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The article discusses the thirty-fifth annual conference and annual general meeting (AGM) of the Scottish Legal History Group (SLHG) which was held in Edinburgh, Scotland on October 3, 2015, and it provides abstracts of several papers by authors such as Dauvit Broun, Joanna Tucker, and Dr. Jenny Wormald which were presented at the event. According to the article, an additional SLHG conference will be held on October 1, 2016. Scottish judicial records and declaratory power are assessed.

This paper uses analysis of interview transcripts and notes from participant observation to explore white reactions to the introduction of diversity management in a large public sector workplace in Glasgow. The paper analyses white talk about racial equality in a social context where the shaming, exclusion and demonization of disadvantaged groups including migrants, asylum seekers and the poor have ensured that issues of entitlement and race are highly charged. It is suggested that in such contexts diversity management is being wielded as a new kind of civility by middle-class people invested in the objectification of poor whites. This represents a form of class conflict over belonging within the body of whiteness that risks reinforcing rather than redressing racial resentments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the intersection of Spiritual Motherhood, early childhood education and child welfare in early twentieth-century Edinburgh. Its focus is St Saviour's Child Garden (SSCG), which opened in the Canongate, in November 1906, part of the Free Kindergarten movement that emerged in Europe and North America in the late nineteenth century. The paper focuses on the SSCG's founder Lileen Hardy, in order to trace the development of this new approach to child welfare and women's work in Britain. It discusses her training at the Sesame House for Home-Life Training in London, her move to Edinburgh, and the network of predominantly women reformers, whose interests ranged from urban reform to medical welfare, she found there. It shows how this network facilitated the founding of the SSCG and discusses the form it took and Hardy's implementation of a modified form of Froebelian praxis. In so doing its concern is to show how Free Kindergarten forms part of a wider history of social welfare and urban reform as well as to the history of early childhood education, and to move attention away from the men usually associated with innovations in Scottish social reform like Patrick Geddes, and onto a group of women who created a women and child-centred proto-Welfare State in pre-First World War Edinburgh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of early modern sport in Scotland, especially in the Lowlands, is beginning to emerge. Impressive works have identified the key sports in Scottish history, including bowls, football, golf, horse racing and shinty, but more research is required to understand their place in society and how they were regulated. This paper focuses on the northern mainland royal burghs of Scotland and examines the roles of the crown, the Scottish Parliament, the burgh councils and the parochial kirk sessions in governing sport during the early modern period. It argues that sport in the north was controlled, from the authorities' perspective, to guarantee the training of useful members of society, to minimise disruptions to communities and to follow moral and religious expectations. They did so by applying both direct and indirect methods of social control. However, this element of social control was not universal, unremitting or entirely oppressive and the urban populace had agency and, at times, resisted the authorities' attempts to govern what, where and when sports were to be played. This paper is divided into four sections to illuminate: what sports were played; how they were governed at the national level; where they were played in the urban environment; and, finally, when they were deemed appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Forth Road Bridge has carried road traffic across the Forth estuary in Scotland, UK, since 1964. It was replaced in September 2017 by the Queensferry Crossing, the country's biggest infrastructure project in a generation. The outturn £1·34 billion replacement crossing project consists of a 2·7 km long cable-stayed bridge, associated connecting roads and junction improvements and a state-of-the art 22 km long intelligent transport system to manage traffic through the project corridor. This paper describes the project history, its development and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the relationships between sport and nationalism have often overlooked how different sports may depict alternative expressions of nationalism. This paper examines how social, cultural and political ideas associated with nationalism and national autonomy in Scotland touched the sport of shinty between 1887 and 1928. During this period, the transformation of shinty from a traditional folk game to a modern sport was consolidated within Scottish Highland society. The paper probes some of the ways that shinty was contoured by, and connected to wider social, cultural and political circumstances of the period. Three strands are considered in the analysis: (i) the place of shinty as a conduit for aspirations of national autonomy, (ii) the different expressions of nationalism in Scotland that oscillated on the landscape of culture and politics and (iii) the connections between shinty and Gaelic sports in Ireland, and the relationship with expressions of nationalism. The analysis is developed using the concepts of national autonomy and civil society. These conceptual components help to probe how shinty symbolised alternative aspirations and expressions of nationalism between 1887 and 1928. