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History and Archaeology are sister subjects and complement each other though both sciences have different methodology. Archaeology mainly relies on fieldwork for collection of data whereas history is based on the study of documents. Archaeology provides historians concrete facts in the form of material remains to verify their assumptions. The findings of archaeologists help Historiansto build narratives to designate people their due place in history by highlighting their contribution. Today the emphasis on interdisciplinary approach in social sciences is considered a remarkable advancement. History provides many examples where two or more sciences had been combined and masterpieces were produced. Asar-us-Sanadeed is one such glaring example where the author combined the methodology of History and Archaeology and produced a remarkable scholarly work. It is a description of the buildings and monuments of Delhi. This work is valuable as it can contribute to the decolonization of the historical tradition in south Asia rectifying the assumptions of the orientalists of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan deserves the credit and appreciation for such research. This paper attempts to highlight the reciprocal relationship of both sciences and how Sir Syed Ahmad Khan consciously or unconsciously used the methodology of both sciences to contribute an original work. This paper evaluates the research methodology Sir Syed employed in writing this book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Julia entered as a student of Albert Spaulding, famous for his focus on analytical techniques in archaeology, which made Julia's background in analysis and computer applications particularly appealing. B I Many archaeologists have been leery about working with metal detectionists; however, you had a very useful collaboration with them on the site of Calaveras Big Trees State Historic Park. i b COSTELLO: It was Doug Scott who encouraged me to use metal detectionists. In 1978 an enormous cultural resources project related to the construction of the New Melones Reservoir in the "Gold Country" of California came online, and Julia was hired to lead the research into the historical archaeology, working together with a prehistorian, Harvey Crew. Knox Mellon was the state historic preservation officer at the time and had made a point of selecting Julia as the first person on the board to represent historical archaeology. [Extracted from the article]

The shifting sociopolitical environment of colonial Mexico City (1521–1821) resulted in a reorganization of labor obligations and opportunities for the city's inhabitants. Bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal indicators of activity, in combination with historical documentary evidence, provide an avenue for understanding this change in daily-life activities. In particular, the intersection of different aspects of identity results in groups of individuals that shared similar kinds of biomechanical stress that may not have been identified using a traditional methodology of dividing data according to age and sex groups. Additionally, the kind of work a person performed may have had an impact on the social perception of identity in colonial life, which was based more on how a person lived than on physical appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical analysis is an underused tool in historical archaeological investigations, despite the fact that much valuable information can be obtained from a chemical study of historical artifacts. Such analyses usually focus on the identification of materials, with the aim of elucidating their origins and historical uses. In a chemical sense, this proceeds through a number of stages, starting with simple observations and often ending with sophisticated measurements. It is work that can employ many different wet-chemical and instrumental methodologies, their use depending on both the analyst's insights and the availability of equipment in the laboratory. It is important to recognize which instruments cannot be done without in the analytical process and which may be too costly to warrant the investment. The diverse nature of the samples often leads to methodological challenges, underscoring the uncertainties inherent in the chemical analysis of historical artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is largely based on interviews collected or overseen in Northumberland by the authors since 2003. It summarizes the way in which oral history has been used by British historians and describes an evolving approach to researching the interaction between landscape and community. Focusing on stock management, the authors discuss how insight into activities carried out beyond living memory can be gained using descriptions and interpretations of landscape features provided by current farmers and shepherds. A case study exemplifies how the combining of oral testimony, historical map research, and archaeological fieldwork has made possible the verification of an historical drover's route in Northumberland. It is concluded that archaeology can be used to identify the surviving physical correlates of activities recorded in oral accounts, while oral history can enhance the dynamic interpretation of archaeological finds, interpretations that might otherwise only be assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines precisely how objects assume meanings in archaeological interpretation and a dimension of everyday life and experience that exists on the fringes of self-consciousness. Archaeologists interpret the meanings of material things in ways that have often sought to erase the ambiguities of material symbolism in conventional linear narratives, but oral memories routinely struggle with the meaning of things and underscore their complex and ambiguous meanings. The paper examines how the contributors to this volume illuminate the implications of oral memories on broader material culture scholarship both within and beyond historical archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents arguments for the importance of the study of the history of archaeology for both archaeologists and non-archaeologists, responding to the article also published in this issue, "From the sublime to the Druidical: changing perceptions of prehistoric monuments in southern Anglesey in the post-medieval period," by Kate Mees. Topics addressed include the relevance of historical investigations of the academic, political, and intellectual aspects of archaeology as part of the training of archaeologists; the relationship of archaeology to subjects such as women's history and colonial history; and considerations of the scope of the work of archaeologists Mortimer Wheeler and Margaret Murray.

