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With internationalisation continuing at an ever-increasing pace, Japan incentivises student mobility via study abroad (SA) programmes in the hope of cultivating the global human resources necessary for future economic growth. Against this background, proficiency in English emerges as a dominant linguistic and epistemic model, increasingly viewed as prerequisite to high-level employment. Seeking to address the sociological foundations of this practice, this inquiry incorporates 'Western' philosophical perspectives with Japanese academic voices to explore the market-driven imaginaries driving Japanese SA. Regarding "behaviour," pressure falls on Japanese SA participants to follow implicit socialisation rules, whereby avoidance of co-national sojourners holds the potential to undermine deeply-held ways of being. Concerning learning, it is shown that, while ostensibly multicultural, the Japanese State maintains a preference for English when describing 'the further development of Japan as a nation', reinforcing essentialist-culturalist interpretations of SA and, indeed, foreign language. Finally, discourses surrounding "post-sojourn benefits" suffer from a lack of clarity and unrealistic targets that, in turn, subtly produce an informal--and, for many, unpayable--social debt between actor and state.

The purpose of the study was to construct the life history of Mateo, an American Latino/Hispanic college basketball coach. The study was guided by elements from Latino/a/x critical race (LatCrit) theory. Data were collected through formal semi-structured interviews, informal interviews, and documents and artifacts. They were analyzed by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Key findings were that Mateo faced considerable marginalization and was frequently subjected to microaggressions. He was able to overcome this racism due to his determination and support from his family and mentors. Mateo's experiences of racism and the political and cultural context led him to develop an activist element in his coaching pedagogy. His life history may inspire other Latinos/as/x and Hispanics to consider coaching as a career or help those who are struggling to realize this goal. It may also play a part in improving the coaching culture for Latinos/as/x and Hispanics.

The purpose of this study was to describe community partners' (CPs) perceptions of an out-of-school swimming program (OSSP) for under­served children and youth. Participants were four CPs associated with the OSSP during three consecutive summers and parents of the children and youth who participated in the program. We employed a theoretical perspective derived from the literature on community-engaged scholarship and worked within the interpretive paradigm through a descriptive case study design. We collected data with five qualitative techniques. They were analyzed through analytic induction and constant comparison. Key findings were that CPs found the OSSP to be relevant, to have a high level of reciprocity, and to be resilient. The OSSP was shown to counter structural, institutional, personal, and cultural barriers that limited underserved children's and youth's access to and value of swimming. The research and assessment data generated during the OSSP led to little reflection or program improvement. Others aiming to design similar programs may benefit from examining the organizational structure and content of the OSSP.

This article presents several activities suitable for a transition to proofs course. In addition, this article surveys literature in support of active learning in the transition to proofs course and discusses how these activities have been successfully implemented in one such course.

Synthesizing the contributions in this issue, the authors with expertise as tenured faculty and student and academic affairs administrators offer radical, yet timely implications for practice intended to contribute to the emancipation of Black women at all levels in higher education. In so doing, these authors (re)imagine an academy that responds more judiciously to the material needs of Black women moving into the next twenty years.

The connection between the name "Daryl Siedentop" and the model "Sport Education" has evolved over the past three decades to become a prominent brand of physical education. This paper attempts to capture the influence of Sport Education, not only within school physical education, but in ways and arenas far beyond Daryl's original imagination. It is now used in university physical education courses and teacher preparation programs, in summer camps, and there is evidence of some use in after-school and community sports settings. This evolution has manifest pedagogical iterations of the model far beyond the essential features articulated in his initial vision, and teachers, students, prospective teachers, and coaches have all found a renewed vigor in their sport experience. The paper describes some of these "beyond" iterations of the model as a tribute to how Sport Education has served to realize multiple objectives for multiple practitioners in ways beyond his original aspirations.

As global neoliberalism continues to take root, States aim to produce linguistically-skilled human capital to gain an advantage within highly-competitive market conditions. With this relationship in view, English language proficiency constitutes a 'rational' educational pathway for national and personal-level success within an outwardly meritocratic knowledge economy. Yet, in Japan, as in many other locales, English has been accused of strengthening pre-existing power relations. Accordingly, this inquiry draws on Bernstein's "pedagogic device," to address the nested fields of "production," "recontextualisation," and "reproduction" shaping educational practice. Regarding "production," normative OECD discourses framing essential key competencies favour an epistemic hierarchy privileging the orthodoxy of free-market capitalism. Through unequal pedagogic reform, meanwhile, the "recontextualisation" of regulatory discourse limits valued forms of knowledge to learners attending prestigious mass-market institutions. This, in turn, holds implications for "reproduction." Through recognition and realisation, the classification and framing of English as a 'valid' knowledge privilege students from middle-class households. The appropriation of English as a 'rational' contact point for global communication, business, and finance thereby risks obfuscating the socio-economic order determining its practice.