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a historical overview of the development of the U.K. marine energy sector from its academic beginnings in the early 1970s. It includes discussion on government support policies and where the sector might develop up to and beyond the end of this decade. The paper also presents two very different projects: the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney, U.K., and the forthcoming All Waters Current and Wave Test Facility in Edinburgh, U.K., as examples of capital investment in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ABSTRACT Aim This paper provides a historical overview of licensing law in Scotland. It seeks to put important contemporary policy developments into their historical context and to draw attention to key themes in licensing policy debates across the United Kingdom. Design Based on a survey of statutes, commissions of enquiry and consumption and retail data, this paper draws together historical evidence to present a synopsis of Scottish licensing history. Settings The article focuses on Scotland, but also discusses UK-wide licensing policy over a 250-year period. Findings Scottish licensing has diverged from licensing in England and Wales and has addressed some historical licensing weaknesses, including problems of accountability, overprovision and systemic oversight regarding off-sales. Distinctive features of current Scottish legislation include public health protection as a statutory licensing objective; local Licensing Forums and Licensing Standards Officers; a requirement for explicit policies on the 'overprovision' of licensed premises; mandatory restrictions on price promotions in the on- and off-trades; and limitations on opening hours for off-licences. Conclusion Scotland has developed alcohol policies several times addressing long-standing licensing weaknesses throughout the United Kingdom. Some Scottish alcohol policies have later become the norm in England and Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the main characteristics of the Scottish formal landscape, as established by Sir William Bruce. It considers Bruce's key contribution but also how his collaboration with Alexander Edward allowed the further development of the characteristics of the Scottish designed landscape, partly under the influence of France and also in relation to the notion of the Scottish Historical Landscape. It focuses on two case studies, Kinnaird Castle in Angus and Hopetoun House, proposing a new interpretation of the latter in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the economic critique of slave labor that emerged from the writings of the Scottish Enlightenment and the general failure of these ideas to influence American debates over slavery in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. While the Scottish school of political economy was quite influential in revolutionary America, neither antislavery advocates nor economic writers chose to follow the Scots in analyzing the deeper economic ramifications of the “peculiar” institution. Indeed, Americans who discussed slavery generally framed the issue in terms of morality, religion, legal principles, or humanitarian sensibilities. They rarely focused on slavery as a system of labor, or its effects on commercial growth. This tendency represented a peculiar feature of the late eighteenth-century debates over slavery in America. In other parts of the British Empire and Atlantic world, the discourse of political economy became one of the primary lenses through which contemporaries viewed the institution. And as historians of antebellum America have long noted, the supposed economic limitations of slavery was key in driving public anxiety over the future of the institution. This paper seeks to explore the historical roots of this “free labor” ideology in the Scottish discourse of political economy; how this critique of bondage was connected to a larger pattern of philosophical and commercial suppositions; and how this constellation of ideas took on different meanings when Americans grafted their own priorities onto the economic agenda of the Scots. Ultimately, the piece aims to reveal some of the tensions and dissonances which historically shaped the transmission of ideas from one distinct context to another. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to introduce counterfactual analysis and reasoning to the study of accounting history. The counterfactual focus is the institutionalisation of public accountancy in the UK. Design/methodology/approach - The study adopts a counterfactual research design using Ferguson and Bunzl and asks a "what if" question of an event of importance to accounting historians in order to create a plausible counterfactual outcome that is grounded in rationality and causal analysis. The specific counterfactual question relates to the royal charter granted to public accountants practicing in Edinburgh in 1854. The counterfactual outcome is compared to the actual timeline of public accountancy institutionalisation in the UK. Findings - The "alternative" history reveals uncertainties that confronted public accountants in the past and provides a basis for suggesting that the current fractured and inefficient state of institutionalised public accountancy in the UK has its origins at least partially in the 1854 royal charter. It also suggests that attempts to register and unify public accountants in the UK have been hindered by nineteenth century royal charters. Research limitation/implications - The study argues that counterfactual analysis is a useful historical tool with which to understand the consequences of historical decisions made in the professional project of British public accountancy. In addition, the study reveals the potential for counterfactual analysis to illumine the consequences of decisions in other areas of accounting and auditing history. Originality/value - This study is the first counterfactual analysis in the accounting history literature and therefore provides a template for further studies and improved