To explore themes of globalization, immigration, and transformation requires a complex multiscalar perspective on material culture. But how can this daunting task be meaningfully undertaken? As a discussion of papers delivered at the Leicester 2013 SHA conference, this contribution considers the possibilities offered by network-based approaches to social analysis. It explores the potentials of both actor network theory (ANT) and more recent science and technology studies (STS) as two theoretical approaches explicitly focused on the conjunctures and disjunctions that both enable and constrain flows of knowledge, migration, and commodity trade. What would be the archaeological implications of this focus on material "relationality?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical archaeology as an archaeology of the modern world is greatly dominated in Europe by British research. Nevertheless, the discipline is gradually gaining a foothold in other European countries as well. This paper looks at the contribution that historical archaeology can make to the subjects of globalization, immigration, and transformation from a European perspective and how it relates to them. Three issues are dealt with: Is Europe, as the "missing link," conducive to the formation of a global historical archaeology? What are the topics of research that can contribute to its creation from a European perspective? What role does the interplay between globalization and nationalism play in all of this? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As postmodemism has created a cultural marker out of individual difference, it has allowed archaeologists to place themselves in settings that are only tenuously connected to collective pasts. These settings are often arbitrary or expedient rather than durable. The author argues that it is erosion of confidence in the ability to acknowledge and characterize the fact of a common ground that impedes archaeologists from engaging with the shared archive of relational resources from ~hich identity is drawn today, in particular through the mechanism of narrative. In examining narrative as a way of bridging between difference and commonality, its archaeological applicability is highlighted through a case study on 18th-century New England; with reference to the transcultural spaces inhabited by English and Native Americans, narrative reconstruction is employed to theorize the character of coexistence and the interpenetration of cultural spaces, and to lead to insights on material culture associated with the experiences of coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lively debate was witnessed in 2011 about the role of deductive and interpretive approaches in the production of anthropological knowledge, especially as it relates to archaeology. Scholarly output in archaeology this year reflects this concern. First, there is a trend toward furthering our archaeological imagination-finding new ways of asking questions that link the most empirical of research projects with innovative social theory. Second, there is an embracement of the messiness of archaeological data and the conclusions we can reach from it. By looking at the messiness of archaeological data and the limits of knowledge, archaeology asserts itself as an open frontier for anthropological inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Panama was founded on 15 August 1519 and was the first Spanish port on the American Pacific coast. In 1671 the city was destroyed by the pirate Henry Morgan. The archaeological site of Panama Viejo was declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2003. The archaeological department of Patronato Panama Viejo, the institution responsible for site management, has designed a long-term plan that involves survey, excavation, analysis, conservation, curation of collections, education, and general and specialized promotion. The site-management structure, including fundraising, is innovative and original for the region. This paper presents a synthesis of more than a decade of archaeological research at the site, the legal framework in which it takes place, and its significance in the regional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past time is both antiquity and duration, both "when?" and "how long?" Tobacco-pipe stem fragments are a common historical artifact. Harrington histograms and Binford regressions are common dating methods that use pipe stems to answer "when?" questions, regression linking estimated occupation midpoint to mean stem-bore diameter. The value of knowing "how long" justifies the search in three 17th- and 18th-century North American data sets for a relationship between dispersion of stem-bore values (measured by standard deviation) and occupation span. Results further corroborate regression dating, if it needs it, and document qualified but statistically significant correlations between dispersion and occupation span. In the process, they strengthen links between historical and prehistoric archaeology in the science of material culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The study of material culture generated by military engagements has created an emergent sub-discipline of archaeological studies centred on battlefields. This approach has developed a particular and sophisticated methodology that is able to deal with the fact that archaeologists will often not find either structures or a useful stratigraphical record on the site, as the material remains of the battle will basically be metallic objects carried by combatants. It is therefore rather complicated not only to test hypotheses about battle events based on archaeological data, but also to validate the methodology used. Here we propose the use of agent-based models to explore these issues in the case of eighteenth-century battlefield archaeology. The simulation is divided into four different steps. Firstly, a battle is simulated in order to generate realistic virtual archaeological remains left by an engagement between two armies of this era. We then simulate the loss of information that the passing of time produces in the battlefield. The third step involves simulating the archaeological survey, enabling us to explore different survey strategies and the impact on the interpretation of the event itself. Finally, we design a confidence index in order to compare the results of the different virtual excavations using spatial analysis and statistics. The results show that the methodology is fully functional in terms of understanding a battle, and it allows us to suggest new strategies to improve fieldwork and to develop new ways of exploring these particular archaeological sites. It is concluded that the described approach illustrates how simulation can be used to explore methodological issues of archaeological science. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In South Australia government authorities in a fledging colony were required to build institutions to care for the poor and the pauper insane, and they drew on designs from England, where workhouses and county asylums were being built in response to new laws. From a simple glance at the plans of the Destitute Asylum, which was built to house the deserving poor, and of the Adelaide and Parkside Lunatic asylums, it would appear that gender divisions dominated life in these institutions. A study of the material culture of the asylums, however, indicates a complex range of factors was, in fact, informing the experience of the asylum for the inmates. Gender, classification, social class, and the organizational purpose of the particular institution were all to play a role in determining the access to and use of the space and rooms of the asylums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay discusses the history of archaeology as an academic discipline within the humanities, as well as considers future directions for archaeology. The authors comment on the hybridity of archaeology, addressing its foundation in humanistic research but employing qualitative and comparative methodologies of the social sciences. Other topics explored include the origins of humanity and antiquity, material studies of modernity, and archaeology's engagement with modern politics.

