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Across undergraduate STEM learning contexts in several countries, students' intrapersonal attributes of epistemic beliefs, self-efficacy beliefs, intrinsic motivation, and sense of identity have been found to influence learning and to change in response to educational practices. However, research can mask individual and demographic differences in student's attributes that may moderate or mediate the relationship between educational practices and learning outcomes. We employed variable-centered and person-centered methods to examine individual and demographic differences in changes in students' intrapersonal attributes and patterns of interrelationship among attributes with a study sample of students (N = 4,500) in 14 STEM undergraduate courses (8 biology, 4 chemistry, and 2 statistics) at three research universities in the United States. Variable-centered analyses revealed overall increases in students' science self-efficacy beliefs and epistemic beliefs even though these outcomes were not intentionally targeted as learning objectives. However, person-centered analyses indicated that not all students experienced these gains. For example, self-identified Asian/Pacific Islander and Black students were more likely to be members of groups demonstrating a decrease in science self-efficacy, whereas Asian/Pacific Islander students and men were less likely to be members of the subgroup with consistently evaluativist epistemic beliefs and higher GPAs. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), we identified five distinct student profiles that reflected different patterns of interrelationship of epistemic beliefs, science and writing self-efficacy beliefs, and science identity. We discuss the implications of these findings for educational practices, particularly with regard to intentionally fostering diverse students' self-efficacy, sense of identity, and adaptive epistemic beliefs.

Writing is an important skill for communicating knowledge in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and an aid to developing students' communication skills, content knowledge, and disciplinary thinking. Despite the importance of writing, its incorporation into the undergraduate STEM curriculum is uneven. Research indicates that understanding faculty beliefs is important when trying to propagate evidence-based instructional practices, yet faculty beliefs about writing pedagogies are not yet broadly characterized for STEM teaching at the undergraduate level. Based on a nationwide cross-disciplinary survey at research-intensive institutions, this work aims to understand the extent to which writing is assigned in undergraduate STEM courses and the factors that influence faculty members' beliefs about, and reported use of, writing-based pedagogies. Faculty attitudes about the effectiveness of writing practices did not differ between faculty who assign and do not assign writing; rather, beliefs about the influence of social factors and contextually imposed instructional constraints informed their decisions to use or not use writing. Our findings indicate that strategies to increase the use of writing need to specifically target the factors that influence faculty decisions to assign or not assign writing. It is not faculty beliefs about effectiveness, but rather faculty beliefs about behavioral control and constraints at the departmental level that need to be targeted.

Many national, state, and institutional policies and initiatives advocate for change in higher education through structured forms of data use. The case study of "Old Main University" presented in this article shows how local reformers (n = 9) drew on data and data use tools provided by a long-term action research project implemented at the university to advance racial equity goals at their university. The case narrative utilizes practice theory, cultural historical activity theory (CHAT), and narrative inquiry to illustrate how administrative leaders and faculty at Old Main University coordinated their efforts in a sustained manner through two cycles of practitioner inquiry that was responsive to policy goals. The findings show that data use is productive to promote racial equity when data and data use protocols are used iteratively and in interaction among practitioners who use them to identify inequities rooted in their own practices. The findings support the conclusion that, to sustain change efforts as long-term (mesogenetic) projects, policy makers and local reformers should plan to iteratively redesign data tools, practices, and policies to institute changes in everyday (microgenetic) work practices. Such purposeful redesign holds potential to re-structure professional interactions, sustain motivation and organizational learning, and acculturate practitioners to equity as a standard of practice.

Institutions of higher education have authority over academic content and learning environments, which confers responsibility on them to produce anti-racist curricula, policies, and standards of educational practice.Absent an understanding of historical and contemporary manifestations of the White supremacist campaign of terror and control of Black bodies, educators will fail to effectively address racialized hate speech. Racialized threats and tropes, which are figurative phrases that communicate racial hierarchy by terrorizing, disempowering, and/or dehumanizing the targeted person or group, constitute linguistic violence. Higher education institutions can address linguistic and symbolic violence by incorporating anti-racist curricula and standards of practice to educate community members about racism in all its forms. To understand the roots of a problem, one must develop a historical and particularized understanding of that problem.