research design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the key periods, players and events which have contributed to the shaping of the current landscape of teacher education in Scotland. Starting with the Wheatley Report and the formation of the General Teaching Council (Scotland) in the 1960s through to the most recent Donaldson Review of Teacher Education, we examine ebb and flow amongst GTCS, government, colleges of education and universities. Following its own trajectory, Scottish Education resisted and rejected policies emanating from an ‘English’ ideology, capitalised on respect for and influence of the GTCS, and successfully moved teacher education’s base from autonomous colleges to high-status universities. At the core of teacher education in Scotland is the continuing desire for partnership-working amongst key stakeholders: local and national government, GTCS, schools, teacher education institutions, teaching unions, parents and pupils. A teaching profession of trained graduates, underpinned by university-led subject study, is now moving steadily towards Masters-level professional learning for all. Although having faced some troubled episodes, this period has also been characterised by remarkable stability and consensus and, although still tackling the improvement agenda suggested by the recent Donaldson review, teacher education in Scotland has retained a high degree of public and political trust. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Educational research in Scotland has a very distinguished history and has made a major contribution in several aspects of methodology, not least in the relationships between researchers, policymakers and practitioners. The paper considers the Scottish contribution to the development of educational research past, present and future and the significance of interactions at three levels - the UK, European and global. Against the backdrop of the forthcoming Independence vote, it is argued that the historic distinctiveness of educational provision in Scotland - both before and after devolution - has been a significant benefit to the research community here. However, there are some internal dependencies that may need active nurturing, if the benefits of this independence are to be sustained. Furthermore there are critical elements of interdependence, at all three levels, which will be important in pursuing an aspiration to maintain research of the highest quality that will support learners and teachers in the years ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Basil Spence, Glover & Ferguson, enjoyed a conspicuous presence on the Scottish architectural scene, undertaking a wide range of notable commissions.1 One field in which they became acknowledged as specialists was that of library design. This expertise was developed during the design process for their first such job, the University of Edinburgh's Main Library, which received a RIBA award (1968) and a Civic Trust Commendation (1969). It led to an interesting group of libraries executed during the 1960s and 1970s. In this paper, both the well-known and more obscure libraries and library projects of Spence, Glover & Ferguson are discussed.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Turkey red dyed and printed cottons was a major industry in the west of Scotland, particularly in the mid- to late nineteenth century. Although the extensive works were pulled down in the second half of the twentieth century, our knowledge of this industry is significantly aided by the survival of approximately 200 pattern books, now housed in the National Museums Scotland. These pattern books, examined along with business papers, exhibition catalogues and the Board of Trade Design Registers, are the foundation for a new study into the wider Scottish decorative textile industry. The ongoing examination of these pattern books has shown the variety and longevity of Turkey red dyed and printed patterns, as well as providing insights into wider aspects of the textile industry, including issues of design, manufacture and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synopsis of some of the work of this Royal Master Mason, whose place in the Scottish architectural pantheon has sometimes been overlooked. Recent studies have shown him to have had almost an indispensible presence during the often tumultuous period of his career, paving the way for his better-known successors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sir William Bruce's lifetime, the relationship between architecture and natural, experimental and mechanical philosophies - the so-called 'new sciences' - was a fundamental one.1 It was reflected in the presence of major architects in important European scientific institutions in the period: groups such as the Royal Society of London and the Académie des sciences in Paris.2 These organisations could count among their members Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, François Blondel and Claude Perrault, all of whom practised architecture alongside other intellectual pursuits that we would now identify as science. In Scotland, the situation was somewhat different due to the fact that the new science was never institutionalised here, as it was in England and France. Nonetheless, as this article will demonstrate, many of Scotland's more prominent late seventeenth-century intellectuals counted architecture among their interests. Additionally, proposals were made in Scotland for scientific groups that, had they got off the ground, would have almost certainly promoted architecture as an intellectual subject in their meetings. What follows is an attempt to reconstruct how Scottish intellectuals in this period conceived of architecture as an intellectual discipline and as a practice. Ultimately, this paper will conclude that their approach to architecture tended to differ from their English counterparts. Just as they conceived of the new sciences in a much