16 results on '"Schütz, Martin"'
Search Results
2. Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore impact on net N mineralization in subalpine grasslands
- Author
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Risch, Anita C., Schütz, Martin, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L., van der Putten, Wim H., Duyts, Henk, Raschein, Ursina, Gwiazdowicz, Dariusz J., Busse, Matt D., Page-Dumroese, Deborah S., and Zimmermann, Stephan
- Published
- 2015
3. Does the Aboveground Herbivore Assemblage Influence Soil Bacterial Community Composition and Richness in Subalpine Grasslands?
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Hodel, Melanie, Schütz, Martin, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L., Frey, Beat, Albrecht, Matthias, Busse, Matt D., and Risch, Anita C.
- Published
- 2014
4. Endozoochorous seed dispersal and germination strategies of Serengeti plants
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Anderson, T. Michael, Schütz, Martin, and Risch, Anita C.
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- 2014
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5. Linkages between grazing history and herbivore exclusion on decomposition rates in mineral soils of subalpine grasslands
- Author
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Haynes, Alan G., Schütz, Martin, Buchmann, Nina, Page-Dumroese, Deborah S., Busse, Matt D., and Risch, Anita C.
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- 2014
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6. The Response of Soil CO₂ Fluxes to Progressively Excluding Vertebrate and Invertebrate Herbivores Depends on Ecosystem Type
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Risch, Anita C., Haynes, Alan G., Busse, Matt D., Filli, Flurin, and Schütz, Martin
- Published
- 2013
7. Tolerance of Understory Plants Subject to Herbivory by Roe Deer
- Author
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Moser, Barbara and Schütz, Martin
- Published
- 2006
8. Nutrients and herbivores impact grassland stability across spatial scales through different pathways.
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Chen, Qingqing, Wang, Shaopeng, Seabloom, Eric W., MacDougall, Andrew S., Borer, Elizabeth T., Bakker, Jonathan D., Donohue, Ian, Knops, Johannes M. H., Morgan, John W., Carroll, Oliver, Crawley, Mick, Bugalho, Miguel N., Power, Sally A., Eskelinen, Anu, Virtanen, Risto, Risch, Anita C., Schütz, Martin, Stevens, Carly, Caldeira, Maria C., and Bagchi, Sumanta
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PLANT diversity ,PLANT species diversity ,HERBIVORES ,GRASSLANDS ,SPECIES diversity - Abstract
Nutrients and herbivores are well‐known drivers of grassland diversity and stability in local communities. However, whether they interact to impact the stability of aboveground biomass and whether these effects depend on spatial scales remain unknown. It is also unclear whether nutrients and herbivores impact stability via different facets of plant diversity including species richness, evenness, and changes in community composition through time and space. We used a replicated experiment adding nutrients and excluding herbivores for 5 years in 34 global grasslands to explore these questions. We found that both nutrient addition and herbivore exclusion alone reduced stability at the larger spatial scale (aggregated local communities; gamma stability), but through different pathways. Nutrient addition reduced gamma stability primarily by increasing changes in local community composition over time, which was mainly driven by species replacement. Herbivore exclusion reduced gamma stability primarily by decreasing asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony). Their interaction weakly increased gamma stability by increasing spatial asynchrony. Our findings indicate that disentangling the processes operating at different spatial scales may improve conservation and management aiming at maintaining the ability of ecosystems to reliably provide functions and services for humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
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9. Nutrient availability controls the impact of mammalian herbivores on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in grasslands
- Author