The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of secondary organizational socialization on mid-career faculty members' (FMs) delivery of physical education teacher education (PETE). Data were collected with four qualitative techniques and analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. FMs delivered PETE based on the behavioristic, traditional/craft, and critical-inquiry orientations to teacher education. Cultural components and conditions that supported or undermined the FMs' implementation of PETE were identified. FMs fully complied with positive aspects of their cultures and conditions and coped with negative and unfavorable aspects by strategically complying with or strategically redefining their situations, or finding a new position. These FMs' stories should help doctoral students transition into higher education and inspire other FMs and administrators to reflect on the extent to which they support or undermine those attempting to conduct PETE.

The doctoral degree in counselor education and supervision is increasingly sought after by students, with the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) reporting a 27% enrollment increase in just a 4-year span. As new programs are started and existing programs sustained, administrators and faculty may be seeking guidance in how to build a high-quality program. Yet no literature currently exists for how doctoral counseling faculty define a high-quality program. This study used a basic qualitative research design to examine faculty perceptions of high-quality doctoral programs (N = 15). The authors analyzed data from in-depth interviews with core faculty members at CACREP-accredited doctoral programs. Five themes emerged from the data: relationships, mission alignment, development of a counselor educator identity, inclusiveness of diversity, and Carnegie classification. The findings of this study can be important for faculty and administrators to consider when establishing and maintaining a counselor education and supervision doctoral program.

In Japan, neoliberal discourses rationalize English language proficiency as a pathway to meritocratic reward and success in the global knowledge economy. With this ideology in mind, this review engages the market orientation of English domestically and the causative implications of class-distinguished capital. Specifically, Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction is employed to foster comprehension of Japanese foreign language policies in which English substantiates itself as a valuable source of cultural investment. Notwithstanding the supposedly meritocratic intention of the Japanese state, this study concludes that credentialism, hierarchization, and marketization function in concert with a "survival of the fittest" corollary that, per globalized ideological-discursive assumptions, constrains agency through the justification of ELL as a vocational and civic moral worth. This conflation of internationalization and Englishization is better understood as an instrument of dominance, with the agency to participate in ELL interlocking with an incontrovertible doxa that rationalizes the economic, social, and political hierarchy.

Purpose: To construct the life history of an exemplary veteran African American physical education teacher education faculty member. Method: The participant was Dr. Andrew Lewis, a retired professor from the College of Charleston. Data were collected through formal semistructured interviews, informal interviews, and documents and artifacts. They were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Findings: Key findings were that Lewis experienced a significant amount of marginalization throughout his life and career. In addition, he was subjected to different forms of microaggression and stereotype threat. Lewis dealt with these forms of racism by emulating several of his teachers and professors, working hard, and performing to a high level. In addition, he altered the pedagogy he employed. Conclusion: Lewis's counter-story has the potential to influence other African American physical education teacher education faculty members, administrators, and those who perpetuate stereotypes of African Americans or deal in microaggressions.

Purpose: To examine the influence of occupational socialization on the beliefs and actions of six sport pedagogy doctoral students (DSs) in terms of physical education (PE) teaching and physical education teacher education (PETE). Method: Data were collected with five qualitative techniques and analyzed by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Results: DSs had conservative or liberal views about PE and endorsed hybrid forms of PETE, which included elements of the behavioristic, traditional/craft, and critical inquiry orientations. Patterns of socialization that shaped these beliefs and actions were both congruent and contrasting with those described in past research. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of asking potential DSs about their beliefs and the forces that shaped those beliefs during recruitment. In addition, it indicates that the potency of doctoral education can be enhanced when it has a dual focus on PETE and research and when DSs experience it within a cohort.

Within their teacher preparation courses and field experiences, preservice teachers are introduced to numerous instructional practices, not all of which are considered research-based. For this reason, instruction in how to evaluate the effectiveness of one's practices is essential, but it is often a lacking component of initial certification programs. In this article, a flexible, problem-solving model for collecting and reflecting on practice-based evidence (PBE) is described. The model, utilized in a graduate program in Special Education, was designed to assist teacher candidates in evaluating the effectiveness of the practices they implement to optimize students' learning outcomes. Implications for practice in the K-12 environment are also provided.

