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A World Heritage Site must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria that in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance. Therefore, an increasing number of World Heritage Sites have been developed to be the tourist attractions worldwide. Tourism resources of the World Cultural Heritage Sites are used for protecting the heritage and providing better service for the tourists. Therefore, achieving a reasonable and effective resource allocation and resource supervising system is required. This research aims at solving such problem. The artificial intelligence techniques, especially the neural network algorithm is used in this research to complete massive calculations, including facing detecting and recognising, resource elements parameters calculation, and so forth. Creative computing theories and methods are working for combining the tourism area with computer science area. To express the system more explicitly, a case about Hailongtun World Cultural Heritage Site, which located in the Guizhou province in China, is used for testing the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the management of an industrial heritage site in Sweden, which local stakeholders and heritage planners have claimed to be successful. This status of excellence is investigated in relation to the general, county-wide applied heritage planning. The results show that key factors for successful management of the industrial heritage site are not related only to conservation work, but also to personal engagement, sense of responsibility, and well-being among participants. However, heritage planners generally lack methods to address immaterial values and socio-economic benefits of engaging in heritage activities, resulting in a separation between physical and communal aspects of heritage planning. The results highlight the issue of professional legitimacy and the challenges for heritage planners to address regional policy objectives, such as finding ways to utilise historic landscapes in destination-driven strategies and to simultaneously support civil engagement in heritage-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic tourists in Ethiopia make visits to religious and cultural heritage sites for different factors and on different social and economic status. The objective of this section is to explore the major motivation factors for local tourists to travel to one of the major religious and cultural sites of Amhara Region, Lalibela. Understanding tourists' behaviors, their motivation to a destination, perceptions about a destination are all considered essential inputs in the destination marketing, market segmentation, and destinations management efforts. Primary source for my research was collected by survey questionnaire from 280 respondents (domestic tourists) by a structured questionnaire at Lalibela 6-8 January 2016. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore the intrinsic motives of travellers to Lalibela. The results indicated that spirituality, followed by curiosity and stimulation, are the most important factors in forming travel motivation, while escape, business and, nostalgia are the least important ones. The recommendations are directed to policy makers and governmental organizations at different levels; the private sector firms working in tourism related businesses and researchers, consultants to make note of the motivations of domestic tourists to religious/heritage sites in the region to satisfy the needs of tourists at destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarr Steps is a footbridge across a river but it also bridges two temporal landscapes: the present and the ‘deep past’. Although the origins of the site are uncertain, the bridge is often represented as objectively authentic and ‘ancient’. The historicity of this claim is challenged by secondary production of the site. We unpack the discursive construction of the bridge and argue that Tarr Steps’ connection to the deep past is a cultural imaginary based on a selective interpretation of its morphology. This imaginary connection authenticates representation of the site as resembling the origin of a sequence of cultural evolution in Britain. We explore implications of this in relation to three metaphors of landscape used in the cultural heritage management tool called Historic Landscape Characterisation. In so doing, we raise questions about the future of the past, specifically in terms of the conceptualisation of temporality, authenticity and the politics of representation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Heritage is a highly malleable concept that is constantly in flux and whose substance and meaning are continuously being redefined by society. From such a dynamic perspective, it is inevitable that new approaches and practices have developed for dealing with heritage in the context of planned development. While most scholars acknowledge the existence of various heritage approaches, one of the major defining features is often neglected: their distinctive outlook on spatial dynamics. In this article, the shifting role and purpose of heritage conservation in Dutch spatial planning is analysed. A conceptual framework is introduced that frames three approaches to the planning treatment of heritage; the sector, factor and vector approach, respectively. Although these approaches have developed in a historical sequence, the new did not replace the old but rather gained ground amongst different actors. Thus, three quite different ways of treating the past in the present now coexist in Dutch planning practice. Although this coexistence can raise conflict, we argue that contemporary heritage planning does not call for a one-size-fits-all approach, but rather for a mixed-mode model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to bridge the epistemological gap between heritage and tourism in understanding (and describing) the link between what is protected in heritage and what is a sustainable use of heritage as a tourism resource. This is accomplished by focusing on the socio-cultural dimension of heritage.Design/methodology/approach Three case studies involving UNESCO World Heritage sites and representing different stages of tourism development from three different developing economies are discussed. The case studies are based on the author’s extensive monitoring and evaluation of World Heritage Site management over the course of a decade, including tourism management, and they feature in-depth discussions with government heritage authorities and with heritage and tourism experts and stakeholders; observation and monitoring activities; and review of policy and project documents, heritage and tourism plans, UNESCO and other professional bodies’ reports and academic research works.Findings A symbiotic relationship between the environment, people and economy and the multi-sectoral nature of the tourism industry makes achieving sustainable development goals almost impossible unless there is a coordinated and integrated approach by the all parties involved, especially in culturally and naturally sensitive areas. The spirit of place is used as a conceptual framework in the application of systems. Theories seem to be the way forward for a sustainable management of tourism in such areas.Originality/value The paper