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An automatic train protection (ATP) system is the core to ensure operation safety of high-speed railway. At present, failure rate change rules of the system are not well understood and the maintenance strategy is not refined. In order to improve the protection capability and maintenance level of high-speed trains, this paper proposes a decision tree machine learning model for failure feature extraction of ATP systems. First, system type, mean operation mileage, mean service time, etc. are selected as ATP failure feature parameters, and cumulative failure rate is selected as a model output label. Second, support vector machine, AdaBoost, artificial neural networks and decision tree model are adopted to train and test practical failure data. Performance analysis shows that decision tree learning model has better generalization ability. The accuracy of 0.9761 is significantly greater than the other machine learning models. Therefore, it is most suitable for failure features analysis. Third, interpretability analysis reveals the quantitative relationship between system failure and features. Finally, an intelligent maintenance system for ATP systems is built, which realize the refined maintenance throughout life cycle.