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The researches were conducted in order to observe the behaviour of conventional and glyphosate resistant transgenic maize to different weed control methods. In this paper, the obtained results are presented. The study was conducted in experimental years 2008-2009 in the frame of Didactical Station USAMVB Timisoara. In order to conduct this study, 4 variants cultivated with conventional maize DKC 5143 and 8 variants cultivated with transgenic maize DKC-MON88017 with resistance against Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and to glyphosate. The efficacy of weed control methods was assessed, as well as the herbicide selectivity to cultivated maize hybrid. The weed coverage degree in control plot (V2) was 304 weeds/sqm in the first year and 465 weeds/sqm in the second year. In the variants cultivated with transgenic maize the control was up to 90% much more than control percent achieved in conventional variants. Although, in order to achieve an efficient control (higher than 95%), even to transgenic maize, two glyphosate sequential treatments has to be done. The yield results were positive correlated to the different control methods. However those were affected by climatic conditions recorded in experimental years.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the herbicide Resital Duo (SE) against the weed Polygonum aviculare, from a winter wheat crop. The observations were made in a wheat crop located in the western part of Romania, respectively in the Western Plain. Research has been conducted during the agricultural years 2022-2023, and included determinations on the effects of vegetation treatments with the herbicide product Resital Duo (SE) (452.42 g/l 2.4-D 2-Ethylhexyl Ester (EHE) + 6.25 g/l Florasulam.), applied in 4 variants and 3 different doses (untrated, 0.2 l / ha, 0.4 l / ha, 0.6 l / ha. Therefore, a monofactorial experience was set up in the field, placed according to the method of randomized blocks, in four repetitions. 15 days after application of Resital Duo (SE) (452.42 g / l 2.4- D 2-Ethylhexyl Ester EHE) + 6.25 g / l Florasulam), the most effective treatments in experience were variant 3 (0.4 l / ha) and variant 4 (0.6 l / ha), with an efficacy of 57.5%, respectively 77.5%. After 30 days of the application of the Resital Duo (SE) product, the most effective treatments in our experience were both variant 3 (0.4 l/ha) and variant 4 (0.6 l/ha), which accumulated an efficacy of 92.5%, respectively 99.5%. The applied product did not create any kind of phytotoxicity to our crop, at any of the 3 doses tested, and the vigor of the wheat was maintained at the level of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the agricultural and economic importance of wheat, there is an ongoing concern to study the impact of weeds on wheat production (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2u, https://www.scribd.com/doc/77393966/graul,http://www.fao.org/statistics/en/,https://ec.europa.eu/eurosta t/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Agriculture). In this context, the researches that are the subject of this work aimed to establish the most effective current means of chemical control of weeds in autumn wheat crops, with direct effects on production results. The research was made within the company SC Prodagro Vest SRL from Arad, during two years: 2021 and 2022, being tested a number of 11 post-emergent herbicides to combat weeds in the wheat crop, in order to reduce the degree of weeding, the cost per the product unit and, by default, the increase in productivity. The placement of the experimental field for combating weeds in the wheat crop was done according to the randomized block method, being a monofactorial experiment, with 12 variants, in four repetitions. In the first year of research, 2021, in the non-herbicized control variant, 67.5 weeds/m² were recorded, and in the second year, 2022, were present 54.7 weeds/m². The most effective weed control, over 90%, was recorded in the variants: V6 - aminopyralid 30% + florasulam 15% - 33 g/ha, V² - 2,4-D acid 300 g/l + florasulam 6.25 g/l – 0.6 l/ha and V9 – tribenuron – methyl 600 g/kg + florasulam 200 g/kg – 25 g/ha., in 2021, respectively V9 in 2022. There were no obvious symptoms of toxicity in cultivated plants, as a result of the application of the herbicide products in the experiments. The level of wheat production was determined by the climatic conditions, but also by the effectiveness of herbicides in combating the present segetal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was the evaluation of the ecotoxic effects of three sulphonylurea compounds, commonly used as herbicides against weeds in agriculture