addresses an important and under-researched aspect of tourism-heritage encounters: How the socio-cultural impacts of tourism affect the value of cultural heritage, especially in the context of developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While contests and conflicts are well recognized in heritage research, analysis of the specific circumstances and dilemmas that individuals and groups face when pursuing heritage goals and partaking in heritage contests can benefit from further methodological work. This paper presents a case and method for incorporating concepts from an emerging interactionist perspective on social movements into heritage research in order to better conceptualize and analyze the interactions and processes through which collective identity and heritage is co-produced. We examine the political and interpretive processes at the heart of heritage research, consider areas in which the language and concepts of social movements addresses existing gaps and disagreements, and identify a set of questions that will open new perspectives on heritage movements and contests. We apply these questions to a heritage contest over the World Heritage site of Pasargadae in Iran, emphasizing how heritage activists advanced their perspectives and claims, eventually leading to the incorporation of Iran’s pre-Islamic heritage within the official Islamic republic discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the scope of the U.S. National Park Service's (NPS) cultural heritage management as of March 2017, highlighting its international relationships. The responsibilities of the NPS are discussed which is responsible for protecting archaeological resources and their heritage values. Also tackled are the NPS' method of heritage protection, its 100th anniversary in 2016, and its cooperation with foreign governments.

Future climate change is likely to pose significant challenges for heritage management, especially in landscape settings, such as river valleys as the magnitude, intensity and nature of geomorphological processes alter in response to changing threshold conditions. Industrial landscapes afford particular challenges for the heritage community, not only because the location of these historic remains is often intimately linked to the physical environment, but also because these landscapes can be heavily polluted by former (industrial) processes and, if released, the legacy of contaminants trapped in floodplain soils and sediments can exacerbate erosion and denudation. Responding to these challenges requires the development of methodologies that consider landscape change beyond individual sites and monuments and this paper reports the development of such an approach based on investigation of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site, Derbyshire, UK. Information on geomorphological evolution of the Derwent Valley over the last 1000 years, a time period encompassing the last two periods of major climatic deterioration, the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age, has been dovetailed with archaeological and geochemical records to assess how the landscape has evolved to past landscape change. However, in addition to assessing past evolution, this methodology uses national climate change scenarios to predict future river change using the CAESAR-Lisflood model. Comparison of the results of this model to the spatial distribution of World Heritage Site assets highlights zones on the valley floor where pro-active mitigation might be required. The geomorphological and environmental science communities have long used predictive computer modelling to help understand and manage landscapes and this paper highlights an approach and area of research cross-over that would be beneficial for future heritage management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the significance of the debate concerning the participation of local communities in the reuse and management of industrial heritage sites has grown considerably. However, the question of how participation takes place in practice has received little attention. This article shows how participation in the reuse of industrial heritage sites has functioned in the planning process in Berlin-Oberschöneweide. The article is theoretically grounded on debates on labour and community heritage. The field of planning, which is closely interwoven with that of heritage management, provides another important theoretical horizon. The qualitative investigation consisted of interviews with different actors. The findings show that Oberschöneweide’s industrial heritage site is important to the local community. Thus far, the community has been able to participate in the reuse and development process in a number of ways. In addition to the provisions made for community participation by the relevant authorities, and local initiatives have exerted an influence on the development of the area. Nevertheless, this participation has been limited and is in some respects problematic. Furthermore, the participation process referred not only to the industrial zone itself, but to the development of the district as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term integrated conservation first entered the lexicon of urban heritage in the 1975 Council of Europe European Charter, recognising that the future of the architectural heritage depends on the weight attached to it within the framework of urban and regional planning. Since then, the agendas of sustainability, sustainable development and climate change have entered the debate, and various attempts have been made to re-position urban heritage from a specialist to a mainstream activity in the European context. In 'The Geography of Urban Heritage', we argued that the quantum of urban heritage recognised and appreciated today underscores a level of responsibility for the maintenance and processes of continuity whose realisation is beyond the scope and capacity of a specialist field. Additionally, that the complementary values of community, heritage, resource and usefulness, harnessed to common purpose, afford a potent combination for responding to the challenge. That article promoted the thesis that for urban conservation to become a mainstream activity, heritage professionals need to nurture relationships centrally within the broad discipline of geography - the core discipline of urban planning; and reciprocally, geographers need to recognise the vital role of urban heritage beyond a limited perception of its compass. The 2010 European Union Toledo Declaration acknowledged the importance of urban heritage, and defined the multiple dimensions of sustainability as economic, social, environmental, cultural and governance. Governance at the municipal level is the key to integrated urban planning policy and practice. This article explores current initiatives in the field and proposes directions for further research and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Thai government's management of archaeological heritage as of March 2017. Topics include the history of heritage management and conservation in the country, Thailand's cultural heritage, and King Rama IV's enactment of a law to protect Thai cultural heritage. It argues that Thai archaeological heritage management must be improved to address several problems such as looting and land alteration for agriculture.