The aim of this qualitative research study was to explore faculty advisors' lived experiences in advising graduate adult learners at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). The extant body of literature does not adequately examine the experiences of faculty who serve as graduate academic advisors and does little to address the unique issues, challenges, and barriers faced by graduate adult learners. Furthermore, there is nothing in the literature that addresses academic advising of graduate adult learners within the HBCUs context. This exploratory study addressed this gap in the academic advising literature. Using purposive sampling, 10 faculty members were recruited from four public HBCUs to explore their experiences as academic advisors to graduate adult learners. Using a multi-step coding process, the following themes emerged: (a) individual and group interaction; (b) virtual advising, and (c) time constraints. The findings of this study can increase understanding of faculty's experiences in the advisor/advisee relationship with graduate adult learners, provide some contextual understanding of academic advising of graduate adult learners at HBCU, and provide an impetus for further research in this area.

This study sought to answer if a relationship existed between required corequisite support and success in gateway College Algebra courses. Complete College America and Complete College Georgia initiatives over the last ten years have sought ways to increase access to higher education with high progression and completion rates. Efforts such as the Momentum Year in University System of Georgia schools utilize developmental corequisite courses for gateway English and Mathematics to ensure early success and progression. This study used a chi-square test to analyze two groups of new freshmen and their success in College Algebra--one group who participated in corequisite learning (n=55) and one group who did not participate in corequisite learning (n=158), finding that a higher proportion of students succeed in College Algebra when also enrolled in corequisite support.

The United States continues to become more racially and ethnically diverse, and the nation's colleges and universities' demographics are commensurate with that growth. Between 1976 and 2017, the percentage of White students enrolled in postsecondary institutions fell from 84% to 56%, while the percentage of American college students who identify as Hispanic, Asian, Black, and American Indian/Alaskan Native increased during the same time frame. As a result of diversity growth among college students, the U.S. Department of Education designated approximately 600 colleges and universities as Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs). Today, one in five college students attends an MSI, and 40% of students currently enrolled in an MSI are from historically underrepresented groups. As more institutions receive Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) and Asian American Native American and Pacific Islander Institution (AANAPISI) designations, it becomes paramount to understand how the changing demographics affect campus climate. Understanding perceptions of those working in student affairs during the time of such a transition is an important step in determining how institutions of higher education may be better able to meet the needs of their students. The research question that guided this inquiry was: What are the campus climate perceptions of student affairs staff as the institution emerges as an MSI? The study focused on University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), a large public, doctoral-granting institution in an urban setting. The institution recently emerged as an MSI in the last five years, so data were collected simultaneously as the institution was emerging as minority serving. The findings of this study indicate that newly diverse campuses need to focus on leaders increasing communication about diversity efforts and fashioning the overall intentionality of MSI as a priority.

Purpose: To determine the influence of an elementary methods course and early field experience on eight preservice teachers' (PTs') value orientations. Method: The theoretical perspective employed was occupational socialization. Data were collected with the short form of the value orientation inventory and five qualitative techniques (formal and informal interviews, nonparticipant observation, critical incidents, and stimulated recall). The value orientation inventory profiles for the instructor and PTs were visually inspected for similarities and changes. Analytic induction and constant comparison were employed to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Value orientations of PTs with teaching and moderate coaching orientations were influenced by the methods course and early field experience, while those of PTs with strong coaching orientations were not. Factors leading to this evolution were the curriculum model employed, the instructor, and PTs' increased confidence and knowledge of students. Summary and Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of faculty facilitating reflection on connections between instructional models and value orientations and how these relate to PTs' beliefs.

Purpose: To determine the impact of two preservice teachers' value orientations on their interpretation and delivery of the skill themes approach. Method: The short form of the value orientations inventory and five qualitative techniques were used to collect data. Participants' value orientations inventory profiles were illustrated graphically. Interpretive data were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Findings: Results from the short form of the value orientations inventory indicated that Meagan prioritized social responsibility, learning process, and disciplinary mastery, while Jared favored social responsibility, self-actualization, and ecological integration. Qualitative data largely supported these value orientation profiles and indicated that the preservice teachers' approaches to teaching skill themes differed and were influenced by their pedagogical beliefs. Moreover, qualitative data illustrated how Meagan's and Jared's value orientations and interpretations of the skill themes approach had changed and developed. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of preservice teachers engaging in philosophical reflection on the connections between their beliefs and their interpretations of curriculum models.