How should archaeologists respond to descendant communities whose essentialism runs counter to constructivist notions of identity? For native communities in Virginia, the 17th-century landscape described by Jamestown's colonists represents a powerful documentary basis for countering discourse that denies or ignores their existence. Strategic essentialism tied to the notion of tribes as transhistorical subjects offers a means of connecting contemporary native communities to accepted national narratives. While such strategies may be necessary in the short term, research at Werowocomoco, capital of the Powhatan chiefdom Ca. 1607, highlights other modes of native social construction. Tidewater communities constructed pluralistic networks prior to contact and reconfigured social ties after 1607. They have done so by incorporating new practices while retaining connections to meaningful places and kinship ties stretching across communities. The expanding involvement of native consultants in research at Werowocomoco and elsewhere provides a point of departure for "decolonizing" discussions of this past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reports regarding excavations and archaeological developments in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 2008 and 2009. It presents the research findings of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin in conjunction with the State Museums in Berlin of Gadara, Umm Qeis, which traced five preliminary stages of extension of the theater-temple area. It discusses the Gadara Region Project, pioneered by Vieweger in 2001 as well as the survey in the Wadi al-'Arab, which aims to document al archaeological sites in the Wadi al-'Arab and the Wadi az-Zahar, as part of the Gadara Region Project. Highlights of the Deir Alla archaeological project and the Settling the Steppe Project of Leiden University are also cited.

The Employment of an integrated survey methodology consisting of overlaid plotting of metal-detected finds, geophysics, fieldwalking and limited trial excavation to a number of sites across a single region, in this case W Norfolk, England, can provide important further insights into the nature of rural centres labelled as 'productive sites'. The detailed results are first set within a wider research framework by introducing some key points concerning developments in the investigation and interpretation of metal-detected sites in the UK and the early medieval settlement archaeology of Norfolk. In particular, this research can contribute, albeit speculatively, to the wider debates about the diversity, complexity and changing lifestyles of early medieval elite groups involved in trade and exchange in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work by archaeologists emphasized the contributions of archaeological fieldwork to the study of post-classical Greece. This marks a significant departure from traditional approaches to the archaeology of Byzantium that tended to focus on art historical methods and architectural history. Despite these changes in the study of post-classical Greece, the issues of abandonment, continuity and change continue to play an important role both in ongoing debates and will undoubtedly influence future research priorities. Only collaboration among scholars who study historical archaeology in Greece and elsewhere will ensure the continued relevance of this field even as these long-standing debates wane in relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with historical archaeologist Stanley A. South is presented. When asked how he came into archaeology, South discusses his time at Appalachian State Teachers College in the 1940s. When asked about historical archaeology at the University of North Carolina, South discusses working at the Orton plantation. When asked about learning about historic dig sites, South discusses learning about various archaeological methods.