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Sitters, Judith, Wubs, E R Jasper, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Crowther, Thomas W, Adler, Peter B, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Jonathan D, Biederman, Lori, Borer, Elizabeth T, Cleland, Elsa E, Eisenhauer, Nico, Firn, Jennifer, Gherardi, Laureano, Hagenah, Nicole, Hautier, Yann, Hobbie, Sarah E, Knops, Johannes M H, MacDougall, Andrew S, McCulley, Rebecca L, Moore, Joslin L, Mortensen, Brent, Peri, Pablo L, Prober, Suzanne M, Riggs, Charlotte, Risch, Anita C, Schütz, Martin, Seabloom, Eric W, Siebert, Julia, Stevens, Carly J, Veen, G F Ciska, Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Aquatic Ecology (AqE), and Biology
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0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,soil microorganisms ,01 natural sciences ,Grassland ,nutrient enrichment ,Nutrient ,Grazing ,Nutrient Network (NutNet) ,Primary Research Article ,General Environmental Science ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Praderas ,Global and Planetary Change ,Biomass (ecology) ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Aplicación de Abonos ,Plan_S-Compliant-TA ,Ecology ,herbivory ,food and beverages ,Biological Sciences ,Grasslands ,Carbon sequestration ,Exclosure ,Fertilization ,Global change ,Herbivory ,Nutrient dynamics ,Nutrient enrichment ,Soil microorganisms ,nutrient dynamics ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,complex mixtures ,NIOO ,Microorganismos del Suelo ,Carbono ,Pastoreo ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic matter ,exclosure ,grazing ,global change ,Nutrientes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Herbivore ,geography ,Nutrients ,Soil carbon ,Primary Research Articles ,Herbívoros ,carbon sequestration ,Carbon ,Climate Action ,Nutrient Network ,Secuestro de Carbono ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,fertilization ,Soil water ,Fertilizer Application ,Environmental Sciences ,Herbivores - Abstract
Grasslands are subject to considerable alteration due to human activities globally, including widespread changes in populations and composition of large mammalian herbivores and elevated supply of nutrients. Grassland soils remain important reservoirs of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Herbivores may affect both C and N pools and these changes likely interact with increases in soil nutrient availability. Given the scale of grassland soil fluxes, such changes can have striking consequences for atmospheric C concentrations and the climate. Here, we use the Nutrient Network experiment to examine the responses of soil C and N pools to mammalian herbivore exclusion across 22 grasslands, under ambient and elevated nutrient availabilities (fertilized with NPK + micronutrients). We show that the impact of herbivore exclusion on soil C and N pools depends on fertilization. Under ambient nutrient conditions, we observed no effect of herbivore exclusion, but under elevated nutrient supply, pools are smaller upon herbivore exclusion. The highest mean soil C and N pools were found in grazed and fertilized plots. The decrease in soil C and N upon herbivore exclusion in combination with fertilization correlated with a decrease in aboveground plant biomass and microbial activity, indicating a reduced storage of organic matter and microbial residues as soil C and N. The response of soil C and N pools to herbivore exclusion was contingent on temperature – herbivores likely cause losses of C and N in colder sites and increases in warmer sites. Additionally, grasslands that contain mammalian herbivores have the potential to sequester more N under increased temperature variability and nutrient enrichment than ungrazed grasslands. Our study highlights the importance of conserving mammalian herbivore populations in grasslands worldwide. We need to incorporate local‐scale herbivory, and its interaction with nutrient enrichment and climate, within global‐scale models to better predict land–atmosphere interactions under future climate change., Global Change Biology, 26 (4), ISSN:1354-1013, ISSN:1365-2486
- Published
- 2020
10. Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties.
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Risch, Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Moser, Barbara, Schütz, Martin, Hagedorn, Frank, Firn, Jennifer, Fay, Philip A., Adler, Peter B., Biederman, Lori A., Blair, John M., Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A. D., Brown, Cynthia S., Cadotte, Marc W., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., Virgilio, Augustina, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, and Knops, Johannes M. H.
