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Correction for 'A review of the recent progress on heterogeneous catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation' by Jimmy Nelson Appaturi et al., Dalton Trans., 2021, 50, 4445–4469, DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00456e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Na–Si/Ce-500 base catalyst was synthesized for the catalytic trans -esterification of non-edible low cost waste cooking oil (WCO) for profitable biodiesel production. The Na–Si/Ce-500 was successfully fabricated by the combination of stöber, reflux and wet impregnation methods respectively. The catalytic efficiency of Na–Si/Ce-500 catalyst was tested at various calcination temperatures ranges from 300 °C to 700 °C. In addition, the catalyst was evaluated by different instrumental techniques XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, BET and FTIR. The maximum biodiesel of 98% was obtained by the catalytic trans -esterification of waste cooking oil at optimum reaction conditions of 1:14 WCO/MeOH molar ratio, 70 °C of reaction temperature, 2.5 wt% of catalyst dosage and 2 h of reaction time. The produced biodiesel was certified by FT-IR and GC-MS. The designed catalyst extended the catalytic performance even after 5th runs. Furthermore, the E-factor and catalyst cost analysis were also investigated in the current study, which offer environmentally friendly and low cost biodiesel production opportunities. Moreover, no leaching of basic species was detected by analyzing the biodiesel sample with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), demonstrating the good stability of the designed catalyst. [Display omitted] • A cost effective Na–Si/Ce-500 catalyst was synthesized. • The designed catalyst has significant reusability upto 5 runs. • Biodiesel yield of 98% was achieved at temperate reaction conditions. • Utilization of waste oil is important in term of environment sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel Na-SiO 2 @TiO 2 catalyst was synthesized by wet impregnation method. • Efficient yield of 98% was achieved under the temperate reaction conditions. • Kinetic plots recommended that the reaction pursue the pseudo 1st order kinetics. • The designed catalyst demonstrated the significant catalytic potency upto 5th run. The novel Na-SiO 2 @TiO 2 heterogeneous base catalyst was designed and successfully applied to the trans -esterification reaction of waste cooking oil for sustainable biodiesel production. The designed catalyst was characterized by SEM, XPS, FT-IR and BET before treatment, illustrated its suitability for the catalytic trans -esterification reaction. Moreover, the influence of reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration and WCO:MeOH molar ratio on the catalytic activity were also investigated, resultant 98% biodiesel yield was achieved. The reusability test demonstrated that the Na-SiO 2 @TiO 2 catalyst has noticeable catalytic potency up to 5 successive runs. Besides, the kinetics study explains that the reaction is kinetically controlled by pseudo 1st order. The Ea was found to be 21.65 kJ/mol. Similarly, the important thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG# were estimated to be 18.52 kJ.mol−1, −219.17 J.mol−1K−1 and 92.59 kJ.mol−1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]