Various personal dimensions of students--particularly motivation, self-efficacy beliefs, and epistemic beliefs--can change in response to teaching, affect student learning, and be conceptualized as learning dispositions. We propose that these learning dispositions serve as learning outcomes in their own right; that patterns of interrelationships among these specific learning dispositions are likely; and that differing constellations (or learning disposition profiles) may have meaningful implications for instructional practices. In this observational study, we examine changes in these learning dispositions in the context of six courses at four institutions designed to scaffold undergraduate thesis writing and promote students' scientific reasoning in writing in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. We explore the utility of cluster analysis for generating meaningful learning disposition profiles and building a more sophisticated understanding of students as complex, multidimensional learners. For example, while students' self-efficacy beliefs about writing and science increased across capstone writing courses on average, there was considerable variability at the level of individual students. When responses on all of the personal dimensions were analyzed jointly using cluster analysis, several distinct and meaningful learning disposition profiles emerged. We explore these profiles in this work and discuss the implications of this framework for describing developmental trajectories of students' scientific identities.

On many college campuses, faculty are being called on to act as change agents for racial equity. Through narrative inquiry analysis using the theoretical constructs of boundary crossing and boundary objects, this case study examined learning among faculty (n = 12) who attempted to broker structural changes at their universities through participation in action research. The findings illustrate that boundary negotiation across the "silos" of academic departments and administrative offices to promote racial equity involves perspective taking (regarding current norms and discourse) and perspective making (about equity as a legitimate institutional goal). These findings contribute to the literature on faculty agency and organizational learning for racial equity in higher education by identifying boundary objects as cultural tools that facilitate faculty learning and agency.

Case study results featuring four Latinx STEM faculty members illustrate the forms of institutional support professors can provide to increase the number of Latinx students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The findings highlight three areas of university faculty agency to integrate Latinx students into the cultural and discursive world of STEM: recruitment, admissions, and program development; professional networking; and brokering support for Latinx within the university and across systems. Recommendations are provided for faculty who wish to act as institutional agents and the need for future research into the institutional culture of Hispanic Serving Institutions is identified.

A growing body of research points to the important role played by "institutional agents" in facilitating college access and success for students from non-dominant racial-ethnic and low socioeconomic status groups. Applying attachment theory, this study adds to that literature by demonstrating how institutional agents can provide a secure base, in a psychological sense, for such low-status college students in the United States to make successful postsecondary transitions and develop collegiate identities. Based on the life stories of 10 low-status students who successfully transferred from a community college to a selective college or university, our narrative analysis depicts the students' collegiate identity development and how college practitioners in positions of authority were instrumental in raising their collegiate aspirations. The results demonstrate the role of college practitioners in facilitating students' postsecondary transitions and warrant the professional development of faculty and administrators as institutional agents. We conclude by providing resources for practitioners to develop their professional knowledge and capacity to act as institutional agents. (Contains 4 tables and 12 footnotes.)

Introduction: Implementation of comprehensive tobacco policies has shown positive results regarding limiting exposure to secondhand smoke. While many states were moving forward with respect to implementation of tobacco policies, North Carolina has lagged behind in this regard. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess support for a comprehensive tobacco policy from university freshmen before implementation of campus policy and university freshmen after implementation of campus policy. Methods: A 43-item survey was administered to all university freshmen in a required physical education class in 2007 (N = 271) and in 2009 (N = 192). The smoker category included both daily smokers and social smokers (defined as "smoke only when I drink" or "smoke occasionally"). The nonsmoker category included "never smoked" and "former smoker." Results: Results demonstrated high support for tobacco policy even in a culture that historically has supported tobacco use. Some significant changes were demonstrated both between 2007 and 2009 among all participants and between smokers and nonsmokers regarding components of a comprehensive campus tobacco policy. Discussion: As results demonstrated in this study, this campus had a high level of support for a campus policy giving the campus opportunities to change norms and decrease exposure to secondhand smoke. However, resources for enforcement and future studies regarding social smokers must be considered. (Contains 6 tables.)