The present study surveyed international and domestic U.S. students about their perceptions of university health care providers' cultural competence, their own attitudes toward university health center providers, and overall satisfaction with university health center providers. Results demonstrated generally positive attitudes and satisfaction, but more negative perceptions of provider cultural competence were identified especially when students perceived problems with providers' language competence and interest in learning about patients' backgrounds. International students reported more positive attitudes concerning providers' cultural competence than U.S. students. Implications of the findings are discussed, along with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

There is an expected increase in the need to provide adequate string-specific training for non-string specialists in the future and for preservice music teachers to develop the requisite pedagogical content knowledge to teach a variety of instruments. A multiyear instrumental lab ensemble university course was designed to help preservice music teachers integrate knowledge and skills in various instrument- and ensemble-specific areas. The purpose of this intrinsic evaluative study was to determine the extent to which the new course was successful toward these aims. Data included interviews of students and instructors, observations of lab classes, and reflective journals of teaching faculty and two external observers. Data were coded and then analyzed using the program goal statements found in the course syllabus. Findings indicated that students considered the lab format more authentic to their teacher preparation than their previous coursework, and that performance and pedagogy skills on secondary instruments elevated more rapidly than anticipated. Recommendations include the need for more explicit connection between course readings and lab activities, and improved guidelines for course teaching assistants.

Purposes: (a) To describe how more experienced and expert teachers interpreted and delivered sport education (SE) during their careers and (b) to discover and describe factors within their occupational socialization that sustained the teachers' enthusiasm for and ability to deliver SE. Method: Participants were nine teachers. Primary data sources were formal interviews. Secondary supporting sources were documents and film. They were analyzed by employing standard interpretive methods. Credibility and trustworthiness were established through a search for discrepant and negative cases and member checking. Findings: At different times in their careers, the teachers delivered SE in one of four ways: watered down, through a cafeteria approach, the full version, and the full+ version. A number of factors from their acculturation, professional socialization, and organizational socialization enabled the teachers to deliver the full+ version or led to them delivering other versions of the model. Conclusions: The findings allow us to make practical suggestions for preservice and inservice teacher education that may help university faculty facilitate the teaching of SE.

This article discusses how to empower students to work, think, and act independently in the higher education setting. Inspiring students to progress through the stages of Bloom's Taxonomy emboldens them to discover intrinsic motivation and self-regulated learning. This article defines and focuses on the importance of teaching intrinsic motivation through higher order thinking skills, reliance on materials provided for success, and metacognitive assessment. Additionally, this article provides examples of ways to implement student autonomy in the traditional and online classroom settings.

Physical education teacher education enrollment numbers are declining with limited empirical understanding. Recruitment into the physical education profession has been passive, although scholars have begun to advocate for an active approach. The present study utilized occupational socialization theory to understand why undergraduate kinesiology majors select a kinesiology concentration outside of physical education. Participants (n = 75) were kinesiology undergraduate students at a large, public university in the US Midwest. Quantitative data included forced-choice questions regarding socialization experiences (n = 75) that were analyzed descriptively and through independent-samples t-tests to identify gender differences. Qualitative data included autobiographical essays (n = 75) and semi-structured interviews (n = 23), analyzed using a multi-phase process. "Health and fitness" was the most highly rated recruitment facilitator, and many of the facilitators were different than those noted in the physical education literature. The four qualitative themes included the following: (a) the influence of family, teachers and coaches, and medical mentors on career choice; (b) future career goals aligned with the helping professions; (c) negative experiences in physical education act as a barrier to recruitment; and (d) firsthand and active recruitment into kinesiology. Participants' negative physical education experiences reinforces the idea that the passive recruitment process serves to socialize some students out of physical education. Future research should consider professional socialization within kinesiology-aligned fields outside of physical education. Active recruitment initiatives should be designed to increase enrollments in physical education teacher education.

In this paper, we report on an attempt to systematically discover reliable and high-quality evidence on teaching practices that have an impact on student learning. We adopted an innovative approach that was modelled on some of the practices of a systematic review. Papers that met certain quality criteria (population generalisability, ecological validity, measurement validity, logical clarity and design justification) were examined and a weighted-average score for each paper was calculated. These were then ranked to derive lists of best-evidenced and most impactful teaching and curriculum strategies. The results reveal that this method provides a reasonable approach to distilling the available literature into a concise representation of the most effective practices that are backed by good research design attributes. The results will be useful for curriculum designers, university leaders and policy makers, and have already informed policy at one Australian university.