Archaeological evidence is often perceived as either illustrating the historical record or where independent, dealing mainly with small things of little larger importance, like the domestic economy. The search for individual action in the archaeological record seems futile compared to the richness of the historical record at places like Deir el Medina. The founder of modern Egyptian archaeology, W.M. Flinders Petrie, realized the potential for archaeology to reveal not just cultural generalities, but insights into the lives of individuals, most of whom left no written record behind. Both archaeological and historical evidence have unique limitations and challenges in interpretation, but at the same time truly integrating text and archaeology has the potential to yield greater insights into the nature and dynamics of Egyptian society than each source alone could produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When conducting lithic debitage analyses, archaeologists commonly draw study samples from larger assemblages rather than examining every single lake. However, the size of these samples and the methods used to draw them are variable. this paper examines how unsystematic sampling procedures used in debitage analysis can skew site interpretations. An alternative sampling strategy devised specifically for measuring debitage variability is proposed. to test its effectiveness, this strategy is applied to the sandy point (Lldv--10) debitage assemblage. results obtained from a 100 percent sample, a sample drawn using the proposed method, and a 20 percent disproportionate stratified random sample are compared. This comparison indicates a sample drawn using the proposed strategy yields results that are entirely consistent with those derived from studying the entire assemblage. Furthermore, it demonstrates that samples drawn using randomly selected percentages are frequently inadequate thus increasing the potential of yielding spurious results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses archaeology of antiquities from the 6th to 10th centuries, or the early Medieval period, and the concept of archaeology and history as truth. Topics discussed include archeological methodologies, the history of Italy in the 6th to 10th centuries, and the relationship between history and the analysis of architectural finds. The sites of the necropolis of Campochiaro and the monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno, both in Italy, are discussed.

Laser–induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the rapid characterization of the elemental composition of archaeological remnants recovered from a military settlement dating from 1831, located at the center of the Argentinian Pampas (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). This research is part of an interdisciplinary project for the study of military fortifications within the field of historical archaeology. We present original results of the analysis of metallic artifacts, bones, potsherds, and colored glazed crockery of the site. The measurements included drilling through superficial weathering and corrosion layers to determine the underlying bulk composition of the materials, the analysis of glazing processes and the identification of pigments in the paintings. A new analytical approach was applied for the discrimination of elements corresponding to the pigments, the binder medium or the glaze from those belonging to the paste matrix which improved the LIBS performance. The obtained results provided useful information related to the characteristics, raw materials, manufacturing processes, use and provenance of the objects that contributed to achieve a more comprehensive knowledge of the archaeological context investigated. [Display omitted] • LIBS method was applied for the analysis of different archaeological remains. • Qualitative/semi-quantitative results of the elemental compositions were obtained. • Raw materials, manufacturing processes, use and provenance were studied. • The feasibility of LIBS for rapid analysis of archaeological objects was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contends that proponents of various forms of Indigenous Archaeology base their argument on a paradigm of Aboriginal essentialism ("Aboriginalism") that is derived from the long-discarded concept of Primitive Man. The development of Aboriginalism is explored as a mutually reinforcing process between Indigenous and Western scholars, based on evidence that is at best anecdotal. The adoption of this flawed concept by archaeologists, Western publics, and Indigenous people themselves has led to problematic assumptions that have negative consequences for both the practice of archaeology and for the lives of those who identify themselves as Indigenous. Archaeologists can usefully challenge the historical assumptions on which the paradigm of Aboriginalism is based: the belief that local societies have endured as stable entities over great periods of time, and the consequent projection of contemporary ethnic identities into the deep past. Such a challenge confronts a significant element of the intellectual climate that allows marginalized groups to exist as permanent aliens in the societies of settler nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an in-depth discussion of the archaeological research of the Iron Age of the Tel Dor site in Israel. The significance of the area to ancient archaeology is outlined, citing direct connections to several different civilizations and epochs. A history of the archaeological research methods used on the site is given, outlining both artifact and textually based paradigms for historical reconstruction. A comprehensive overview of the structures and artifacts found is provided with commentary on their implications on the iron age civilization of region.

