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The understanding by industrial hygienists of the hazards of asbestos and appropriate ways to characterize and control exposure has evolved over the years. Here, a detailed analysis of the evolution of industrial hygiene practices regarding asbestos and its health risks, from the early 1900s until the advent of the national occupational health and safety regulatory structure currently in place in the US (early-to-mid 1970s) is presented. While industrial hygienists recognized in the early 1900s that chronic and high-level exposures to airborne concentrations of asbestos could pose a serious health hazard, it was not until the mid-1950s that the carcinogenic nature of asbestos began to be characterized and widespread concern followed. With the introduction of the membrane filter sampling method in the late 1960s and early 1970s, asbestos sampling and exposure assessment capabilities advanced to a degree which allowed industrial hygienists to more precisely characterize the exposure–response relationship. The ability of industrial hygienists, analytical chemists, toxicologists, and physicians to more accurately define this relationship was instrumental to the scientific community’s ability to establish Occupational Exposure Levels (OELs) for asbestos. These early developments set the stage for decades of additional study on asbestos exposure potential and risk of disease. This was followed by the application of engineering controls and improved respiratory protection which, over the years, saved thousands of lives. This paper represents a state-of-the-art review of the knowledge of asbestos within the industrial hygiene community from about 1900 to 1975. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early modern era, following the abolishment of the imperial civil service exam and the rise of modern schools, the subject of history was included in education at all levels, from primary to tertiary. However, in comparison with traditional society, the degree of attention devoted to historical knowledge has in fact declined rather than improved. In the 1920s, many contemporaries vocally criticized and pondered the low level of historical knowledge among primary and secondary school students, and occasionally voiced dissatisfaction with history education at the university level as well. Critics primarily focused their discussions on the insufficient attention for history classes, imperfect standards formulated for history classes, poor history teaching materials, and lack of qualified, specialized teachers, forming a universal consensus among contemporaries on the failure of history education. However, the widespread opprobrium attached to history education was closely tied to two facts: first, the historians of early modern China had as yet failed to compile a general history of China acceptable to the majority, greatly disappointing many educators; second, historical resources failed to exercise the mobilizing effect on early modern Chinese society that contemporaries had hoped for, and history thus often became the scapegoat paying the price for practical setbacks and failures in the political arena. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article talks about the Illinois Digital Newspaper Project (INP) with an aim to preserve historical publications such as newspapers. Topics discussed include the relevancy of historic newspapers despite technological advances of the digital revolution in the last two decades and the history of Illinois' newspapers that began with the publication of the "Illi­nois Herald" in 1814.

This essay examines the circulation and consumption of foreign literature in socialist China, showing that even during the most xenophobic times of High Maoism, Chinese readers had access to foreign literature through a variety of channels. An unstated though widely shared commitment to the intrinsic value of foreign culture, I argue, reveals deeply ingrained cosmopolitan practices that belie a nationalistic surface rhetoric. To trace the interest in and commitment to foreign literature, this article inspects three distinct yet overlapping modes of literary circulation: the private sphere, the restricted public sphere of internal publications, and the open public sphere. Access to foreign literature was limited, but the flow of transnational culture never stopped, as editors and readers alike perpetuated an intellectual framework that was grounded in the valorization of transnational culture and that predated the People's Republic's founding in 1949. These findings call for a reevaluation of Chinese socialist cultural consumption and production from a transnational perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The presentation will elucidate biographical aspects of the most renowned Slovenian female painter Ivana Kobilca (1861-1926) in order to understand how a woman, a native of a peripheral and rather conservative nineteenth-century town in Habsburg Austria managed to become a successful artist. With a special focus on her abundant social network her biography reveals the painter's own thoughtful strategies for overcoming barriers that limited women's artistic expressions in the period of belle époque. In order to be able to create, she dared to bypass certain institutionalized policies, while in other cases she also cooperated with them. The study is based on ego-documents (correspondence, notes, address books, photographs) and is contextualised into a broader socio-cultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the history of newspaper publishing between 1917-1920. Various topics discussed include newspaper collection of the Armenian National Library, influence on Russian February Revolution on mass media, comparison of other newspapers published at the time and newspaper of the Armenian People's Party.

The authors discuss the findings of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Adolescent Health (OAH) Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) Program from 2010 to 2015, and it mentions how the OAH TPP is designed to reduce the risky behavior that is associated with adolescent pregnancy. American government funding for organizations to replicate evidence-based TPP programs and additional teenage pregnancy prevention plans is examined, along with organizational goals.