by mathematical models. The tests were performed both in laboratory and field conditions to study the changes in soil urease, considered a key enzyme for regulating soil nitrogen transformation and a sensitive indicator to herbicides. Mathematical models accurately reproduced the behavior of urease from chemically treated soil samples, based on real, observable processes. Besides, they simplify the view regarding the activity of the selected enzyme, as there are many factors and complicated biogeochemical processes, which might interfere. Overall, we conclude that, for the cambic chernozem model analyzed here, the normal (label-recommended) chlorsulfuron and amidosulfuron doses do not perturb soil urease activity and the former compound is more urease-friendly than either amidosulfuron or tifensulfuron. In the context of the long-term use of these herbicides, our research underlines the importance of mathematical models and the prefiguration of a map for the differentiation of field /laboratory experiments, for the most accurate highlighting of the biochemical imbalances caused by the chemical substances, the risk of overdose and the toxicity risk for soil and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of weeding, crops diminish substantially and, with strong weeding, crops can be much compromised. Horse thistle is a problem-weed in straw cereals and one of the most widespread and damaging weed species in Romania. Research was carried out over two years (2012 and 2013) in the experimental field of the Weed Science Department of the Didactic Station in Timisoara, Romania, in which we tested the effect of 11 post-emergent herbicides on horse thistle in winter wheat. The winter wheat cultivar we used was Glosa. The setting of the experimental field was done after the randomised block method: it was a monofactorial experiment with 12 variants and 4 replicas. In the first experimental year, we identified, initially, 98.56 weeds/m², of which Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. shared 7.91%, i.e. 7.8 plants/m². In the following year, we identified, initially, 79.20 weeds/m², of which Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. shared 7.40%, i.e. 5.8 plants/m². Overall, in the two years, the most visible reduction of weeding was in the variants treated with Buctril Universal (92.52-94.18%), Arrat (86.73-92.42%), Ceredin Super (90.18-91.07%) and Dialen Super 464 SL (87.40-90.63%). As for the exclusive control of the weed species Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., in 2012, the best results were in the variants treated with Lontrel 300 (95.20%), (Arrat (94.49%), Iudith (91.37%) and Dialen Super 464 SL (90.63%). In 2013, the herbicides with the best performances in the reduction of horse thistle sprouts were Lontrel 300 (97.05%), Buctril Universal (93.51%), (Arrat (91.28%), Iudith (91.37%) and Dialen Super 464 SL (88.73%). The herbicide Cerlit EC had no visible effect on horse thistle - this is why we do not recommend it in the fields invaded by this species. Thirty days after the treatment, and more visibly sixty days after the treatment, the plants of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. tended to regenerate in all the variants shooting new sprouts that could not really compete with winter wheat plants that had almost reached maturity. All the tested herbicides were very selective for the winter wheat cultivar Glosa, with no visible symptoms of phyto-toxicity. Winter wheat crops in the experimental field were influenced, on one hand, by the climate conditions of the two years and, on the other hand, they correlated positively with the performances of the herbicides in the total control of horse thistle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the research was to test the weed control efficiency of the product Roundup Ready (480 g/l glyphosate) in rates of 2.25 l/ha (1080 g/ha active substance) applied in the 3-leaf and 8-leaf phases of the cultivated hybrid (13 BBCH, and 18 BBCH, respectively). We monitored the effect of tank mixing the herbicide Roundup Ready in the 3-leaf phase in maize (BBCH 13) with products traditionally applied pre-emergently, such as acetochlor, acetochlor + terbuthylazine (CLICK PLUS), dimethenamid (SPECTRUM), pendimethalin + dimethenamid-p (WING), compared to the usual product acetochlor (GUARDIAN) applied pre-emergently or to the post-emergent herbicides nicosulphuron (MISTRAL) + dicamba (BANVEL). Researches were carried out in the experimental field area of the Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine in Timisoara, College of Agriculture, Timis County, Romania, from May to October 2010. The cultivated hybrid tolerated very well all the tested herbicides