A collaboration between social work and nursing faculty created a curriculum to improve cultural awareness and knowledge of LGBT older population's health and quality of life. Social work and nursing students completed a pre/post survey following the educational intervention; results from this mixed methods study indicated positive change in attitudes as well as increased knowledge. Quantitative findings included statistically significant (using paired t-test) changes in four perceptual dimensions (need to acquire knowledge, attitudes regarding interaction comfort, experience with encounters, attitudes regarding treatment) and factual knowledge. Qualitative findings revealed four primary themes about how gender identity and sexual orientation influences health: (a) bias of health care providers, (b) access to quality care, (c) specific health care needs, and (d) health risks of LGBT older adults. This project impacted student learning, awareness, and sensitivity in working with LGBT older adults. Older adults continue to be the largest population needing healthcare; thus, professionals must be competent in providing culturally sensitive health care and demonstrate competency in practice as well as interpersonal interactions.

Problem-based learning (PBL) has a history of producing strong educational results in engineering; however, global society is challenged by highly complex environmental, socio-political and technical problems summarised in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This obliges us to explore educational approaches that address complexity. Yet, confronting complexity is sometimes constrained within PBL structures. This conceptual paper posits practice-based education (PBE) as a whole-of-education approach embracing complexity. We present a PBE framework with three elements: (1) the context of an authentic engineering practice, (2) supporting learners' agency in the process of becoming professionals, and (3) opportunities to work and learn simultaneously. We make the case for innovative engineering education through the implementation of PBE using the case of the Engineering Practice Academy at Swinburne University of Technology. We detail innovations in student experience as a process of becoming, curriculum and assessment, and provide advice on the application of PBE elsewhere.

Purpose: To describe the influence of negotiations on instruction when preservice teachers taught elementary students using a skill theme approach. Methods: Participants were nine preservice teachers from one physical education teacher education program enrolled in a 9-week early field experience. They taught kindergarten, first-, and second-grade students (N = 203). Constructs from the ecology paradigm and previous research on negotiations guided data collection and analysis. Data were collected through nonparticipant observation, informal interviews, critical incident reflections, document analysis, and formal interviews. Deductive and inductive qualitative techniques were employed to code and categorize the data. Findings: A unique and mainly positive pattern of negotiations was revealed as were some new forms of negotiation. Students were also shown to initiate negative negotiations to change content they perceived as gender inappropriate. Conclusion: These findings could be used as the basis for educating preservice teachers to negotiate more effectively when teaching by skill themes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the patterns of teacher-student negotiation that occurred when preservice teachers (PTs) taught within the teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) model. Method: The participants were seven PTs enrolled in an elementary early field experience. They taught three to four mini-units of TPSR. Seven qualitative techniques were employed to collect data, and standard interpretive techniques were used to analyze them. Results: Three general patterns of negotiation were identified. In the units taught by two of the PTs, the negotiations became more positive. For three of the PTs, the rates of negotiation were constant. In the units taught by the remaining two PTs, the negotiations became more negative. Key factors influencing the patterns of negotiation were PTs' comprehension of and comfort with the TPSR model; class size; and students' age, gender, and skill level. Conclusion: These findings may help faculty develop more nuanced and effective training for PTs learning to teach through TPSR.

Counseling graduate students may begin practicum with low self-efficacy regarding their counseling abilities and skills. In the current study, we implemented a small-series (N = 11) single-case research design to assess the effectiveness of the practicum experience to increase counseling students' self-efficacy. Analysis of participants' scores on the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scale yielded treatment effects indicating that the practicum experience encompassing direct services, group supervision, and triadic supervision may be effective for increasing counselor self-efficacy. Given that the practicum experience with triadic supervision was a promising approach for improving counseling graduate students' self-efficacy, we provide implications for counselor educators to integrate triadic supervision and self-efficacy to the forefront of discussions.

Previous research on negotiations between physical education teachers and students has been purely qualitative. The purpose of this study was to produce a quantified negotiation profile for one preservice teacher (George) while he taught three sport education (SE) seasons. The specific research questions we attempted to answer were as follows: (a) What forms did negotiations between the preservice teacher and his students take during the SE seasons? (b) To what extent did negotiations take place across the SE seasons? (c) How did negotiations differ between grade levels? The 47 lessons in George's 6th, 7th and 8th grade SE season on handball were filmed and coded with the negotiation instrument, an event-recording systematic observation instrument designed to classify and categorize negotiations as they occur. A number of descriptive analyses were completed and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed to determine whether there were differences between grades. Results revealed that negotiations initiated by George and his students were relatively infrequent and that there were few differences between the SE seasons. The types and foci of the negotiations initiated by George and his students were similar to those described in previous qualitative studies, as were the tactics used to initiate the negotiations. The patterns were of the negotiations in this study were also similar to those in previous qualitative research focused on SE. Suggestions for future research and the use of the negotiation instrument as a training tool are made.