The article examines the definition and management of indigenous archaeological heritage in Australia as of March 2017. Topics include Europe's colonization of Australia in the late 1700s, the management of the heritage of indigenous and nonidigenous people, and the impact of urbanization on Aboriginal cultural heritage. Also tackled are the social value of heritage, the impact of the mining sector on archaeological heritage, and indigenous activism.

Copyright of Revista de Antropología Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The policies and standards of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation contribute significantly to the identification, excavation, documentation, study, protection, management, and publication of archaeological sites, structures, and material. Following a description of these policies, examples of projects in four regions of the world illustrate how they have been applied, together with national laws and regulations, benefiting archaeology and the archaeological record at local, national, and international levels, while involving affected communities and educating the public at large. The commitment of international financial institutions creates opportunities that archaeologists have yet to fully realize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay describes the work of the Butrint Foundation between 1993-2012, as it developed a major archaeological research project in post-communist Albania that included creating an archaeological park with its own administrative authority. This history attempts to be reflexive, defining four phases from the initial collaboration to the end of the Foundation's active operations at Butrint. The essay sets the experiences of the Foundation against the backdrop of changing attitudes to cultural heritage practice in Albania as the newly democratic republic became more stable. The conclusion considers how the experience at Butrint might inform future capacity building in archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the organizational features of community-controlled economic development ventures associated with heritage sites located in two contrasting rural communities, one in Ireland and the other in Belize. The paper demonstrates that sustainable community organizations share institutional governance features that reflect general principles previously identified by scholars of common pool resources and community heritage tourism projects. The paper argues that archaeologists or heritage specialists working with local communities to develop sustainable economic development projects are more likely to succeed if attention is paid to the establishment of appropriate governance institutions for the project that are rooted in local conditions but follow proven governance principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States has an enviable diversity of public lands that are held in trust for all Americans. However, there is a war raging in the US between exploitative and protectionist ideals. The war's main victim is America's public lands. Some believe that public lands - open landscapes preserved for their scenic beauty, ecological assets (especially clean air and water), and cultural and natural resources - are best used for mining these resources, specifically their energy (oil, gas, and coal) reserves. It is the responsibility of archaeologists to contribute their perspective on this national and international public policy debate and help to build a cultural economy perspective. In addition to highlighting heritage tourism economies built on travel, meals, souvenir, and lodging expenditures, archaeologists must help convey the value of preserving historic sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage and economics are increasingly intertwined as the cultural sector strives to prove the relevancy of its work to broader social issues and more researchers seek to quantify the economic impact of heritage tourism. Heritage and economics intersect in funding proposals, regional development plans, tourism management strategies, and in myriad other ways. Yet there is often a sense that conservation projects and related economic initiatives evolve on parallel tracks rather than in an integrated way from the conception of the programme. Thus when the success of conservation projects is described, there is much to say about technical achievements but little about the social impact in an equally scientific manner. The dilemma for many in the field is how to move from anecdotal storytelling to scientifi­c data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maya culture is usually identified through spectacular ruins of a once great civilization lost in the jungles of Central America. Although the Maya people today see some continuities and connections to this ancient culture, they see an even stronger and more direct connection to their recent history and heritage. The Caste War rebellion in the Yucatan of the mid-nineteenth century is a critical historical moment for the modern Maya of the region and is reflected in the more recent Zapatista movement of Chiapas. These continuities and changes in the representation of the Maya past are the focal point for this paper. The Tihosuco Community Heritage Project, described in this paper, highlights a Maya view of history and the past. This type of community project focuses upon issues of contested heritage and provides a model for the identification and preservation of heritage in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of archaeology for economic development represents a non- traditional use of resources normally valued for their cultural aspects. Economic benefits and uses are often presented in opposition to cultural ones in much of heritage management theory and practice. This divide has lead to a lack of data and an inadequate consideration of the economic value of archaeology and its place in economic development. Based on research in Scotland and in Jordan, this