more straightforwardly Baconian way than the London Royal Society, so too was their attitude to architecture informed by the general climate of utility and improvement in Scotland at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-devolution settlement in 1999 created the environment for major national policy and legislative reform across all dimensions of Scottish life. This paper seeks to understand better the place of child and family-oriented social work in post-devolution Scotland. Scottish social work policy in general and children's services policy in particular are analysed to consider where policy makers appear to locate social work resources. An alternative reading of these post-devolution policies suggests that a policy ‘effect’ is being produced that appears to lock social work out of early intervention and prevention. Ambiguities and hidden elements reveal an identity for social work in policy that primarily aligns it with control functions where balancing care and control and the use of involuntary measures is to the fore—the ‘hard cases’. This analysis points to the importance of social work taking a critical distance to policy formation and what it may mean for its identity and contribution to meeting the needs of the most vulnerable children growing up in Scotland today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sir Basil Urwin Spence O.M., R.A., began his architectural career in Edinburgh in 1931 and was still designing at his untimely death in 1976. Throughout his life he maintained a strong link with Scotland and remained true to the ethos of his training at Edinburgh College of Art, namely that the practice of architecture was essentially an art and a craft. Never easily pigeon-holed, Spence's oeuvre was eclectic. In turns traditional and innovative, theatrical and intimate, his works always displayed his concerns for artistry, materials, craftsmanship, texture and colour. Best known for prestige projects such as Coventry Cathedral, the Rome Embassy and Sussex University, Spence's school designs, which formed a small, but significant, part of his output during the 1950s, are largely overlooked. This paper explores his particular architectural approach through the wide ranging styles of the eight schools designed in his Edinburgh and London offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scottish secondary education was radically extended in size and social reach in the first four decades of the twentieth century, bringing significant new opportunities in secondary schooling to girls, to children of the lower-middle and upper-working classes, and to Catholics. Most of the new secondary schools were based on those parish schools that had in the nineteenth century sent a few boys directly to university, and so this new secondary sector was a modernising of the mythological tradition of the lad o' pairts. The main reason it succeeded was that it sought to extend to new social groups the benefits of the version of liberal education that had come to be regarded as the foundation of professional careers. Thus the reforms also had the effect of transferring to the senior years of the secondary schools the old undergraduate curriculum that had been replaced by more specialist university courses in the late-nineteenth century. The paper offers an evidence-based critique not only of that strand of pessimism which has claimed that Scottish education was stagnant between the wars, but also of George Davie's influential view that the tradition of a broad general education was lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small minority of Scots who entered the house of commons in 1707 were slow to make their mark. Besides lack of numbers, they suffered several significant disadvantages. The Westminster scene was strange, and the style and tone of debate more vigorous and informal. Moreover, the aristocracy had dominated the unicameral Scottish parliament, and commoners found it difficult to emancipate themselves from noble tutelage. Most importantly, Scottish politics did not yet reflect the two-party system dominant in England. Thus in the first sessions the Scots were unable to make headway in the essential business of parliament, legislation. Scotland suffered in comparison with the English provinces, and even the Irish, who were able to muster a more effective lobby. Soon, however, a new generation of debaters appeared, able to use their wit to discomfit English antagonists, and a new class of 'men of business' who grasped the rules of the legislative game. The fortuitous deaths of leading magnates and the polarisation of sectarian antagonisms in Scotland permitted the coalescence of the Scottish representation into two broad factions allied with the English parties. It was with English tory support that bills were passed to benefit the sectional concerns of Scottish episcopalians, accompanied by other measures of a more general nature. The combined attempt by Scottish peers and MPs in 1713 to secure the repeal of the union does not point to a lasting breakdown in Anglo-Scottish relations, since it was also a manifestation of political opportunism by English whigs and discontented tories, and their Scottish allies. But the dawn of a party system in Scotland was dispelled by the death of Queen Anne and the ensuing jacobite rebellion. The complicity of tories in the Fifteen resulted in the destruction of the party in Scotland, and the construction of a whig hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the case of Hinton v Donaldson (1773) in which the judges of the Scottish Court of Session refused to follow their English brethren in recognizing an author's right of property outside the Statute of Anne (1710). The decision must be understood against the background of distinct notions of common law and equity in Scots law, drawn from the Natural law tradition of the European jus commune. At the same time the decision reveals developing strands