Purpose: To describe the patterns of negotiation engaged in by preservice classroom teachers (PCTs) and their students during a physical education early field experience. Method: The participants were 16 PCTs enrolled in the early field experience. They taught a variety of content within six lessons to second- and fourth-grade students. Data were collected using six qualitative methods and analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Results/Conclusions: Seven PCTs were relatively effective negotiators, whereas nine PCTs were relatively ineffective. The PCTs' negotiation skills were influenced by their comfort with physical education, pedagogical knowledge, content knowledge, and pedagogical content knowledge. The negotiations initiated by the PCTs and their students were similar to those described in previous studies. The type and amount of student-initiated negotiation was influenced by their gender, age, skill level, and content taught. The implications for preparing PCTs to teach physical education are discussed.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have a history of providing a welcoming space for veterans and is important for HBCUs to continue fostering an affirming educational space for this special student population. This chapter focuses on current veteran-friendly practices within HBCUs. Specifically, we provide an overview of the historical footprint of HBCUs and military education. In addition, we illuminate six HBCUs that are distinguished within the 2020-2021 Military Friendly® listing. We conclude this chapter with future considerations for HBCUs as they continue enrich their campuses to affirm veterans, servicemembers, and their families.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of one sociocultural foundations class taught by Florence, a teacher educator, on the perspectives and practices of two physical education preservice teachers (PTs), Michael and Bob. Within a narrative inquiry approach, data sources were nonparticipant observation, intraviews, conversations, exit slips, digital interactions, responses to three fictional physical education teaching scenarios, a fictional curriculum outline, three stimulated recall interviews, documents, and various forms of visual data. Theoretical thematic analysis was employed to work with and make sense of the data. Findings indicated that both PTs faced frustration and discomfort during class. Nevertheless, the class resonated and raised the PTs' critical awareness of sociocultural issues related to physical education. Key reasons for the apparent success of the class were the deinstitutionalizing pedagogical methods employed by Florence and Florence's "problem-posing" education which prompted the PTs to question their perspectives and assumptions about society and culture.

The research described in this paper built on the embryonic work on the occupational socialization of adventure educators (AEs). Its purpose was to determine the influence of one adventure education instructor education (AEIE) program on the perspectives and practices of preservice AEs (PAEs). Fifteen PAEs and their instructor were participants. Data were collected with six qualitative techniques and analyzed by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Results revealed that PAEs entered the AEIE program with one of three broad orientations to their subject matter: a leisure orientation, an outdoor pursuits orientation, and an unsophisticated adventure orientation. In addition, they revealed how these orientations were shaped by the differing acculturation the PAEs experienced. The study's findings also suggested that well-taught AEIE had helped those PAEs near to completing the program acquire a relatively sophisticated adventure orientation regardless of the orientations with which they commenced their training. Keys to the success of the AEIE program were the blend of personal and pedagogical skill displayed by the instructor and the nature and sequencing of the coursework in which the PAEs engaged.

Students frequently request concept-list study guides prior to exams, but the benefits of instructors providing such resources are unclear. Research on memory and comprehension has suggested that some challenges in learning are associated with benefits to performance. In the context of an introductory psychology course, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of providing a concept-list study guide on exam performance, as opposed to having students create a study guide. Additionally, student preferences for various types of study guides were examined. Results indicated that although students greatly prefer that the instructors provide a study guide (as opposed to making their own), providing a concept-list study guide resulted in poorer exam performance. These results call for future research on the influence of study guides on student performance.

Previous research of why inexperienced adventure educators' (AEs) think and teach as they do had provided findings that suggested how AE instructor education (AEIE) might be improved. The purpose of this study was to build on this work and determine how occupational socialization shaped the perspectives and practices of two experienced and expert AEs. Six qualitative techniques were used to collect data. Analysis involved using analytic induction and constant comparison to categorize these data. Categories were then collapsed into meaningful themes. Results revealed how the AEs' acculturation, professional socialization, and organizational socialization led them to possess sophisticated and advanced but slightly differing perspectives on adventure education, pedagogies for teaching adventure education, and AEIE. Key factors in the development of these perspectives and practices were the AEs' early and positive experiences of adventure and the outdoors and their master's degree programs.