paper presents concepts to help bridge the gap between these values and provide a more holistic view of archaeological resources which considers the relationships between cultural and economic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ask how prioritizing the commodifiable aspects of heritage transforms the relationships that define it, this paper begins by tracing the historical development of mercantile perspectives on archaeological objects, sites, and landscapes in the central Andes. From colonial looting and the mining of treasure to the illustrated emphasis on testimonial value which gave rise to modern national archaeologies in the early twentieth century, contingent encounters define processes of mercantilization, including current drives to deploy archaeology to produce commodities for the tourism industry. After scrutinizing the roles of heritage legislation, local government, entrepreneurs, local communities, and archaeologists in this process, the differing intentions, mechanisms, and effects of commoditization are highlighted. The production of essentialized identities and the invisibilization of meaningful relations between people about things and places are exclusions emanating from the marriage of archaeology and development. These are showcased in the budding cultural tourism context of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, as an attempt to chart the ethical minefield of emergent hybrid indigeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the most important former Benedictine monasteries in Slovakia are being protected as cultural monuments. According to the categories defined by the Law on the Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites, the present paper briefly analyzes the fundamental heritage value of these monasteries. At the same time it clarifies the aims of and reasons for their protection. The realization and definition of the heritage value of these monasteries is a prerequisite for determination of a subject of protection and, subsequently, for the restoration – and thus conservation – of these monuments. This effort, however, can only be successful if their owners, representatives of municipalities in which they are located, preservationists as well as potential investors with funds available for their prospective restoration, will harmonize their aims and coordinate their efforts to conserve these monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of managing the temple tanks in the town of Thirupporur in Tamil Nadu, India. Topics discussed include the role played by water in the architectural heritage of India, the use of temple tanks in town planning, and the effect of modernization on heritage management. The implementation of a water resource management plan, provision for car parking, and a maintenance plan for inspecting the heritage structures are mentioned.

To what extent do archaeologists distance themselves from the modern people in whose communities they reside while they study the region's past inhabitants? While many projects live and work rather anonymously in communities during field projects, the Athienou Archaeological Project (AAP) has cultivated and benefited from a remarkable, mutually supportive relationship with the town of Athienou, Cyprus. This article highlights four points of community engagement that both govern and structure our relationship with the town: administrative, economic, social, and cultural. Through these points of exchange, AAP has become well integrated with the local community. Through the town's support, we have forged a unique model of archaeology and community that positions the project through our scientific exploration of the region's past as an active active agent in illuminating, displaying, and preserving Athienou's rich cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rich biodiversity and cultural patterns of agricultural heritage sites are preserved unconsciously in the traditional way of life of local communities. They are also attractive resources for tourism development, which supports the conservation of agricultural heritage systems (AHS) while providing benefits for local communities. As a typical case study, a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) site with a Rice-Fish-Duck agricultural system (RFDS) in Congjiang County of South West China is introduced to illustrate the community approach to agricultural heritage conservation and sustainable tourism development. The concept of a community approach to agricultural heritage is dynamic both in terms of conservation and livelihood adaptation. Six elements in the concept model and their relationship were analyzed. The community is the core element and the other five are: local community identity, livelihoods, local sustainable tourism development, the farming system, biodiversity and cultural patterns in the site. All are interconnected and thus support the agricultural heritage conservation of agricultural heritage and the development of sustainable tourism in the heritage sites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out to discuss the status of the industrial heritage in regional conservation practice. How much scope are these issues allowed in day-to-day work, long-term strategies, policy documents and working plans? How do the visions tally with reality? What are the challenges and how can we deal with them? The main material for the article derives from a questionnaire survey of heritage units of Sweden's county administrative boards in the autumn of 2012. The article notes that the industrial heritage today is an acknowledged and integral part of heritage management. The national initiatives occurring in the 1990s and round about the turn of the millennium are seen today as watersheds. However, at the same time as the industrial heritage can no longer be described as challenged on grounds of principle, it is clear that interest, attention and resources have dwindled over the past two decades. The central players