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In this study, the MGO@SnO as a new nanocatalyst with diverse chemical/physical properties was generated by the combination of graphene oxide covered with magnetic iron oxide (MGO) and tin oxide (SnO(x)) nanoparticles used for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Before GC-FID analysis, the nanostructured MGO@SnO was successfully employed to transesterify soybean oil to FAMEs (biodiesel). The proposed material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Given the acidic-alkaline nature of the proposed catalyst, it has a strong probability of creating carbocation ions to attack with methanol and subsequently converting the triglycerides to methyl ester (FAMEs). In further experiments, it was found that the ideal reaction parameters were a ratio of MGO to SnO of 1:0.5, a molar ratio of soybean oil to methanol (MeOH) of 1:10, a reaction period of 180 min, and a reaction temperature of 120 °C. Furthermore, the MGO@SnO catalyst demonstrated adequate catalytic performance (>88 %) for transforming the triglycerides of soybean oil to FAMEs (biodiesel) as compared to pure SnO NPs (74 %) and plain MGO (69 %) at similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel binary functional catalyst developed based on amine and metal oxide. • Polyaniline supported Cobalt oxide catalyst used for biodiesel production. • The catalyst converted triglyceride via proposed acid base mechanism. • The catalyst provided appropriate FAMEs yield >90 %. The development of novel heterogeneous catalyst materials with unique chemical/physical properties has attracted great attention in biodiesel production. Herein, the binary functional organic–inorganic nanocomposite based on polyaniline decorated with magnetic iron oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles were used to synthesis MPANI@Co 3 O 4 as novel nanocatalyst. The proposed material was fabricated through a facile hydrothermal technique coupled with a one-pot polymerization method. The morphology and structure of as-prepared MPANI@Co 3 O 4 materials were evaluated using field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometer (EDX). The FESEM-EDX provided the metal oxide nanoparticles well incorporated onto polyaniline with C (28.32 %), N (48.45 %), O (21.44 %), Fe (1.69 %), and Co (1.10 %). The MPANI@Co 3 O 4 was successfully used as a high-performance nanocatalyst in transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) to FAMEs (biodiesel). Due to the acidic-alkaline nature of the proposed catalyst, it has high potential to produce methoxy ions followed by attacking the carbonyl groups of triglycerides. In further experiments, the satisfactory reaction conditions obtained were MPANI to Co 3 O 4 ratio of 1:1, WCO to methanol molar ratio of 1:10, 240 min reaction time and at 90 °C reaction temperature. Moreover, under optimum conditions, the catalyst offered desirable catalytic performance (>93%) to catalyze the triglycerides of WCO to biodiesel (FAMEs). Therefore, the novel binary organic–inorganic nanocomposite can be used as co-catalyst material in biodiesel processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable process and direct synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a valuable renewable biofuel and biochemical, was systematically studied using inexpensive catalysts and recyclable magnetic nanocatalysts. Fe 3 O 4 @SBA-16-SO 3 H was obtained by the synthesis of SBA-16 and was modified by MPTES and H 2 O 2. After that, Fe 3 O 4 was synthesized via chemical precipitation and mixed with SBA-16-SO 3 H for easy separation and recovery (using five cycles of catalysts with excellent yield for the synthesis of 5-HMF) and a new magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-HMF that was found to have 95% glucose and fructose conversion and 97% yield of 5-HMF, respectively. The prepared catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, EDAX, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, VSM, BET, and TGA techniques. The experiments were carried out with good yields and implied that the catalytic method was effective, convenient, and promising for the synthesis of 5-HMF. The present study opens a new avenue for the renewable one-pot synthesis of 5-HMF, a precious product. The efficient conversion of biomass into value-added compounds under mild and safer conditions is a cornerstone of our current research efforts to meet the needs of the chemical industry with sustainable development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]