Developing critical-thinking and scientific reasoning skills are core learning objectives of science education, but little empirical evidence exists regarding the interrelationships between these constructs. Writing effectively fosters students' development of these constructs, and it offers a unique window into studying how they relate. In this study of undergraduate thesis writing in biology at two universities, we examine how scientific reasoning exhibited in writing (assessed using the Biology Thesis Assessment Protocol) relates to general and specific critical-thinking skills (assessed using the California Critical Thinking Skills Test), and we consider implications for instruction. We find that scientific reasoning in writing is strongly related to inference, while other aspects of science reasoning that emerge in writing (epistemological considerations, writing conventions, etc.) are not significantly related to critical-thinking skills. Science reasoning in writing is not merely a proxy for critical thinking. In linking features of students' writing to their critical-thinking skills, this study 1) provides a bridge to prior work suggesting that engagement in science writing enhances critical thinking and 2) serves as a foundational step for subsequently determining whether instruction focused explicitly on developing critical-thinking skills (particularly inference) can actually improve students' scientific reasoning in their writing

This study examined the distribution of financial aid among financially dependent four-year college students and the effectiveness of different types of financial aid in promoting student persistence and timely bachelor's degree attainment. The findings of descriptive statistical and logistic regression analyses using the NCES Beginning Postsecondary Students (1990-94) data show that subsidized loans taken in the first year of college have a positive effect on persistence. The first-year distribution of aid does not close the income gap in bachelor's degree attainment. Living on campus and first-year grade point average are the most important predictors of timely degree completion. (Contains 4 tables and 19 notes.)

Although confusion is generally perceived to be negative, educators dating as far back as Socrates, who asked students to question assumptions and wrestle with ideas, have challenged this notion. Can confusion be productive? How should instructors interpret student expressions of confusion? During two semesters of introductory physics that involved Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) and research-based reading materials, we evaluated performance on reading assignments while simultaneously measuring students' self-assessment of their confusion over the preclass reading material (N = 137; N[subscript fall] = 106, N[subscript spring] = 88). We examined the relationship between confusion and correctness, confidence in reasoning, and (in the spring) precourse self-efficacy. We find that student expressions of confusion before coming to class are negatively related to correctness on preclass content-related questions, confidence in reasoning on those questions, and self-efficacy, but weakly positively related to final grade when controlling for these factors (ß = 0.23, p = 0.03).

The Department of Economics at Duke University has endeavored to increase participation in undergraduate honors thesis research while ensuring a high-quality learning experience. Given the faculty-to-student ratio in the department (approximately 1:16), increasing research participation required the creation of a stable, replicable framework for mentoring students through research. The department aimed to make the research experience more consistent and interactive so that students also learned from each other in a group setting. Here, the authors assess the relationship between changes in mentoring support of honors research and students' scientific reasoning and writing skills reflected in their undergraduate theses. They find that students who participated in structured courses designed to support and enhance their research exhibited the strongest learning outcomes, as measured by systematic writing assessment.

The Department of Chemistry at Duke University has endeavored to expand participation in undergraduate honors thesis research while maintaining the quality of the learning experience. Accomplishing this goal has been constrained by limited departmental resources (including faculty time) and increased diversity in students' preparation to engage in the research and writing processes. Here we assessed the relationship between iterative changes in pedagogical and mentoring support of honors research that efficiently employed departmental resources (including the chemistry thesis assessment protocol, ChemTAP) and students' scientific reasoning and writing skills reflected in their undergraduate theses. We found that, although we cannot disentangle some gradual changes over time from specific interventions, students exhibited the strongest performance when they participated in a course with structured scaffolding and used assessment tools explicitly designed to enhance the scientific reasoning in writing. Furthermore, less prepared students exhibited more positive changes.

Using critical policy analysis focused on racial-ethnic equity, this study analyses state policy documents and accountability instruments governing transfer from 2-year colleges to 4-year institutions in the following states: California, Florida, Texas, Michigan, Minnesota, Washington, and Wisconsin. Based on data collected in 2009, the findings indicate that state transfer policies are largely "color blind." In contrast, accountability reporting, including data indicators such as those for underrepresented students, may serve as proxies for monitoring progress toward transfer of racially minoritized students. Recommendations are proposed for creating racially equitable state transfer policies and accountability instruments.

A variety of policies and practices, including those developed by local boards and administrations, as well as those mandated by state and federal governments, affect budgets and finances at community colleges. Examples include tuition policies, fee structures, performance-based funding, and personnel policies. This chapter explores some of the reasons for policy changes and provides a framework for incorporating effectiveness into the community college mission, thereby avoiding unintended negative consequences for students or the fiscal viability of the institution.

While student loans provide college opportunity for many, undergraduate student debt resulting from typical and heavy borrowing hinders future investments in human capital. Propensity score matching analysis of the NSF's 2003 National Survey of Recent College Graduates demonstrates that debt negatively affects the graduate school enrollment of bachelor's degree holders in STEM fields, where debt is measured by a student's cumulative undergraduate debt relative to the mean debt of his or her baccalaureate graduating cohort. The findings support recent changes in financial aid policy that seek to reduce undergraduate borrowing by increasing means-tested grant aid. (Contains 3 tables and 3 footnotes.)