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GRASSLAND soils ,NITROGEN in soils ,SOILS ,ACQUISITION of data ,HERBIVORES ,MINERALIZATION - Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical for grassland functioning. However, human activities have increased the supply of biologically limiting nutrients, and changed the density and identity of mammalian herbivores. These anthropogenic changes may alter net soil N mineralization (soil net Nmin), that is, the net balance between N mineralization and immobilization, which could severely impact grassland structure and functioning. Yet, to date, little is known about how fertilization and herbivore removal individually, or jointly, affect soil net Nmin across a wide range of grasslands that vary in soil and climatic properties. Here we collected data from 22 grasslands on five continents, all part of a globally replicated experiment, to assess how fertilization and herbivore removal affected potential (laboratory‐based) and realized (field‐based) soil net Nmin. Herbivore removal in the absence of fertilization did not alter potential and realized soil net Nmin. However, fertilization alone and in combination with herbivore removal consistently increased potential soil net Nmin. Realized soil net Nmin, in contrast, significantly decreased in fertilized plots where herbivores were removed. Treatment effects on potential and realized soil net Nmin were contingent on site‐specific soil and climatic properties. Fertilization effects on potential soil net Nmin were larger at sites with higher mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet). Reciprocally, realized soil net Nmin declined most strongly with fertilization and herbivore removal at sites with lower MAP and higher T.q.wet. In summary, our findings show that anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, herbivore exclusion and alterations in future climatic conditions can negatively impact soil net Nmin across global grasslands under realistic field conditions. This is an important context‐dependent knowledge for grassland management worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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11. Long‐term restoration success of insect herbivore communities in seminatural grasslands: a functional approach.
- Author
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Neff, Felix, Resch, M. Carol, Marty, Anja, Rolley, Jacob D., Schütz, Martin, Risch, Anita C., and Gossner, Martin M.
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INSECT communities ,HERBIVORES ,GRASSLANDS ,GRASSLAND restoration ,INSECT diversity ,AGRICULTURAL intensification ,PLANT communities - Abstract
Seminatural grasslands are important biodiversity hotspots, but they are increasingly degraded by intensive agriculture. Grassland restoration is considered to be promising in halting the ongoing loss of biodiversity, but this evaluation is mostly based on plant communities. Insect herbivores contribute substantially to grassland biodiversity and to the provisioning of a variety of ecosystem functions. However, it is unclear how they respond to different measures that are commonly used to restore seminatural grasslands from intensively used agricultural land. We studied the long‐term success of different restoration techniques, which were originally targeted at reestablishing seminatural grassland plant communities, for herbivorous insect communities on taxonomic as well as functional level. Therefore, we sampled insect communities 22 yr after the establishment of restoration measures. These measures ranged from harvest and removal of biomass to removal of the topsoil layer and subsequent seeding of plant propagules. We found that insect communities in restored grasslands had higher taxonomic and functional diversity compared to intensively managed agricultural grasslands and were more similar in composition to target grasslands. Restoration measures including topsoil removal proved to be more effective, in particular in restoring species characterized by functional traits susceptible to intensive agriculture (e.g., large‐bodied species). Our study shows that long‐term success in the restoration of herbivorous insect communities of seminatural grasslands can be achieved by different restoration measures and that more invasive approaches that involve the removal of the topsoil layer are more effective. We attribute these restoration successes to accompanying changes in the plant community, resulting in bottom‐up control of the herbivore community. Our results are of critical importance for management decisions aiming to restore multi‐trophic communities, their functional composition and consequently the proliferation of ecosystem functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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12. Herbivory and eutrophication mediate grassland plant nutrient responses across a global climatic gradient.
- Author
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Anderson, T. Michael, Hagenah, Nicole, Harpole, W. Stanley, MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., Prober, Suzanne M., Risch, Anita C., Schütz, Martin, Sankaran, Mahesh, Griffith, Daniel M., Stevens, Carly J., Grace, James B., Lind, Eric M., Seabloom, Eric W., Sullivan, Lauren L., Wragg, Peter D., Borer, Elizabeth T., Adler, Peter B., Biederman, Lori A., and Blumenthal, Dana M.