In the article, the author discusses the late-medieval along with modern monastic history of the Gregorian chants. Topics discussed include his experience of attending and listening to Compline singing by Trappist monks at Genesee, New York; role of chants in providing proper inwardness, depth and order for possible contemplation; daily schedule of Cistercian monks starting from recitation of Matins and ending with Compline prayer; and meaning, tune and theme behind Gregorian chants.

Each year, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees publishes detailed information on refugee applications and determinations by States Parties to the Refugee Convention. However, there are noticeable gaps in the utility and availability of these figures across jurisdictions prior to the mid-1990s, particularly with respect to Australia. This has limited our understanding of how refugee status determination functioned in Australia during the formative years of its modern refugee policy, from 1977 to the early 1980s, and it leaves researchers with little knowledge of the number and provenance of asylum-seekers coming to Australia during this time. The present article contributes to a body of literature that gauges possible political influences on the determination of protection claims. This article reveals previously unpublished data on protection claims in Australia between 1978 and 1983 under Australia's first formal refugee status determination procedure, the interdepartmental Determination of Refugee Status Committee. The article shows that at times there was some discrepancy between the views of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Department of Foreign Affairs on conditions in countries of origin. Information supplied by the Department of Foreign Affairs informed Determination of Refugee Status Committee deliberations, and there is evidence to suggest that at times there were issues with the quality and objectivity of this information. Finally, there is evidence that on a very small number of occasions external political and strategic interests informed deliberations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1830s, George Washington Dixon's Polyanthos substantially intervened in nascent anti-abortion rhetoric. Dixon adapted the conventions of seduction narratives to displace women's responsibility for their reproductive choices onto abortionist Madame Restell. In 1841, his "abortion narrative" migrated from the page to the courtroom when the prosecution successfully used it to convict Restell in the death of Anna Maria Purdy. Restell's conviction shows how the narrative appealed to white, middle-class men uncertain of their gender roles and class status in Jacksonian-era New York. It upheld dominant stories of women's nonsexual, maternal natures, while affirming males' superior, protective role. The abortion narrative's influence throughout the 1840s suggests that the Polyanthos played a more important role in the history of the penny press than scholars have acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the idea of utopia has always been intertwined with both the concept of maritime space and the Portuguese "myth-history," the Portuguese have never generated a truly utopian literary tradition. Still, close contact with French and English literature resulted in the production of some utopias and dystopias, which this article briefly describes. The article further explains how the funding model for academic research in Portugal has shaped the way the field of utopian studies has developed in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including typefaces and fonts from fifteenth century, integrating metadata across museums, and approaches to transcriptions.

The article discusses the history of the Birth Home that was launched in Southeast Portland in September 1962. Topics discussed include the home being envisioned as a birth center staffed by doctors, midwives and registered nurses as an option for families wishing for hospital birth alternatives, comments on the home's goal from one of its founders, and the closure of the home in 1986 as it was unable to maintain professional liability insurance.

A recent archival discovery reveals that around four hundred visas were issued to students from China to study in Australia from 1920 to 1925. This article explains and explores the significance of this little-known initiative under the White Australia Policy by reference to China's global resurgence, the role of the Chinese consulate-general in local community affairs, and support and resistance among Chinese community leaders in response to these developments. It highlights a paradox associated with the students' arrival, specifically the Melbourne publication of fabricated ‘Chinese letters home’ at a time when literate students were writing personal letters to their families and friends in China about their impressions of Melbourne, their understanding of local labour and gender relations, and their engagement with the big political and business issues of the day. The recently-released letters and papers of a contemporary student, Joe Tong, tell an untold story of Chinese Australians in the postwar era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Huddersfield Female Educational Institute claimed to be the first in England established for working-class women. It had close ties to the men's Mechanics' Institute, and its origins lie in [...]

IN JULY 1923 'JINGLE,' THE THEATER CRITIC OF LONDON'S FASHIONABLE Bystander magazine, reviewed a new show at the London Pavilion called Dover Street to Dixie. Produced by Britain's leading theatrical [...]

With Goya a new standard for responsiveness to suffering enters art ... While the image, like every image, is an invitation to look, the caption, more often than not, insists [...]

The article briefly describes several websites including the World Digital Library, located at www.wdl.org, from the U.S. Library of Congress, the Oceania Digital Collection, located at library.ucsd.edu, from the University of California at San Diego, and the Digital Library on American Slavery, at library.uncg.edu/slavery, from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

The article examines accusations of fraud against poet George Wither when he served as steward to bishop John Howson of Durham, England between 1628 and 1632 referenced in the poem "Aquæ-Musæ" by John Taylor. It states that no biographers have discovered evidence to substantiate the claim or to prove Wither was in Durham during that time.

RECEIVED WITH SCORN upon his nomination, characterized as a buffoon during his vice presidency, and quickly forgotten following his resignation, Spiro T. Agnew (1918-96) has been treated, at best, as [...]