of Enlightenment thought and concepts of the judicial role in relation to legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two competing accounts for explaining Britain's technological transformation during the Industrial Revolution. One sees it as the inevitable outcome of a largely exogenous increase in the supply of new ideas and ways of thinking. The other sees it as a demand side response to economic incentives--that in Britain, it paid to invent the technology of the Industrial Revolution. However, this second interpretation relies on the assumption that inventors were sufficiently responsive to new commercial opportunities. This paper tests this assumption, using a new dataset of Scottish and Irish patents. It finds that the propensity of inventors to extend patent protection into Scotland and/or Ireland was indeed closely correlated with the relative market opportunity of the patented invention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collapse of the ambitious and experimental Ayr Bank (Douglas, Heron & Co.) was the central episode of the 1772–3 British credit crisis and served as a direct influence on Adam Smith's monetary analysis in the Wealth of Nations. This article identifies the issuance of redeemable annuities in response to the bank's stop of payments in June 1772 and the distressed nature of its asset liquidations afterwards as the main reasons behind the size of its losses. It furthermore uses primary manuscript evidence to reconstruct and extend the existing narrative of this famous episode, from the planning stages in 1773 while the bank was still fighting for its survival, to the retirement of its banknotes by the Edinburgh public banks in 1773–4, the legal and political manoeuvring behind the redemption of the annuities by Act of Parliament in 1774, and the over 40 years of asset unwinding that followed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Shipowners' seemingly slow adoption of marine compound engines is often attributed to not appreciating the new technology's superior economy. This article argues that this slow adoption needs to be understood alongside the challenges faced by engine builders in persuading skeptical shipowners and practical engineers that their designs were trustworthy. It explores the rich cultural contexts within which Glasgow master engineer John Elder and his associates rendered their marine compound engines credible for Liverpool's Pacific Steam Navigation Company, the first line to deploy the new engine. Elder operated within a culture whose hallmarks were useful work, economy, and the power of direct witnessing. The article also explores the role of William McNaught, an independent consultant with a strong track record as both a practical engineer and the inventor of a steam-engine indicator. His indicator, deployed to evaluate the performance of Elder's compound engines, stood at the center of the controversy over their economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the friendship between Huguenot poet Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas and King James VI of Scotland in the 16th century, and how their relationship affected Du Bartas popularity. The poet's diplomatic work for King Henri de Navarre of France is discussed, as well as his efforts to negotiate marriage between James and Henri's sister Catherine de Bourbon. Du Bartas route from France to Scotland is described, as well as his reputation in the court of Queen Elizabeth, and the author discusses the connection between diplomacy and English translations of French poetry.

With particular emphasis upon the revolution and the early years of William's reign, this article aims to shed some light on the nature of the relationship between church and parliament, in particular its importance to the church in promoting its vision for a reformed church in Scotland. The article focuses on the strategies used by the church to achieve their objectives. Effective organisation, careful and diligent lobbying of parliament and forthright presentation of their position through preaching, enabled them to galvanise their support within parliament and secure a settlement that not only disappointed their opponents but went beyond what William and erastian inclined Presbyterians would have preferred. It is quite clear that the church significantly influenced the nature and extent of the final ecclesiastical settlement. Consequently, the revolution provided the template for relations between church and parliament until the latter's dissolution in 1707. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Treaty of Union 1707 between Scotland and England and the respective implementing legislation in each Kingdom contained provisions which today we might describe as 'opt-outs'. These opt-outs from incorporating Union preserved aspects of the Scottish legal system which, along with the Presbyterian religion and the system of education, helped to ensure that Scottish identity was supported by some of the most powerful aspects of the state. This essay will examine some of the provisions of the Treaty, analyse aspects of the legal system and law that persisted after the Union, comment on the extent to which 310 years of the Union with England influenced that law, reflect on membership of the EU and the harmonization which it brought to the legal system and consider the impact of the Scottish Parliament on that law and legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the shift in the economic direction in the 20th century in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the divisive changes in economic direction, corporatist interventions to stimulate aggregate demand, the Conservative Party's adaptation to the post-1945 mixed economy, related elements of economic management that influenced changes in economic direction after 1979 and a case study of the Scottish coalfields to show the changes in economic direction in the 1940s and 1980s.