Social identity theory maintains that one's self-concept is partially determined by the social groups to which the individual belongs. Using this as a theoretical framework, this study examined the relationship between multiple dimensions of institutional identity and self-esteem in 411 Black male college freshmen. It was hypothesized that self-esteem would be related to institutional identity and that there would be no differences in this relationship amongst students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and those attending Predominately White Institutions (PWIs). The results suggested that there was a relationship between self-esteem and institutional identity; however, this relationship varied according to institutional type. Although a sense of belonging predicted self-esteem in all institutions, perceptions of others' appraisal (public regard) of their institution predicted self-esteem in HBCU participants, while one's personal appraisal (private regard) of their institution predicted self-esteem in PWI participants. The self-concept of Black male freshmen at PWIs appears to be explained by an internalized appraisal of their institution, while the opposite occurs in Black male freshmen at HBCUs. Further investigation may also suggest a difference in this relationship according to different HBCUs. The Institutional Identity Scale is appended.

Studies of prospective physical education teachers' (PPETs') acculturation have been useful in terms of facilitating the development of effective physical education teacher education (PETE) programmes because they provide teacher education faculty with a description of incoming recruits' values and beliefs and an understanding of how these values and beliefs are shaped. Research exclusively focused on the acculturation of PPETs is, however, scarce. Research on pre-service and in-service physical education (PE) teachers that has included an acculturation component has mostly been completed in the United States. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the acculturation of 10 German PPETs. The two research questions we attempted to answer were: (a) "What were the PPETs' values, beliefs, and perspectives regarding PE?" and (b) "What factors shaped these values, beliefs and perspectives?" Data were collected using three types of interviewing. Analysis involved coding and categorizing data with analytic induction and constant comparison and reducing them to meaningful themes. Findings revealed that eight PPETs had well-developed and comparatively sophisticated conservative teaching orientations primarily focused on teaching traditional German sports. Two PPETs had more progressive teaching orientations in that they favored teaching a wider range of content and were more focused on health-related fitness. The key subsidiary attractors to a career in PE for this group of PPETs were remaining connected to sport and working with young people. Three factors that shaped the PPETs' values and beliefs were similar to those revealed in previous research. These were family and friends, the apprenticeship of observation, and youth sport. The people and institutions that comprised these factors, however, operated in different modes within the German context. In addition, PPETs' career choices were solidified by their experiences of teaching, coaching, and officiating, and the type of teaching orientation they possessed reflected the timing of these choices. The study also revealed that the PPETs entered PETE with a solid foundation of beliefs, values and perspectives regarding PE on which faculty could build. Findings also suggested, however, that German PETE faculty may have to deconstruct their charges' conservative teaching orientations to some extent in order to create space in which to teach them new instructional models. The most important implication of this study for PETE in other countries is that the PPETs' teaching orientations resulted primarily from a system that did not pit curricular PE against extracurricular sport.

Little research on the socialisation of adventure educators into their craft has been conducted. The purposes of this study were to describe (a) the perspectives and beliefs of preservice adventure educators as they began adventure education training (AET) and (b) the elements within their acculturation that led to these perspectives and beliefs. Participants were 20 preservice adventure educators at the beginning of their AET. Data were collected with three types of interview. They were coded, categorised, and reduced to meaningful themes by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Results revealed that preservice adventure educators possessed one of three orientations. These were a leisure orientation, outdoor pursuits orientation, or adventure orientation. Factors shaping these orientations were family and friends, experiences of outdoor and adventurous activities, experiences working as counsellors, timing of occupational selection and age, and a number of secondary attractors including the motivation to remain connected to the world of adventure. Should they transfer to preservice adventure educators in AET at other institutions, the main practical implication of the study's results is that they should provide the basis for AET faculty to understand and deconstruct any less than desirable beliefs and perspectives with which prospective adventure educators enter their programmes.

This article shares findings from a descriptive, multiple case study assessing graduate outcomes 2.5 years after the completion of a teacher education program. Case study was used as an alternative to value-added measures to holistically examine complex attributes of effective teaching. Mixed methods data collection included graduate and supervisor surveys, self and supervisor evaluation of skills and dispositions, interviews, and classroom observations. Results indicated participants effectively applied the knowledge, skills, and dispositions the program was designed to achieve in the areas of Learner and Learning, Content, Instructional Practice, and Professional Responsibility. Three major recommendations emerged: 1) the necessity to develop established proficiency levels for new teachers related to diverse learners, 2) the need for shared responsibility of outcomes and targeted induction support, and 3) support for supervisor evaluation as a viable mechanism for education program accountability of teaching effectiveness of graduates.