The site of Rocchicella, near Catania, in eastern Sicily, has yielded important archaeological evidence from prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. Extensive archaeological investigations of cultural layers dating from the Palaeo-Mesolithic to the Copper Age have recently been undertaken, and volcanic glass, mainly obsidian, has been collected in the course of excavation. To determine the provenance of this volcanic glass, a non-destructive elemental analysis was carried out to measure the concentration of characteristic trace elements. The analysis was carried out using a new XRF spectrometer equipped with a beam stability controller and a quantitative method developed at the LANDIS laboratory of the INFN–CNR Institutes of Catania. In addition to the obsidian, it was demonstrated for the first time that a local vitreous material similar to obsidian, but displaying a completely different composition, was used during all the investigated periods. This material was identified as a basaltic glass, characterized by a superficial product of devitrification called palagonite. Analysis of the obsidians has led to the identification of the island of Lipari as the provenance source. High- and low-power microscopic use-wear analysis on obsidian and basaltic glass artefacts indicated that soft wood and plant matter might have been processed at the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human effigies are rare and widely distributed on the northern and central Plains but may be absent from the southern Plains. Easily disorganized or destroyed, few figures had survived undamaged when first recorded by such pioneering archaeologists as Richard G. Forbis. Many of the figures remain enigmatic, of unknown age, cultural affiliation, and function. However examination of the data suggests that others can be classified into two groups. One group, Napi Figures, is similar to iconic figures of Ceremonial tradition rock art and likely date to the Late Prehistoric period. Distributional information suggests that most or all of the latter were constructed by the prehistoric Blackfoot. The second group, Narrative Figures, commemorates violent encounters during the Historic period and are analogous to Biographic tradition figures in rock art. The defining attributes which have resulted in this classification were first articulated by Richard G. Forbis and Thomas F. and Alice B. Kehoe almost 40 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an essay concerning the origins and development of the academic discipline of historical archaeology (HA). The author provides an overview of the origin, development, nature, and purpose of HA. The author traces its origin back to the 1960s and its growth into a reputable and recognized academic discipline.

