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Objectives: Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in experimental studies induces neurochemical, neurodegenerative changes in various parts of the body. But no information is available about how OBX affects the spinal cord in rats. Our study aims to investigate this question. Methods: Twenty‐eight male rats were used. The rats were divided into three groups: six as the control, six as the SHAM, and 16 as the study group in which OBX was performed. The animals were followed for 10 weeks. After decapitation of the animals, olfactory bulb (OB) volumes, the olfactory glomerulus (OG), and the neuron density of the ON (Onuf nucleus) per cubic centimeter at the L4‐S4 level were examined histopathologically and analyzed stereologically. Results: The mean OB volume, remaining normal OG density, and degenerated neuron density (DND) of the ON was measured as 4.32 ± 0.21/mm3, 1842 ± 114/mm3, and 4 ± 1 /mm3 in the control (group I); 3.3 ± 0.14/mm3, 1321 ± 114/mm3, and 43 ± 8/mm3 in the SHAM (group II); and 1.672 ± 0.12/mm3, 852 ± 93/mm3, and 154 ± 11/mm3 in the study group (group III). There was a statistically significant difference between the SHAM and the study group (P <.05). Conclusions: In this study, histopathological bridging between ON‐related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and OBX was shown the first time. According to the findings, LUTS may be reversed by the protection of the affected spinal cord through the correction of olfaction impairment in neurodegenerative disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Thyroid functions regulate higher brain centers and olfactory informations are wireless universal stimulators for thyroid hardware and software development by way of vagal complex management. We wonder if thyroid architecture and functions are regulated by vagal nerve. Material and Methods: The animals were divided to three groups according to their T4 hormone levels which 1.89±0.10 µg/dl values was accepted as normal (G0; n=12); 2.13±0.19 µg/dl values was accepted as hyperfunctioned (GI; n=7) and 1.61±0.09 µg/dl values was accepted as hypofunctioned (GII; n=5). All of the thyroid glands, thyroidal branches of vagal nerves and brainstem section at the level of motor nucleus of vagal nerves sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, GFAP and tunnel dye for histological examination. All microscopical Stereological evaluations were done to understand how vagal morphology effects thyroid tissue architectures and T4 levels. All of the thyroid glands, thyroidal branches of vagal nerves and vagal motor nucleus evaluated stereologically to recognise whether some histomorphological variations thyroid follicles and volumes per cubic centimeter compared with thyroid hormone levels statistically. Results: The mean neuron density of vagal nucleus (NDVN), axon density of thyroidal branches of vagal nerves (TBVN), TFV, and T4 levels were measured as G0;GI and GII consequtively: (312±91)x106 /mm³, 19.543±2.321/mm², 1.89±0.10 µg/dl and (296±72)x106 µm³ /cm³ in G0; (387±93)x106 /mm³, 22.576±2.864/mm², 2.13±0.19 µg/dl and (331±65) x106 µm³ /cm³ in GI and (245±56)x106 /mm³, 12.432±1.234mm², 2.13±0.19 µg/dl and (231±45)x106 µm3 /cm3 in GII. Conclusion: It seems that decrased hormone levels due to ineffective/unadequate thyroid gland development results from inadequately developing vagal complex architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: : In this study, our objective was to demonstrate the relationship of progesterone receptor (PR) expression with histological grade and other prognostic factors in patients with meningiomas. Material and Methods: Brain biopsy materials, which were examined and diagnosed with meningioma between January 2011 and January 2015, were screened in a retrospective study design. Ninety-six of the cases, who were diagnosed with meningioma with a grade of I, II, and III according to WHO and had undergone immunohistochemically PR expression, were included in the study. Results: JThere was a weak correlation between WHO grade and PR expression rate and intensity in our study. PR expression rate and intensity showed increment as the grade progressed. On the other hand, there was no correlation of PR expression rate and intensity with other prognostic parameters such as Ki67 proliferation index and mitotic index. Conclusion: Although we have detected a weak correlation between PR expression rate and intensity with WHO grade, we think that PR expression rate and intensity do not have prognostic role in the meningiomas due to the absence of a similar relationship between other important parameters in prognosis. In most of the studies in the literature, it is reported that PR expression rate and intensity decreases with increasing WHO grade. However, the number of studies with the opposite results is high. In the presence of conflicting data in the literature and considering that almost all of these studies were performed according to the WHO classification before 2016 (before the new WHO classification), we concluded that further multi-centre studies utilizing new classification system and have more homogeneous distribution of the grades are required to investigate the relationship between PR and histopathologic grade and other prognostic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]