The nation is in an era of policy reform aimed at improving the productivity and effectiveness of higher education. Major philanthropies and policy groups have converged around variations of the ambitious college completion goals announced by President Obama at the beginning of his administration. But at the same time, many state governments, while recognizing the pressing need to prepare a next-generation workforce, have had to reevaluate their spending priorities because of sustained budget crises. Given changing student demographics, reaching these big goals requires that states and institutions make deliberate efforts to shrink the inequities that persist between racial and ethnic groups in postsecondary access and completion. Equity is no longer just a moral imperative but an economic one as well. This article describes a collaborative project of the Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE), the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE), and the Center for Urban Education (CUE) at the University of Southern California in which the authors tackled these challenges. With support from the Ford Foundation, the authors developed a model of policy-to-practice alignment aimed at translating the state's ambitious completion goals--to produce 70,224 more college completers than current numbers by the year 2020--into concrete, equity-focused goals and actions at the campus level. Their goal in writing this article is to demonstrate how policymakers, institutional leaders, and researchers can collaborate to help public higher education emerge from the current fiscal crises stronger and more equitable. (Contains 6 figures and 18 resources.)

Student success is at the heart of both institutional effectiveness and the community college mission, yet measuring such success at community colleges is problematic. This article highlights three efforts to grapple with this problem--a multistate work group of system- and state-level policymakers to create an improved set of student success measures to gauge state and institutional performance; the development of benchmarking tools to improve racial/ethnic equity in college student outcomes and improve evaluation of institutional effectiveness in promoting student success; and an example of how one institution is leveraging state, regional, and national efforts to more effectively measure, and ultimately improve, student outcomes. Through these examples, the authors present the commonly used measures of student success, analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss innovative measures that are being used to benchmark community colleges. (Contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 4 notes.)

The concept of "student effort" is foundational to such commonly used assessments of institutional effectiveness as the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) and the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE). However, the current measure of student effort omits intercultural effort, which is particularly salient to the academic success of students from underrepresented racial-ethnic groups. The engagement construct thus suffers from construct underrepresentation, and the validity of interpretations based on data from surveys of student engagement is questionable. We illustrate potential starting points for developing student effort measures that include intercultural effort as well as institutional efforts to reduce racial bias. (Contains 2 figures and 1 footnote.)

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative influences of various protective and risk factors on the alcohol-related problems of a sample of university students. The conceptualization of these protective and risk factors in the current undertaking was informed by problem behavior theory, and draws heavily on two sociological theories of deviant behavior (social learning theory and social bond theory). A questionnaire containing indicators measuring various protective and risk factors, as well as various alcohol-related problems, were administered to a sample of 1,459 students from four colleges and universities. The results indicated that both risk and protective factors were associated with alcohol-related problems in this sample. However, risk factors explain a far greater amount of variance in these problems. Implications for campus programming designed to reduce alcohol-related problems are discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)

This article draws on the voices of three Latina and two Latino students who navigated transfer pathways from a community college to four-year colleges. Although all but one of these students was eligible for admission to the selective University of California system, none of them exercised that choice. In fact, only one enrolled in a selective university. The transfer outcomes for the group interviewed illustrate the informational and cultural barriers that students must overcome in order to exercise choice in the selection of transfer institutions. The findings indicate that institutional "transfer agents" are needed to help qualified community college students overcome informational and cultural barriers to transfer into selective institutions. The students' transfer stories reveal the detrimental consequences of lack of access to transfer agents. (Contains 1 table and 8 notes.)

Loans are a central component of college finance, yet research has generated a dearth of strong evidence of their effect on student choices. This article examines challenges to causal modeling regarding the effects of borrowing and the prospects of indebtedness on students' college-going behaviors. Statistical estimates of causal effects are confounded by dynamic interactions between the decision to borrow and the characteristics of borrowers (endogeneity), their degree and earnings expectations (self-selection bias), and cumulative debt (temporal and threshold effects). Furthermore, interpretive research illustrates that college counseling is highly intersubjective, with application and financial aid advice predicated on perceptions of student socioeconomic class and degree prospects. These studies indicate the need for an interdisciplinary research agenda more inclusive of sociopsychological perspectives. (Contains 3 notes.)

