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Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is endemic in Xinjiang, China. Determinants of KSHV seropositivity among high-risk groups are not well understood. We seek to identify genetic and environmental predisposing factors for KSHV infection among Uygurs in this endemic region. A cross-sectional study was performed among the Uygur population in Xinjiang, China. KSHV-antibodies were detected using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles were genotyped. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to explore the environmental and genetic risk factors of KSHV seropositivity. Finally, a total of 721 participants were included. The seroprevalence of KSHV was 24.1% among this population. Sweet-food preference (odds ratio [OR] 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.34), and coronary heart disease (OR 1.91, 95%CI 1.24-2.94) were statistically correlated with KSHV infection. HLA-DQB1*06:09 were found to significantly increase the risk of KSHV infection under all 3 models (OR Allelic  = 4.06; OR Dominant  = 3.27; and OR Recessive  = 8.06). Six SNPs (SNP0260, SNP0361, SNP0797, SNP0852, SNP1159, and SNP1375) in the DQB1 and DRB1 region and haploid type GTCTAACTAATC in block 17 were statistically associated with KSHV infection. We demonstrated that genetic variations in HLA-DQB1/DRB1 and environmental risk factors were strongly associated with KSHV infection among this population., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Host genetic background may influence the immunity to resist viral infection. As the most polymorphic loci in the entire human genome, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses to many invading pathogens. Studies have shown that an association might exist between HLA polymorphisms and susceptibility to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and associated diseases. However, discrepant conclusions were reached among different subjects with different detection methods. Therefore, it is now urgent to summarize current results and figure out the achievements and deficiencies of the existing research for the reference to future studies. A better understanding about the role of HLA polymorphisms in KSHV infection outcome would enable us to elucidate the pathways through which the virus evades the host defense system and improve strategies for the prevention and treatment of KSHV infection., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: To assess the potential relationship between Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) in Xinjiang, China., Methods: A case-control study of consecutively included DM-2 patients and normal controls was conducted among the Uygur and Han populations in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Blood samples were collected and KSHV seroprevalence, antibody titers, and viral load were investigated. Logistic regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to explore determinants of the main outcome measures., Results: A total of 324 patients with DM-2 and 376 normal controls were included. The seroprevalence of KSHV was 49.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 43.6-54.5%) for diabetic patients and 23.7% (95% CI 19.4-28.0%) for the control group. After adjusting for variables of ethnicity, sex, body mass index, occupation, educational level, marital status, age, and smoking and alcohol consumption habits, the association between DM-2 and KSHV infection still existed (odds ratio (OR) 2.94, 95% CI 2.05-4.22), and the risk of KSHV infection increased with glucose concentration (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.21-1.51). KSHV was more likely to express both the latent and lytic antigens in diabetic patients (latent: OR 3.27, 95% CI 2.25-4.75; lytic: OR 3.99, 95% CI 2.68-5.93). Antibody titers and viral load increased in patients with higher blood glucose levels (p<0.001)., Conclusions: Patients with DM-2 have an elevated risk of KSHV infection. Both antibody titers and viral load increased with blood glucose levels., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is increasing among renal transplant recipients. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are immunocompromised and are candidates for renal transplantation, but HHV8 seroprevalence in ESRD patients has not been well documented. A cross-sectional study of 286 ESRD patients and 281 matched subjects without kidney disease was conducted at the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Zhejiang province to explore the epidemiologic features of HHV8 among ESRD patients in China. Blood samples were collected and HHV8 antibodies and serologic indices were measured. The seroprevalence of HHV8 was 15.3% for ESRD patients and 8.9% for the comparison group. A significant difference in the geometric mean titer (GMT) of the HHV8 antibodies was detected between ESRD patients and the comparison group (617.1 vs 291.7; P = 0.042). The average level of hemoglobin was 11.56 ± 1.78 g/dL for the ESRD group and 13.73 ± 1.42 g/dL for the comparison group, (P > 0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed a negative association between HHV8 infection and plasma hemoglobin concentration (β = -0.682, P = 0.036). We found a higher HHV8 prevalence and a higher level of HHV8 antibody GMT in ESRD patients than the comparison group, which indicate a high risk of posttransplantation KS., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Intravenous drug users (IDUs) have been demonstrated to be highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, the prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), an important co-infected agent with HIV, among this population remained obscure. We conducted a systematic review on the epidemiological features of KSHV among IDUs