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Restorative Justice (RJ) has become an increasingly popular alternative to more traditional punishment methods in the last two decades within the Criminal Justice system in England and Wales; often in respect of youth justice and minor crimes which have a clearly defined victim. However, this article will explore the use of restorative justice in cases of financial fraud. Such cases can be particularly complex when identifying culpability within an organisation, and also victims, who may not be aware that they are victims. Corporate and public apologies are not unheard of, particularly with the increasing use of social media platforms, but they have not been widely discussed in relation to RJ. As there is a recognition that RJ entails more than a simple apology, innovative ways of administering RJ will be considered. Alongside discussion of the complexities of using RJ for large-scale financial fraud, the paper will draw on various cases of fraud and the resultant public apology from the early 18th century onward. Several forms of what we now term RJ will be illustrated from before the modernday resurgence of this type of justice. In most (though not all) of the several examples discussed, there is a clear separation of RJ practices from the formal criminal justice system operating at the time, and this may prove to be a useful guide to the future use of RJ as an adjunct to more legalistic criminal justice processes. Finally, it will be considered whether such apologies could be useful as a restorative intersection with the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present position paper provides an account of the life of Martha Entwistle, the earliest recorded convict nurse who worked within the Castle Hill Asylum. In our review of primary historical sources, Australia's first convict mental health nurse was found to be a resilient woman who endured several traumatic life experiences. Her nursing within Australia's first mental health asylum was highly valued by the superintendent of the service. She nursed in a harsh colonial environment, short of adequate resources, during an era of fast‐paced industrial and technological a change. Martha Entwistle's experiences provide a historical account of the role of the early convict mental health nurse. Her life story enables modern‐day nurses to reflect on the advances made in mental health nursing and contexts of care for nurses today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon a database compiled using digital sources, this article explores the development and characteristics of over 1000 Sheffield cutlery enterprises. In Sheffield cutlery, the family was virtually synonymous with the firm. Large factories were rare, with no more than a dozen businesses employing more than 250 workers by 1914. Foreign manufacturers or merchants were sparse, too, and only about 20 have been found operating in Sheffield in the nineteenth century. Businesses drew their strength in the first instance from individual family skills, within a quintessentially craft-based industry. The backstreet nature of most cutlery enterprises enabled women (and children) to play a key role in both the home and factory – sometimes providing additional support through their involvement in the beer houses and shops that many families operated as a second enterprise. Companies often formed miniature family dynasties, reflecting the father-to-son nature of the trade and the connectedness (sometimes through marriage) with other families. Digital sources should allow other family-based English industries or clusters to be recreated in similar detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper offers a very brief introduction to the history of Quaker meeting libraries. It is based on printed catalogues, meeting histories, rules and advice issued at the national level, and some secondary sources. The possible number of such libraries is considered. Examples are given of the size of some libraries. Finally, something is said about the present situation in the Society of Friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Suffolk Voices Restored' is a Heritage Lottery funded project aiming to preserve and improve access to oral history recordings held at Suffolk Record Office. The project seeks to preserve the authentic voice of Suffolk and make it accessible for current and future generations. This article describes the history and development of the project, including its use of volunteers and input from school students, with information about the content of the resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the launching of survey course on the social history of European medicine by the Open University in Milton Keynes, England. Delivery of instruction through CD-ROM; Use of images as resources for studying medicine history; Features of the CD-ROM.