IT MAY SEEM THERE IS LITTLE LEFT TO EXAMINE ABOUT THE BLACK freedom struggle and its effects on southern institutions of higher education. Exemplary scholarship chronicles how southern officials resisted [...]

IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, U.S. relations with Great Britain never looked more promising than they did in the spring of 1783. Encouraged by the favorable terms of [...]

If I were a catfish swimming deep dawn in the see I could have all these Parchman men fishing after me. ... When a woman takes the blues she goes [...]

The article discusses resources available at the libraries and special collections of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut related to the history of religion in Connecticut. It comments on sources available at the Yale Divinity Library, the Yale University Library Manuscripts and Archives department, and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. The author mentions the papers of Connecticut clergymen such as Jonathan Edwards, Joseph Bellamy, and David Nelson Beach. Sources related to church bodies and religious and benevolent societies are also considered.

'Dan Sullivan was seen turning the corner at B. F. Meredith's, headed west. Wonder where he was going.' Dan Sullivan was my great-great-grandfather. This wonderfully juicy piece of gossip appeared [...]

WHEN I MET MY WIFE, GEORGANNE, I TOLD HER I WAS IN ILLINOIS temporarily, that I would soon be going home to the South. Almost two score years later, I [...]

A majority, of the pioneer settlers of Kansas migrated from cities in the eastern United States. A profound hardship to the newcomers was the lack of books. Women's clubs quickly [...]

This essay aims to explore the presence of Dante’sCommediawithin the writings of the BolognesecantastorieGiulio Cesare Croce. A preliminary assessment of the hybrid social and cultural status of Croce is followed by a close reading of passages of some of his works. The echoes of Dante’s poem are contextualized in the wider picture of its reception in Bologna in the second half of the sixteenth century. A further aim is to offer a preliminary enquiry into the immense, but nonetheless largely evanescent, oral transmission of theCommediathrough the specific lens of the poetic culture and production of a semi-cultivated street singer and poet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the author's views on her exprerience of teaching medical history using primary sources at the University of Minnesota. The undergraduate courses that she developed at the university are discussed which are Technology and Medicine in Modern America and Women, Health, and History. Also discussed are the benefits of using primary sources to improve students' understanding of medicine and health.

The analysis of two collections of hybrid prints of Chinese subjects published in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution by the French engraver Isidore-Stanislas Helman reveals that they were the result of a series of cross-cultural encounters that had involved many parties from China to France. More than a case of cultural transmission, the creation of Helman'sAbrégé historiqueandFaits mémorablesfrom hybrid versions of the ChineseShengji tuandDijian tushuois symbolic of a larger process of transculturation that brought Chinese culture to Europe and led to the unknowing transformation of the host culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Australian media pundits and popular sociologists write blithely about generations such as the Baby Boomers and Gen X, but what they are really writing about are birth cohorts who share some common life experiences and attitudes but do not necessarily share a generational identity. Drawing upon oral history interviews conducted with 300 Australians, this article argues that while a birth cohort may share historical reference points, it will not necessarily be conscious of itself as a distinctive generation. Generations are forged by dramatic shared experiences and emergent generational awareness in youth. Generational self-consciousness is then fashioned and consolidated in memory by individuals who draw upon collective representations of generational identity in making sense of their lives. This article argues that in post-Second World War Australia there has, thus far, been only one such generation, the so-called ‘60s generation’, and illuminates that argument though a life history case study that also highlights the significance of gender and intergenerational relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Yellowstone National Park serves as a historical case study for considering the role of travel practices, sociocultural constructions of identity, discourses on authenticity, and consumerist orientations in the designation of particular places as sacred. The history of pilgrimages to America's national parks offers an example of the touristic translation of spiritual value into economic value. Specifically, places in the modern world are constructed (both materially and conceptually) largely in accordance with the values and logic of consumer capitalism. Consequently, any discussion of particular locales that people find significant must account for the ways that they conceptualize and utilize places through a consumerist orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the second in a two-part series exploring the development of the early history of information technologies, from the 1940s to the present. This article describes the evolving information infrastructure used by historians in support of their research on the history of computing and of the role of IT practitioners, computer executives, scientists, and universities in creating that support since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article uses a historical controversy over the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's standard of identity for peanut butter as a site for investigating three topics of high importance for historians of technology, consumption, and food activism: how new industrial food-processing technologies have become regulatory problems; how government, industry, and consumer actors negotiate standards development; and how laypeople try to shape technological artifacts in spaces dominated by experts. It examines the trajectory of consumer activist Ruth Desmond, co-founder of the organization the Federation of Homemakers. By following Desmond's evolving strategies, the article shows how the broader currents of the 1960s-70s consumer movement played out in a particular case. Initially Desmond used a traditional style that heavily emphasized her gendered identity, working within a grassroots organization to promote legislative and regulatory reforms. Later, she moved to a more modern advocacy approach, using adversarial legal methods to fight for consumer protections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the impact of the Second Reform Act, and the doubling of the electorate it delivered, on the linguistic complexity of speeches made by members of parliament in Britain. Noting that the new voters were generally poorer and less educated than those who already enjoyed the suffrage, we hypothesize that cabinet ministers had strong incentives--relative to other members--to appeal to these new electors with simpler statements during parliamentary debates. We assess this claim with a data set of over half a million speeches for the period between the Great Reform Act and Great War, along with methods for measuring the comprehensibility of texts--which we validate in some detail. The theorized relationship holds: ministers become statistically significantly easier to understand (on average) relative to backbenchers, and this effect occurs almost immediately after the 1868 election. We show that this result is not an artifact of new personnel in the House of Commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research involving the docket books that are associated with then-U.S. Supreme Court (USSC) Chief Justice William Howard Taft's tenure as the leader of the nation's highest court during the twentieth century, and it mentions how each docket book contains the votes that each U.S. Supreme Court Justice cast when the American judges met to discuss legal cases in conference. USSC litigation involving issues such as American civil rights and criminal procedure is examined.