This article reports a study that improves the authors' understanding of the potential impact of expanded community college transfer access to elite institutions by examining a variety of key questions using two national databases with complementary strengths. By estimating the number of low-income community college students currently transferring to highly selective institutions, this study demonstrates that elite institutions are not currently utilizing the transfer route to substantially increase the representation of low-income students on their campuses. In addition, by examining the influence of student academic preparedness and the effects of institutional characteristics on transfer enrollment rates at elite institutions, this study helps specify the nature of the problem of low transfer access. This article is organized into five sections. The first section provides an introduction of the study. The second section presents the conceptual framework, which draws on three perspectives informing this issue: policy perspectives concerning the equity and efficiency of education; philosophical perspectives considering the legitimate criteria for admissions to elite higher education in a democracy; and institutional fiscal perspectives that influence admissions and enrollment management decisions. The third section describes the data analyzed. The fourth section describes the methods and results of the analyses, and the results are also compared to the findings of prior studies. The final section summarizes the major conclusions of the study and considers their implications. (Contains 3 tables and 18 notes.)

Community colleges are essential--though often overlooked--institutions of higher education. In this essay, Alicia C. Dowd draws attention to the challenges facing community colleges as they seek to balance their roles as both gateways and gatekeepers with their multiple missions, which include meeting the diverse needs of students at the postsecondary level and responding to the changing educational and economic needs of U.S. society. Using research from the California Benchmarking Project, Enhancing Institutional Effectiveness and Equity, Dowd offers insights about the ways community college leaders, staff, and partners might navigate these dual and often divergent roles. Her essay raises important questions about the nature of higher education accountability in the context of community colleges and the way these institutions are used, managed, and evaluated. (Contains 4 notes.)

Accountability and evidence-based decision-making have become the mantra of government policymakers, and even private foundations. Yet most attempts to foster cultures of evidence have not brought about change in practices, notably because they are treated as management tools rather than learning processes. Equity for All is an approach to accountability that is grounded on the principles of practice theory and sociocultural theories of learning. The authors provide empirical evidence to illustrate practitioner learning.

Explains the interest of sociologists in feature-length film analysis. Discusses the problems with using films in sociology courses. Describes two analytic devices to help students interpret films. Presents a teaching strategy that groups films to convey certain sociological theories. Appends a schedule of films and readings. (CMK)

Describes development of the Therapeutic Reactance Scale, which was developed to measure psychological reactance as defined by Brehm (1966), factor analysis of scale into verbal and behavioral reactance subscales, and reliability and validity data from study with 130 college students. (Author/ABL)

Presents a framework for teaching the use of context clues in reading which contains 15 strategies (6 syntactic clues and 9 semantic clues). Notes teaching suggestions. (SR)

Discusses effects on graduate sociology education of trends emphasizing quantitative methods and the positivist tradition at the expense of social theory and interpretive sociology. Argues that failure to develop sociology's interpretive tradition has allowed the style and intellectual creativity of sociological work to suffer. Urges greater balance between the two traditions of sociology. (DK)

Discusses a variety of software programs which will assist middle school through college teachers in teaching text structure to their students. Notes that these programs represent a departure from traditional programing style--they allow the person who uses information technology to combine the roles of producer and consumer. (RS)

Differential item functioning (DIF) methodology for revealing sources of item difficulty and performance characteristics of different groups was explored. A total of 150 Scholastic Aptitude Test items and 132 Graduate Record Examination general test items were analyzed. DIF was evaluated for males and females and Blacks and Whites. (SLD)

Presents a theoretical analysis showing that relatively low grading quantitative fields and high grading verbal fields create a disincentive for college women to invest in quantitative study. Extends research by R. Sabot and J. Wakeman-Linn. Models pressures on grading practices using higher education production functions. (Author/SLD)

Examined the effects of counselor self-disclosure and paradoxical homework directives on perceived counselor social influence. Results indicated that paradoxical directives were not damaging to perceptions of counselor social influence and that counselor self-disclosure did not affect perceptions of counselor social influence. (Author/BL)

This study evaluated 16 hypotheses concerning possible sources of bias in test items on the Graduate Record Examination General Test. Ten of the hypotheses showed interactions between group membership and the item version indicating a differential effect of the item manipulation on the performance of Black and White examinees. (Author/LMO)