developed in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, peaked in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and finally flattened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Imaginary worlds are extremely successful. The most popular fictions produced in the last few decades contain such a fictional world. They can be found in all fictional media, from novels (e.g., Lord of The Rings and Harry Potter) to films (e.g., Star Wars and Avatar), video games (e.g., The Legend of Zelda and Final Fantasy), graphic novels (e.g., One Piece and Naruto), and TV series (e.g., Star Trek and Game of Thrones), and they date as far back as ancient literature (e.g., the Cyclops Islands in The Odyssey, 850 BCE). Why such a success? Why so much attention devoted to non-existent worlds? In this paper, we propose that imaginary worlds co-opt our preferences for exploration, which have evolved in humans and nonhuman animals alike, to propel individuals toward new environments and new sources of reward. Humans would find imaginary worlds very attractive for the very same reasons, and under the same circumstances, as they are lured by unfamiliar environments in real life. After reviewing research on exploratory preferences in behavioral ecology, environmental esthetics, neuroscience, and evolutionary and developmental psychology, we focus on the sources of their variability across time and space, which we argue can account for the variability of the cultural preference for imaginary worlds. This hypothesis can, therefore, explain the way imaginary worlds evolved culturally, their shape and content, their recent striking success, and their distribution across time and populations.

The article deals with an exegetical misunderstanding revolving around the purported existence of two different ways of reckoning the hours of the day in antiquity, and consequently in the Gospels: an alleged Roman mode (in John’s Gospel) and the Jewish one (in the Synoptics). Among Johannine scholars a disagreement exists over the issue of which system was embraced by the Evangelist. While the majority claim that John followed the known Jewish system of reckoning hours, a minority argue that another, distinctively Roman system was being employed in the FG. In its first part, the article reviews extrabiblical ancient literature to demonstrate that, while the Romans in fact had two systems of marking the beginning of the day (dies civilis, legitimus – starting at midnight, and dies naturalis, verus – starting at sunrise), the manner of reckoning the hours of the day (and the night) was precisely the same for the Romans as for the Jews. In the second part, both systems are applied to four specific Johannine references to the hours of the day (1:39; 4:6; 4:52; and 19:14) in order to assess which method of reckoning the hours better suits the literary context of each narrative. While this internal analysis of the Johannine text is inconclusive, our assessment of the external, extrabiblical evidence points to the conclusion that the ancients, including John the Evangelist, used only one, nearly universal manner of reckoning the hours, i.e. beginning from sunrise.

Archaeological remains of glass in India are visible majorly in the form of beads and bangles and rarely in other forms. Ancient Indian texts refer to the use of beads in different sociocultural milieu, the latter texts and social customs define the customs related to the use of glass bangles, historical records identify the unique feature of Indian glass and the colonial accounts that documented the native glass production and glass bangle-making in different regions of India. These records help reconstructing and inferring the archaeological finds.

Charioteering as a metaphor for correct and balanced thinking has been written about since Homer. The Iliad presents the divine charioteering model as exemplified by Hera and Athena and examines how the fate of mortal charioteers including Antilokhos, Patroklos and Achilles is determined based on their ability to adhere to this model. Authors as diverse as Plato, Proclus, Pindar and Euripides build upon the divine charioteering model as they show examples of charioteers who, in varying degrees, follow this model. This paper will demonstrate that heroes who veer from the model of equilibrium and moderation provided by the gods, violate justice [dikē] with their hubris and incur agony [agōn] from the divinity they antagonize.

Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce rękopiśmiennych dodatków występujących w książce drukowanej w okresie staropolskim. Obok sensu stricto zapisków proweniencyjnych, Autorka przeanalizowała różne inne rodzaje (np. podkreślenia, skreślenia, marginalia, manicule) pozostawiane przez czytelnika na kartach drukowanej książki w XVI i XVII w. Jednoczesne występowanie w zapisce rękopiśmiennej cech zewnętrznych właściwych średniowiecznej książce rękopiśmiennej (taka sama lokalizacja zapisek sporządzonych na ogół tradycyjnie starannym pismem), sformułowań zaczerpniętych z literatury starożytnej, jak również treści wyrażające osobowość człowieka nowej epoki, pozwala – zdaniem Autorki – traktować je jako charakterystyczny element kultury staropolskiej.