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HERBIVORES ,EUTROPHICATION ,GRASSLANDS ,ECOLOGY - Abstract
Abstract: Plant stoichiometry, the relative concentration of elements, is a key regulator of ecosystem functioning and is also being altered by human activities. In this paper we sought to understand the global drivers of plant stoichiometry and compare the relative contribution of climatic vs. anthropogenic effects. We addressed this goal by measuring plant elemental (C, N, P and K) responses to eutrophication and vertebrate herbivore exclusion at eighteen sites on six continents. Across sites, climate and atmospheric N deposition emerged as strong predictors of plot‐level tissue nutrients, mediated by biomass and plant chemistry. Within sites, fertilization increased total plant nutrient pools, but results were contingent on soil fertility and the proportion of grass biomass relative to other functional types. Total plant nutrient pools diverged strongly in response to herbivore exclusion when fertilized; responses were largest in ungrazed plots at low rainfall, whereas herbivore grazing dampened the plant community nutrient responses to fertilization. Our study highlights (1) the importance of climate in determining plant nutrient concentrations mediated through effects on plant biomass, (2) that eutrophication affects grassland nutrient pools via both soil and atmospheric pathways and (3) that interactions among soils, herbivores and eutrophication drive plant nutrient responses at small scales, especially at water‐limited sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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13. Mammalian herbivores affect leafhoppers associated with specific plant functional types at different timescales.
- Author
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Vandegehuchte, Martijn L., Trivellone, Valeria, Schütz, Martin, Firn, Jennifer, de Schaetzen, Frederic, and Risch, Anita C.
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HERBIVORES ,LEAFHOPPERS ,PLANT adaptation ,BIOLOGICAL extinction ,FOOD chains ,MOUNTAIN plants - Abstract
Abstract: Theory predicts that mammalian herbivores affect the quantity and quality of plants on which they preferentially feed in the short term. In the longer term, they can promote either preferred or less preferred plants, depending on whether preferred plants are adapted or sensitive to grazing. Less clear are the short‐ and long‐term responses of herbivorous insects to mammalian herbivory, and how these responses depend on the specific plants or plant functional types on which the insects feed. We progressively excluded large, medium and small mammals for five growing seasons in two subalpine vegetation types with long‐term differences in mammalian grazing intensity. Short‐grass vegetation has a history of intensive grazing, while tall‐grass vegetation has been grazed less intensively. We tested whether mammals altered the abundance and body size of leafhoppers specialized on specific plant functional types (grasses, sedges, forbs, or legumes/forbs), distinguishing between short‐term (exclosures) and long‐term (vegetation types) differences in mammalian grazing pressure. Furthermore, we assessed whether leafhoppers’ responses were explained by changes in biomass or quality of the plant functional types on which they feed. In the short term, mammal exclosures increased the abundance of grass‐ and forb‐feeding leafhoppers via increases in the biomass of grasses and forbs, regardless of vegetation type. Both grasses and forbs are preferred food plants of mammals. In the long term, the biomass of sedges, which are less preferred by mammals, increased in the less intensively grazed tall‐grass vegetation. This resulted in a higher abundance of sedge‐feeding leafhoppers. The small size of these sedge feeders lowered the average leafhopper body size in the tall‐grass vegetation. Plant nutritional quality did not explain any effects of exclusions or vegetation types. Our results demonstrate that both short‐ and long‐term effects of mammalian herbivores on the biomass of specific plant functional types caused concurrent changes in the abundance of specialized herbivorous insects, which scaled up to community‐wide shifts in insect body size, a key life‐history trait. A plant‐functional‐type approach can thus help to predict how overabundance or extinction of mammalian herbivores impacts on other components of the food web at various timescales. A plain language summary is available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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14. Mammal-induced trophic cascades in invertebrate food webs are modulated by grazing intensity in subalpine grassland.