An offspring of a precocious large-scale humanitarian enterprise to save occupied Belgium from starvation during the First World War, the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) Educational Foundation was established in 1919 as an exchange programme for Belgian and American university students. The CRB Educational Foundation was originally designed as a commemoration monument celebrating the relief drive and its main architects – the businessman and future president of the USA, Herbert Hoover, and its counterpart on the Belgian territory, the financier Emile Francqui. In a few years’ time, the programme rapidly grew out from a successful private initiative to a political project corresponding to different needs. While Hoover saw in this transatlantic exchange programme the expression of a policy which in many ways anticipated the activities of ‘cultural diplomacy’ during the Cold War and allegedly promoted ‘mutual understanding’ in international affairs, Francqui conceived it as a purely domestic instrument enabling to alleviate Belgium's lagging scientific and academic position after the war. This paper attempts to show that this fundamental divergence of views contributed to make the exchange programme an unbalanced programme from the start whose success ultimately resulted from a fruitful misunderstanding, rather than from a common aspiration for ‘mutual understanding’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author discusses the history of "Western Historical Quarterly" by considering the Western History Association and the Department of History at Utah State University (USU). Topics include "American West" magazine, "Western Historical Quarterly's" founding in 1970, and the study of regional history in the United States during the 1960s.

With increasing interest in the representation of histories of mental health in museums, sound has played a key role as a tool to access a range of voices. This essay discusses how sound can be used to give voice to those previously silenced. The focus is on tire use of sound recording in the history of mental health care, and the archival sources left behind for potential reuse. Exhibition strategies explored include die use of sound to interrogate established narratives, to interrupt associations visitors make when viewing the material culture of mental health, and to foster empathic listening among audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Over recent decades, mind–body exercise methods have gained international popularity and importance in the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Objectives:The scope of this paper was to investigate: the origins of Western mind–body methods, their philosophies, exercises, and relationship with mainstream healthcare over the last two centuries. Major findings:Within a few decades of the turn of the 20th century, a cluster of mind–body exercise methods emerged from at least six pioneering founders: Checkley, Müller, Alexander, Randell, Pilates, and Morris. Each was based upon a similar exercise philosophy and similar functional movement-harmonizing exercises. This renaissance of independent mind–body schools occurred in parallel with the demise of the 18th and 19th century gymnasium Physical Culture movement and the concurrent emergence of bodybuilding and strength training. Even though mostly forgotten today, Western mind–body exercise methods enjoyed celebrated success during the first half of the 20th century, were hailed by medical and allied health practitioners and practiced by millions from society’s elite to deprived minorities. Conclusions:Rediscovering the Western mind–body exercise movement is hoped to facilitate official healthcare establishment recognition of this kind of training as an integral entity. This may widen research opportunities and consolidate approaches toward: optimal musculoskeletal rehabilitation and injury prevention, promotion of a healthy active lifestyle environment in the modern world, and enhancement of the natural pain-free human athletic look, feel, and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of creeks and rivers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and its importance to early industry in the state during the 18th and 19th centuries based from a series of scaled surveys undertaken by Philadelphia County officials. These surveys highlight the rich story of early industry and how the landscape near watercourses was commodified by Philadelphians, such as the survey for Falls Road which shows the outlines of businessman John Thoburn's mills and tenant houses.