Objects are a key aspect of archaeological evidence and theories about them should contribute to interdisciplinary debates on materiality and material culture. Despite the primacy of this evidence there is considerable scope for further debate about the role of materials in concepts of materiality and the social construction of sensory perception. This is as true for a past society as it is for our own but the two world views may be ill-matched and archaeology can miss important sensory issues in the societies it studies. The way in which archaeology deals with objects is deconstructed to offer some criticism of present practice, and some ideas for new ways of thinking about the role of sensory perception in constructing concepts of materiality for past societies by a focus on attention. Further exploration of the role of the senses in the modern craft of finds analysis is advocated, in order to elucidate the passing on of such skills and the way in which material experiences colour modern perceptions and interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the concept of identity as an increasingly central research theme in Anglo-American Roman archaeology. The first part provides an overview and critique of the issue in recent academic discourse, highlighting some potential theoretical and methodological problems. I argue that, if pursued uncritically, there is a danger that approaches to identity are reducible to the search for diversity for diversity's sake, and even worse, that identity is simply read off from archaeological remains in a culture-historical fashion. In the second part, I use two case studies to outline a new approach to the construction of narratives of identity that emphasizes the constitution of identity through dynamic social practices instead of a direct one-to-one relationship between identity and static material culture. I contend that identity is best investigated through methodologies specifically designed to elucidate aspects of social practice through archaeological evidence rather than simply identify variability in material culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mark Mitchell's analysis of the legacy of the Missouri Basin Project (MBP) identified the direct historical approach as one discourse that shaped the MBP legacy. While that identification is certainly correct, the discussion is too limited in two ways. First, the use of the direct historical approach for tracing ethnicity was more limited than is generally recognized. Second, and more seriously, the rich documentary and ethnographic record of the Plains Village lifeway became a too readily used source of specific analogies for reading the archaeological record. Theory became irrelevant. Some of the numerous inaccuracies this produced are only recently being corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their comments, Bleed and Roper acknowledge the profound effects routine research practices have had on the conceptual development of Plains archaeology, though both disagree with aspects of my analysis. Bleed disputes lily characterization of current theory in Plains archaeology but fails to appreciate the extent to which Plains archaeology continues to emphasize culture historical research. Bleed further argues that there are few connections between the research practices established by the Missouri Basin Project (MBP) and those of more recent Plains archaeologists. However, such a stance discounts the powerful influence of construct paradigms or exemplars on the development of method and theory. Roper provides valuable insights into the role played by direct historic analogy in the development of theory in Plains archaeology. However, her analysis glosses over the fact that all aspects of archaeological research are informed by theoretical propositions, whether explicitly stated or merely assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rich prehistoric archaeological record in Andean South America has obscured the importance of post-conquest historic sites in the region. Archaeologists researching the former Spanish colonies have long turned to the US ‘Borderlands’ and the Caribbean for models defining the archaeology of Spanish colonialism. Recently, however, Andean archaeologists have begun to create new emphases on the archaeology of colonialism and archaeologies of the later Andean republics. This region was a core area of Spanish overseas expansion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, with much of the precious metal wealth of the empire produced in Andean mines. Today archaeologists in the Andean republics of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, and the foreign researchers who also work in the region, are overcoming geographic, financial and linguistic barriers to create a unified Andean historical archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review assesses the development and current status of zooarchaeological research in historical archaeology. Analytical issues in recovery, identification, quantification and interpretation are discussed with particular reference to assemblages from historical sites. The results section summarizes the substantive contributions zooarchaeological studies of historical assemblages have made to our understanding of past diet, food production systems, social and cultural variation, and archaeological interpretations. The last four decades of research has provided a strong basis for future analyses that draw together diverse strands of zooarchaeological, historical, scientific, and anthropological evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critiques the book "Lascaux, ou la naissance d'art," or "Lascaux, or The Birthplace of Art," by Georges Bataille, commenting on the book's significance to modern archaeology and the understanding of art. It comments on the book's focus on archaeological content rather than social scientific methodology and epistemology. It comments on the importance of researching prehistory.

The article presents a comparative ethnoarchaeological study of the ulu knife, used in Western Alaska. The study rests largely on the combination of experimental and ethnoarchaeological approaches. The historical and archaeological record for western Alaska depicts that the non-native goods were accepted in a complex manner, with metal knives not replacing aboriginal knives until late in the historic period. Archaeologists should explore the complexities of the modern uses of the ulu to apply their knowledge to the interpretation of the archaeological record.

Focuses on the growth of historical archaeology into an inclusive discipline. Accounts on the cultural irregularities in the material patterns; Affirmation to the development of methodologies for historical archaeology; Impact of the integration of history and archaeology on the cultural expressions.

The article presents the author's response concerning the comments contributed by several authors about his study on evolutionary archaeology. The author has stated that he has agreed with the comment of a particular author that it has been important to try, and to characterize individual social units and understand the processes going on within them. He added that he was sympathetic to the comment about agency and practice theory and its importance, and it is true that it does not get much attention to the study, where his concern was to develop an argument about the importance of population.

The article presents the author's response concerning the comments contributed by several authors about her study on archaeology of emotion. The author has showed her gratitude towards the commentators serious consideration of her paper. She has added that she has been hesitant about the formulation of a coherent position which nevertheless empowers the kind of writing about the past that she wanted to do. According to the author, she cannot pretend to have answers with the many problematic issues and questions raised about her study.

In 1987, a small number of historical archaeologists issued a call for archaeologists to embrace the teachings of critical theory so that their research could he used to challenge societal structures of inequality. Although community partnering, an outgrowth of critical theory, has become increasingly important to archaeological practice, a true archaeological ‘praxis’ has yet to he achieved. Possible reasons for this include a decontextualization of critical theory from its historical origin, the subsequent reification of capitalism in critical research, and the obscuring of agency in critical interpretations because of an emphasis on top-down or macroscale models of society. We suggest that true praxis can be achieved in historical archaeology through a reconceptualization of the relationship between individuals and society and through a structuring of archaeological research that seeks to create a discursive relationship between past and present peoples and between researchers and community partners. We present a critically informed archaeological case study from Louisiana to demonstrate how such a dialogue can lead to emanicipatory knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]