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Vandegehuchte, Martijn L., Schütz, Martin, Schaetzen, Frederic, Risch, Anita C., and Hambäck, Peter
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HERBIVORES , *PREDATORY animals , *FOOD chains , *FORAGING behavior , *OMNIVORES , *MOUNTAIN plants , *INVERTEBRATES - Abstract
Even though mammalian herbivores can exert strong indirect effects on other animals by altering the vegetation, the study of trophic cascades retains a focus on apex predators and their top-down forces. Bottom-up trophic interaction chains induced by mammalian herbivores, particularly in invertebrate food webs, remain largely unexplored., We tested whether effects of mammalian herbivores on the vegetation ricochet back up several trophic levels of the invertebrate food web. We further tested two alternative hypotheses: the strength of herbivore-induced indirect interactions either increases with plant productivity because of a concurrent higher grazing intensity, or it decreases because of a higher plant tolerance to grazing., We progressively excluded large, medium and small herbivorous mammals from replicated plots of 6 m2 in productive, intensively grazed short-grass vegetation and less productive, less intensively grazed tall-grass vegetation of subalpine grasslands. We measured vegetation quantity, quality, structure and composition, and determined the abundance of invertebrate herbivores, detritivores, omnivores and predators. We used structural equation modelling to test vegetation-mediated cascading effects of the different mammalian herbivores across different trophic groups of invertebrates., In the short-grass vegetation, mammals caused changes in vegetation quantity and thickness. These changes directly affected detritivorous and predatory invertebrate abundance, yet indirectly affected predatory and omnivorous invertebrates through a bottom-up trophic cascade via changes in herbivorous invertebrate abundance. In the tall-grass vegetation, mammal-induced changes in vegetation quality and composition affected detritivorous invertebrates and in turn omnivorous invertebrates, but these cascading effects were weaker than those in the short-grass vegetation. Smaller mammals were at least as important as large mammals in structuring the invertebrate food web., Our results demonstrate that differently sized mammalian herbivores can trigger trophic cascades in the local invertebrate food web. Our findings further support the hypothesis that herbivore-induced indirect interactions are stronger in more productive systems because of higher foraging intensity, as opposed to the hypothesis that a higher grazing tolerance of plants should dampen herbivore-induced indirect interactions in productive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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15. Indirect Short- and Long-Term Effects of Aboveground Invertebrate and Vertebrate Herbivores on Soil Microarthropod Communities.
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Vandegehuchte, Martijn L., Raschein, Ursina, Schütz, Martin, Gwiazdowicz, Dariusz J., and Risch, Anita C.
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HERBIVORES ,SOIL microbiology ,BIOTIC communities ,UNGULATES ,ECOLOGY ,GRASSLANDS - Abstract
Recognition is growing that besides ungulates, small vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores are important drivers of grassland functioning. Even though soil microarthropods play key roles in several soil processes, effects of herbivores—especially those of smaller body size—on their communities are not well understood. Therefore, we progressively excluded large, medium and small vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores for three growing seasons using size-selective fences in two vegetation types in subalpine grasslands; short-grass and tall-grass vegetation generated by high and low historical levels of ungulate grazing. Herbivore exclusions generally had few effects on microarthropod communities, but exclusion of all herbivore groups resulted in decreased total springtail and Poduromorpha richness compared with exclusion of only ungulates and medium-sized mammals, regardless of vegetation type. The tall-grass vegetation had a higher total springtail richness and mesostigmatid mite abundance than the short-grass vegetation and a different oribatid mite community composition. Although several biotic and abiotic variables differed between the exclusion treatments and vegetation types, effects on soil microarthropods were best explained by differences in nutrient and fibre content of the previous year’s vegetation, a proxy for litter quality, and to a lesser extent soil temperature. After three growing seasons, smaller herbivores had a stronger impact on these functionally important soil microarthropod communities than large herbivores. Over longer time-scales, however, large grazers created two different vegetation types and thereby influenced microarthropod communities bottom-up, e.g. by altering resource quality. Hence, both short- and long-term consequences of herbivory affected the structure of the soil microarthropod community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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16. Seed dispersal in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) dung and its potential importance for vegetation dynamics in subalpine grasslands.
- Author
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Iravani, Majid, Schütz, Martin, Edwards, Peter J., Risch, Anita C., Scheidegger, Christoph, and Wagner, Helene H.
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SEED dispersal ,RED deer ,MOUNTAIN plants ,HERBIVORES ,CONIFERS ,HABITATS ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
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- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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