This article considers relationships between artisans and aristocrats on estates and elsewhere in Scotland during the long nineteenth century. It argues that the Scottish aristocracy, and women in particular, were distinctly preoccupied with the craft economy through schemes to promote employment but also due to attachments to 'romanticised' local and Celtic identities. Building in part on government initiatives and aristocratic office-holding as public officials and presidents of learned societies, but also sustained through personal interest and emotional investments, the craft economy and individual entrepreneurs were supported and encouraged. Patronage of and participation in public exhibitions of craftwork forms one strand of discussion and the role of hand-made objects in public gift-giving forms another. Tourism, which estates encouraged, sustained many areas of craft production with south-west Scotland and the highland counties providing examples. Widows who ran estates were involved in the development of artisan skills among local women, a convention that was further developed at the end of the century by the Home Industries movement, but also supported male artisans. Aristocrats, men and women, commonly engaged in craft practice as a form of escapist leisure that connected them to the land, to a sense of the past and to a small group of easily identified and sympathetic workers living on their estates. Artisans and workshop owners, particularly in rural areas, engage creatively in a patronage regime where elites held the upper hand and the impact on the craft economy of aristocratic support in its various forms was meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the political representation of the parliament and monarchy of Scotland in the early modern period, focusing on issues associated with elections, representation, and voting between 1603, when King James became ruler over Great Britain and Scotland and the 1707 Act of Union with Great Britain. Topics include political culture, political participation, religion and state, and civil wars.

The significance of the effort to reform the Court of Session in the early nineteenth century lies in the fact that it represented the first time Westminster had proposed to alter a key Scottish institution protected by the articles of the 1707 Act of Union. Scott as a Clerk of Session played a crucial role in the process, initially resisting reform and then undertaking to shape it. At the same time, his literary patriotism as Britain's best-selling poet was criticized by Britain's most famous cultural critic, Francis Jeffrey, a fellow member of the Faculty of Advocates. Jeffrey as editor of the Edinburgh Review wrote a controversial review of Scott's best-selling poem about the Battle of Flodden, Marmion, which accused Scott of being too ‘English’ in his treatment of this Scottish tragedy. And yet, more than Jeffrey, Scott was opposed to the Whig project of reforming Scottish law to make it more ‘constitutional’ or ‘English’. Using original documents held by the National Archives of Scotland, the Advocates Library, and the National Library of Scotland, this article examines Scott's role in making this controversy a matter of interest for both British literature and legal history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article considers the reception of the works by German dramatist August von Kotzebue (1761–1819) in Scotland during the Enlightenment. It considers references to Kotzebue in the writings of Scottish physicist John Robison, a founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and author of "Proofs of a Conspiracy," as well as novelist Walter Scott's essay for Encyclopedia Britannica "Essay on the Drama."

This article examines a new area of women's leisure; women's participation in work-related sport. The growth and development of industrial welfare in Scotland in the interwar period will be discussed. Within broader studies, Stephen Jones, Helen Jones and Melling have all indicated that there was a growth in industrial welfarism in Britain from the turn of the twentieth century. This development of welfarism, which included provision of educational classes, pensions and medical support, increasingly also encompassed a variety of sports and physical activities. By looking at case studies, developments in provision across a range of industries will be examined. This discussion will draw on a wide range of sources from a variety of women's employment, from factories to clerical positions and from the retail sector to the civil service. This article will examine the types of sporting opportunities open to women through their workplaces, including organised welfare schemes and independent employee-led activities. Moreover, it will explore working women's experiences of these activities and the ways in which they chose to participate in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the interrelationship of sport, community and industry in west Dunbartonshire during the period 1870–1900. During the early years of the Scottish Football Association (SFA)– the 1870s and 1880s – the county's main football clubs were amongst the SFA's most dominant, regularly challenging Glasgow's major clubs for supremacy in the Scottish Cup. These clubs were part of an industrial landscape, based as they were in shipbuilding and textile communities significantly comprised of Irish and Highland Scottish migrant populations. Local industrialists acted as patrons out of a paternalistic desire to mould the message of football. Their attempts were nevertheless undermined by the existence of professionalism in the game, which in turn encouraged an alternate method of social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents an historical overview of the emergence of birth control clinics throughout Scotland from 1926 to the outbreak of World War II, noting its distinctions from trends of larger Great Britain. Topics addressed include the legal and administrative context surrounding their establishment, the dynamics between clinics and their support by individuals, voluntary organizations, and local governing bodies, and the role of Scottish religious views on birth control within the period.