worldwide. Eligible studies were retrieved from 6 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang). We calculated the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) overall and among subgroups using either random-effects model or fixed-effects model depending on between-study heterogeneity. The potential publication bias was assessed by the Egger's test. A meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Finally, twenty-two studies with a total sample of 7881 IDUs were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of KSHV was 14.71% (95% CI 11.12%-19.46%) among IDUs. Specifically, KSHV prevalence was 10.86% (95% CI 6.95%-16.96%) in HIV-negative IDUs, and 13.56% (95% CI 10.57%-17.38%) in HIV-positive IDUs. Moreover, prevalence among IDUs from the three continents involved in the current study was similar: 16.10% (95%CI 7.73%-33.54%) in Asia; 14.22% (95%CI 8.96%-22.57%) in Europe and 14.06% (95%CI 11.38%-17.37%) in America. Globally, IDUs are at higher risk of the KSHV infection when compared with the general population, regardless of geographical region or HIV-infection status.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has become widely dispersed worldwide since it was first reported in 1994, but the seroprevalence of KSHV varies geographically. KSHV is relatively ubiquitous in Mediterranean areas and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The origin of KSHV has long been puzzling. In the present study, we collected and analysed 154 KSHV ORF-K1 sequences obtained from samples originating from Xinjiang, Italy, Greece, Iran and southern Siberia using Bayesian evolutionary analysis in BEAST to test the hypothesis that KSHV was introduced into Xinjiang via the ancient Silk Road. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 72 sequences were subtype A and 82 subtype C, with C2 (n = 56) being the predominant subtype. The times to the most recent common ancestors (tMRCAs) of KSHV were 29,872 years (95% highest probability density [HPD], 26,851-32,760 years) for all analysed sequences and 2037 years (95% HPD, 1843-2229 years) for Xinjiang sequences in particular. The tMRCA of Xinjiang KSHV was exactly matched with the time period of the ancient Silk Road approximately two thousand years ago. This route began in Chang'an, the capital of the Han dynasty of China, and crossed Central Asia, ending in the Roman Empire. The evolution rate of KSHV was slow, with 3.44 × 10 -6 substitutions per site per year (95% HPD, 2.26 × 10 -6 to 4.71 × 10 -6 ), although 11 codons were discovered to be under positive selection pressure. The geographic distances from Italy to Iran and Xinjiang are more than 4000 and 7000 kilometres, respectively, but no explicit relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance was detected.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which primarily affects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with advanced immunodeficiency. Xinjiang province in China is an endemic area for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), however, currently, only limited data for KSHV infection among HIV-infected individuals living in this endemic area is available. A cross-sectional study of 86 HIV positive participants was conducted in Xinjiang, China from 2014 through 2015. Plasma samples were collected and screened for KSHV and HIV infection. HIV pol gene and KSHV ORF-K1 gene were amplified and sequenced, genotypes were determined by phylogenetic analysis. Over all, prevalence was 48.9% (42/86; 95%CI 38.4-59.3%) for KSHV. Only CRF07&#95;BC subtype has been identified among all these HIV positive individuals, while the subtype A and C of KSHV were detected in the participants. Meanwhile, we found that those with high CD4 counts (>500) showed a lower anti-KSHV titer, compared with other groups. Our study indicated a high prevalence of KSHV among HIV positive individuals in Xinjiang, China. Thus, management of HIV/AIDS patients should include KSHV screen and should consider the risk of KSHV-associated malignancies., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are an important risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and at high-risk of herpesvirus infection. However, limited information on epidemiologic patterns of HHV8 and HSV2 among MSM is available in mainland China. A cross-sectional study of 486 participants was performed in Shanghai, China from January 2013 to December 2014 to explore epidemiologic features of HHV8 and HSV2 among MSM. Serum samples were collected and tested for HHV8 by immunofluoresence assay and HSV2 antibodies by ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of HHV8 and HSV2 infections, respectively. The overall seroprevalence was 23.0% for HHV8 infection and 22.4% for HSV2 infection. HHV8 seropositivity was significantly associated with being a money boy (odds ratio (OR) = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.04-2.58), having a steady sex partner (OR = 0.52; 95%CI: 0.31-0.87), having ever had anal sex with men (OR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.09-3.86), and being HSV2 positive (OR = 2.14; 95%CI: 1.22-3.76). HSV2 seropositivity was significantly associate with being positive for HIV (OR = 2.12; 95%CI: 1.01-4.42), syphilis (OR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.12-3.52), HHV8 (OR = 2.17; 95%CI: 1.24-3.83), and was marginally associated with being a money boy (OR = 1. 61; 95%CI: 0.97-2.86), and having ever had unprotected casual sex (OR = 1. 72; 95%CI: 0.99-2.99). HHV8 and HSV2 infections are common in Chinese MSM. It is important to implement programs for preventing herpes virus infection among MSM, particularly high-risk groups such as money buys. And protected sexual intercourse should be propagated. J. Med. Virol. 89:887-894, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)