today are relatively invisible. The decentralisation of responsibility for the industrial heritage has led to a fragmentation of knowledge and a loss of conspectus and unified expertise. It has also brought methods development to a standstill in many respects. But at the same time it has helped, indirectly, to bring about new forms of co-operation and organisation in regions where strong players have been able to take over. Strong regions have asserted themselves relatively successfully, while weaker ones have run into difficulties, just as the differing preconditions of centre and periphery in different regions have grown more apparent. The article indicates several current trends, one being that industrial heritage issues have tended more and more often in recent years to clash with the interests of nature conservation. Another distinct trend points to the industrial heritage being viewed in a utility or user perspective. Industrial heritage management has acquired the role of helpmeet to other interests, without itself having any prerogative of interpretation -- a development discernible throughout the heritage sector but perhaps especially conspicuous right here. The view of industrial heritage as a resource and the economic mindset are very much in evidence as regards both preservation and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Heritage Sites (WHSs) are motivated by such diverse reasons as heritage celebration, alarm calls, tourism branding and marketing and place making. Irrespective of the primary motivation for their creation, WHSs are often used to develop tourism based on cultural and natural resources of international significance. Heritage conservation may or may not be in agreement with what local populations perceive as desirable development paths. We conducted a survey among the island community of Vega in Norway that received WHS status in 2004 motivated by conservation alarm, tourism marketing and place making. We examined the local population's views of the key aspects of future development and how this related to WHS status. The islanders placed high value on social and community conditions as well as heritage linked to cultural and natural resources. While a majority supported tourism based on sustainable use of heritage they also felt that WH listing should not limit development opportunities. There were differences between younger people and adults. WHS may be an effective agent of sustainable tourism development if the main goals and strategies of the WHS are clearly understood and prioritized in the local community, leave room and perhaps link to other development opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of APUNTES - Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses heritage tourism associated with atrocities through an examination of the Death Railway tourism site in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The site features a railroad constructed by Japanese prisoners of war and native Thai peoples during World War II that resulted in many deaths. The author explains the complex role of World War II and its atrocities to Thai and, more generally, Southeast Asian collective memory, along with the negative implications of the commodification of the Death Railway. Controversy over the construction of a Chinese temple near the site is explained along with Thailand's poor management of the site due to Thai ambivalence about the war. Australians' relationship to the site is also explained.

Heritage management and cultural legislation have always existed in the African continent, even before the days of written laws. However, it is often perceived that it was with the 'taking over' of the continent that civilization and heritage legislation were first implemented. The 'new' legislation did not recognize the indigenous means of management and ignored the fact that heritage sites have existed long prior to the scramble for the continent. The first enacted legislation in South Africa was distinctively biased towards the Bushmen heritage. I argue that this was probably because it was not politically problematic as Bushmen were considered to be a dying nation with a culture going 'extinct'. Having legislation that promoted the heritage of the people you were colonizing might not have been strategically correct. Legislation over the years moved away from the 'Bushmen culture' to protecting colonial heritage sites. Whilst the post-colonial heritage legislation has improved on the previous legislation - as can be shown by its success in courts - there are still areas of concern. I find the whole heritage framework represented by the legislation to still be clearly non-African, with a top-down approach that has not much respect for African culture, especially the values that clash with Eurocentric ones. I conclude that indeed there has been significant progress made with legislation over the years, from 1911 to 1999 when the current legislation was promulgated. However, a lack of proactive measures from within heritage management, as well as external factors, are still a stumbling block to a successful implementation of heritage legislation and as a result heritage is still threatened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the historical, administrative and structural aspects of the Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien and offers a perspective on its national and international role. The article also discusses the relationship between the Ministry of Culture and Communications and other independent entities reporting to this supervisory body, which is responsible for promoting national historical and cultural heritage, especially in the aftermath of the earthquake of 12 January 2010. In conclusion, it considers prospects for the future and describes the measures introduced to re-open the museum to the public. MUPANAH seeks to attract the young, and to extend educational programmes to cover the whole country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]