This article presents an exploration into the history of the practice of law in Scotland during the 18th-century, providing the context behind the British Stamp Duty Act of 1785 during the administration of Prime Minister William Pitt. Details are given describing how Pitt planned and executed the taxation scheme, the response of Scottish lawyers against the measures, and the general conditions of practicing legal professionals during the period.

The article discusses the book "Memoirs of a Highland Lady" by Elizabeth Grant, focusing on how the book highlights changes to the British postal system during the 19th century. Other topics include the division between manuscript and print during the 19th century, the role of the postal service in circulating manuscripts and publications, and how the memoir depicts the transitions in Scottish life during Grant's lifetime.

Charles I summoned his Scottish estates three times before the Scottish revolution of 1638: in 1625, 1630 and 1633. This article examines the convention of estates of 1630, held one year after Charles had suspended his English parliament. Members of the convention agreed to renew the regular parliamentary taxation (though they refused to vote it for a longer period) and proved surprisingly co-operative over Charles's controversial revocation. However, there was a major explosion of opposition on religious grounds. Two presbyterian petitions attempted to sabotage the enforcement of the five articles of Perth, the crown's flagship liturgical policy; the petitions seemed likely to attract the support of a majority of the estates but were suppressed by high-handed government action. A resolution by the estates against the five articles of Perth might have had a similar effect to the House of Commons' resolutions of 1629 that led to the suspension of the English parliament. The article examines what is known about the dissidents and argues that continuity can be identified both with previous opponents of royal policy (notably in 1621) and with subsequent support for the National Covenant after 1638. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate about Scottish independence raises questions about church-state relations and religious establishment in Scotland as well as about national identity. This article surveys and summarises attitudes in the Church of Scotland on these subjects over the 450 years since the Scottish Reformation. It identifies and explores several key themes, notably the spiritual independence of the church and national recognition of religion. They were hotly debated topics during the reign of King James VI, enshrined in law in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution and prompted the use of the royal veto by Queen Victoria. The Articles Declaratory of the Church of Scotland, embodied in the Church of Scotland Act of 1921, which provide a unique definition of church establishment, will have to be renegotiated in the event of Scottish independence. There are competing views within the Kirk about the constitutional position of Christianity and more specifically of the Church of Scotland in an independent Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scottish Committee on the History of Parliament was established in 1936 as an offshoot of Col. Josiah Wedgwood's scheme for a collaborative 'history of parliament' researched and written on biographical lines. Circumstances, however, determined that the Scottish history would take a separate path. When Wedgwood's scheme was revived in 1951 an unsuccessful attempt was made to reintegrate the two projects. Discussions between the respective managing committees were conflicted and often bad-tempered, focussing on different interpretations of the nature of the united parliament created in 1707. The Scottish committee insisted that it was a new constitutional entity, while the English saw it as a continuation of the Westminster parliament with Scottish MPs added. This story of mutual incomprehension illustrates the profound differences between Scottish and English academics in the writing of parliamentary history, and also reveals a hitherto unobserved element in the development among leading Scottish jurists of a strain of 'legal nationalism' based on their interpretation of the constitutional significance of the Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses geographic aspects of prostitution in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1900 to 1939. Topics include the role of the business districts and entertainment areas in prostitution, Edinburgh policing practices related to prostitution, and the role communication technology in changing prostitution practices.