Students increasingly borrow money to attend postsecondary education. Yet, little attention in the literature has been paid to the repayment of student loans, aside from failure indicators like default. This study examines a nationally representative sample of bachelor's degree recipients and the time it takes to reach different repayment thresholds on federal student loans. Motivated by a new federal emphasis on student loan repayment rates, we use event history analysis to show that bachelor's degree recipients have little trouble paying down $1 of their principal balance upon entering repayment. After just six months, 65 percent of this student borrower population had already done so, often paying back much more than $1. However, borrowers enrolled in federal Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plans took much longer to pay down any loan balance, and many never did in the time we observed their repayment. The consistently negative relationship we find between IDR and paying down loan balances highlights a tension between repayment rate policies and the push for IDR reform of the U.S. repayment system. We discuss the policy implications of these findings and offer an alternative repayment metric to accommodate the contrasting goals and structures of standard repayment schedules versus income-contingent repayment policies.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the influences of occupational socialization on 11 sport pedagogy internationally born faculty members' (IFMs) perspectives and practices regarding physical education teaching and physical education teacher education (PETE). Method: Data sources were formal and informal interviews and documents illustrating the IFMs' practices. They were analyzed using constant comparison and analytic induction. Findings and Conclusions: All of the IFMs' possessed progressive teaching orientations and were committed to carrying out high-level PETE. There were few differences between the current perspectives and practices of IFMs who originated from different regions of the world. The acculturation, professional socialization, and organizational socialization of a significant proportion of IFMs had been positive and led to them possessing strong traditional teaching orientations early in their careers. IFMs' secondary professional socialization generally played a crucial role in their development of progressive ideas about physical education and PETE. IFMs' secondary organizational socialization was also largely supportive of these progressive beliefs.

This brief uses administrative data provided on the Baccalaureate and Beyond and Beginning Postsecondary Students data sets to examine student loan repayment over time. Specifically, we provide descriptive details on what differentiates borrowers in income-driven repayment (IDR) plans and explore the relationship between these plans and short-term repayment outcomes. While IDR has many benefits, our analysis suggests there may also be negative consequences to increased participation in these plans.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the influence of occupational socialization on the perspectives and practices of two female German sport pedagogy faculty members, Heidi and Lisa, regarding physical education (PE) and PE teacher education (PETE). Method: The main data sources were six formal interviews. Supplementary data were generated through informal interviewing, field notes made while observing and interacting with the two faculty members, document analysis, and electronic journaling. Data were coded and categorized by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Findings: Findings illustrated the cyclical nature of the two faculty members' occupational socialization. Heidi and Lisa gained traditional sport-focused teaching orientations from their acculturation that were mainly reinforced during subsequent phases of socialization. Conclusion: Key reasons for the perpetuation of the traditional sport-focused teaching orientation was the generic nature of PETE and doctoral programs and the fact that there was little competition between curricular PE and extracurricular sport in the schooling Heidi and Lisa experienced.

Purpose: To examine the influence of negotiations between students and graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) on GTAs' instruction within university physical activity classes. Method: Participants were 10 GTAs working in one university. Data collection and analysis were guided by constructs from the classroom ecology paradigm. Data collection techniques employed were non-participant observation, informal and formal interviews, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Results: The type, focus, and extent of negotiations in GTAs' activity classes varied considerably depending on whether or not they had received prior pedagogical training, gained experience of teaching physical education in schools, and were familiar with the content. Conclusion: Our findings suggest two courses of action be taken if quality activity courses are to be delivered. First, such classes should be taught by GTAs with pedagogical training and teaching experience. Alternatively, previously untrained and inexperienced GTAs should be given extensive preparation.

Purpose: Previous research has indicated that preservice teachers (PTs) and students take part in negotiations during the instructional process which can significantly impact the nature and quality of instruction. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a training program on the ability of PTs to negotiate while teaching lessons in multi-activity (MA) and sport education (SE) units. Methods: Participants were 13 PTs enrolled in a middle school early field experience (EFE). They taught 13-lesson MA and SE soccer units to 94 students aged 10 to 13 years. The training program included a two-session workshop prior to the EFE and multiple follow-up observations with feedback throughout the EFE. Data were collected by utilizing seven qualitative techniques and analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Results and Conclusions: The key finding was that the training program was effective in that it enhanced PTs' ability to negotiate with their students. In addition, the study provided more evidence indicating that different patterns of negotiations take place within MA and SE units and that generally negotiating within SE is a more positive experience for teachers and students.