By outlining the contribution made by private libraries to the intellectual and cultural lives of a specific group of readers in the rural north-east of Scotland, this article asks what role family libraries played in the growth of library provision in the long eighteenth century. With book lending becoming something of a social imperative in the polite culture of late Georgian Britain, private libraries often served as a practical resource for the wider community, providing books that could not be acquired elsewhere, and filling important gaps in 'public sphere' provision in rural communities without access to subscription or circulating libraries. More importantly, though, the practice of book sharing had far-reaching consequences for community cohesion, shared reading habits, and intellectual culture. In particular, this essay points to the role played by the physical exchange of private books in the dissemination and widespread acceptance of new ideas relating to female education, child-rearing, and separate spheres associated with James Fordyce and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the nature of Scottish urban ambition during the Enlightenment period, through assessing the pattern of public building construction in selected burghs against the general historiography of Georgian towns. Using principally Scottish burgh council minutes and contemporary publications, it studies the improvement agenda as the context for civic building, and questions whether it provided a discernible process and chronology for the construction activity. In reviewing the symbolic role of public buildings in particular, the article ponders whether there was indeed a British urban experience toward the end of the first century of parliamentary union. [1] It concludes that both in the historically different Scottish urbanism and the distinctive manner in which Scots burghs responded to improvement, the urban experience north and south of the border was significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews periodical literature on economic history that was published in 2011. Topics noted include the origins of medieval common rights systems, statistics from the record-keeping text "Little Domesday Book," and gender roles in medieval Europe. Also addressed are the history of British maritime trade, the payment of compensation to British slave owners following abolition, and the history of the Scottish banking system. In addition, the history of property rights, cultural aspects of feminism, and post-World War II British politics are discussed.

James Lorimer Halliday (1897–1983) pioneered the development of the concept of psychosocial medicine in Britain in the 1930s and 1940s. He worked in Glasgow, first as a public health doctor, and then as part of the corporatist National Health Insurance scheme. Here he learned about links between poverty, the social environment, emotional stress and psychological and physical ill-health, and about statistical tools for making such problems scientifically visible. The intellectual development of his methodologically and epistemologically integrated medicine – a hybrid of biomedical and psychological approaches – was embedded in the context of this practice with its particular medical culture and socio-economic circumstances. Halliday’s ideas are part of the wider, heterogeneous turn towards medical modernism and holism within mainstream medicine in Britain, western Europe and the United States in the inter-war period, and their evolution underlines the varied nature of contemporary anti-reductionist thinking in medicine. It also points to the diversity of the sources of holism and the many routes by which psychological and especially psychosocial discourses about health and illness entered professional and public arenas in Britain in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the use of dress, particularly the tartan, by Scottish Highland elites to portray the Highlands of Scotland as modern, economically developed and loyal to Great Britain from 1745 to 1815. The relationship between Scottish Highlanders' expression of cultural identity through material culture and Great Britain's political party the Whig Party is discussed. The Highland elites' use of dress, including to represent social hierarchy, social status, and the Highlands' relationship with British imperialism through the Highlands' putative martial culture, is also discussed.

The article discusses the history of justice administration in early 19th century Scotland. An overview of the criminal procedure in which criminals receive punishment, or sentencing, including the differentiation among genders, judicial discretion in this regard and sentencing guidelines, is provided. The Scottish prosecution system, including Scottish criminal law, juries, judges and prosecutors, is discussed. An overview of capital punishment in Scotland, including public opinion of it and its reduction throughout the early 19th century, is also provided.

The article discusses the history of merchants from Glasgow, Scotland in the West Indies, including their origins, education, wealth family, wills, probate inventories and business networks, from 1783 to 1877. The relationship between wealth acquired by Scottish merchants in the Caribbean Region and economic development in Scotland is discussed. The social and economic conditions of Scottish businesspeople in the West Indies, including their community's social hierarchy and the impact of Great Britain's 1833 emancipation of slaves, are also discussed.

Eighteenth-century architect-builders were a small group, but important for understanding the market strategies of knowledge-based experts in an age of rapid growth in technical information before the creation of modern professions. This article confronts a teleological historiography of emerging professionalization. It is focused on Robert Mylne and several of his contemporaries in Edinburgh and London, including a number of successful London-based Scots who were active as architects, builders, engineers, and surveyors, and self-styled in all these areas when it suited them. It supplies an account of what it took for building experts to establish themselves and flourish in big cities and the ways in which such experts navigated, controlled, and accommodated an environment of unregulated expertise that largely suited contemporary practitioners. Individual, family, and collective market strategies are examined in detail and the final section is a close analysis of the activities of the Architects Club in the 1790s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]