with no phytotoxicity whatsoever (note 1 EWRS grades). The most frequent weed species in the control variant (not treated) (V 1 ), in the stage 13 BBCH in maize were the monocots Setaria sp. and Sorghum halepense from rhizomes and seeds, and Echinochloa crus-galli. All the herbicides applied pre-emergently (V2 -V6) ensured a very good control of annual monocot weeds but they had no visible effect whatsoever on Sorghum halepense plants from rhizomes or on the perennial dicot species Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis After the first post-emergent herbicide treatment, we could see a very good control of all weed species in the variants treated with glyphosate (V3 -V6 and V8) and variants treated with glyphosate tank-mixed with different herbicides applied usually post- emergently (V9 -V12). In the variant V7 , where we used tank-mixed classical herbicides Banvel + Mistral, weed control was less efficient, even slow, with a trend to regeneration. The highest production of grain maize -- over 90.0 q/ha -- was in the variants V10 -- Acetochlor + Terbuthylazine (CLICK PLUS) + Glyphosate + Glyphosate, V 12 -- Dimethenamid -- P + Pendimethalin (WING) + Glyphosate + Glyphosate and V11 -- Dimethenamid (SPECTRUM) + Glyphosate + Glyphosate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show the efficacy of controlling the weed species Convolvulus arvensis L., popularly called field bindweed, in grain maize and winter wheat, using a diversified range of post- emergent herbicides. The scientific research starts with a description of the general aspects of weed control in grain maize and winter wheat in general, and of Convolvulus arvensis L., in particular, a species considered a weed problem for crops. In our research, we have tested 7 herbicides controlling weeds in grain maize and winter wheat in general, and Convolvulus arvensis L., in particular. As a result of our research, w have obtained results concerning the total number of weeds/m² in the control variant in grain maize and winter wheat and the share percentage, as well as results concerning grain maize yield in q/ha in both control and treated variants. We have noted 15 weed species in grain maize and winter wheat, i.e. 238 weeds/m² in grain maize and 62 weeds/m² in winter wheat, while field bindweed was represented by 23.3 plants/m² and 13.11 plants/m², respectively. We can see that, as far as exclusive control of the species Convolvulus arvensis L. is concerned, the best results were in the variants treated with Buctril Universal (0.8-1 l/ha), with a control percentage of 85.97%, while the highest yields in grain maize were recorded in the variants treated with Buctril Universal (0.8-1 l/ha), with yields of de 81.48 q/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a few aspects concerning the control of weeds in winter wheat and grain maize, among which Rubus caesius L., a problem species popularly called dewberry. We describe materials and methods used in the control of problem weeds, that helped us monitor the control degree in percentage of dicot weeds, in general, and of the species Rubus caesius L., in particular, as well as winter wheat and grain maize yields in q/ha in both treated and not treated variants in the years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. We present research results concerning the total number of weeds/m² in the control variant in winter wheat and in grain maize as well as the participation share. In winter wheat, we observed in the years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 a number of 11 weed species, the total number of weeds per m² being 77, with a participation share of 100%, and in grain maize in the years 2009 and 2010, 11 weed species, the total number of weeds per m being 282, with a participation share of 100%. Dewberry was present in winter wheat with a number of 4.65 weeds/m with a participation share of 5.5%, while in grain maize there were 24.2 weeds/m² with a participation share of 8.58%. The most efficient diminution of dewberry shoots in winter wheat was ensured by the herbicide Dialen Super 464 SL (0.9 l/ha), with a control degree of 93.70%. A weed control above 90% was also in the variants treated with Premiant (1 l/ha) 93.46% and Ceredin Super (1 l/ha) 93.31%, Lancelot 450 WG (30 g/ha) and Buctril Universal (1 l/ha) 90.84%. The most efficient diminution of dewberry shoots in grain maize was ensured by the herbicide Dialen Super 464 SL (0.9 l/ha), with a control degree of 85.97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research took place during 2021 in Ciclova Română in Caraş - Severin County. The experimental field presented 4 treatments that had various combination of herbicides. Two herbicides were applied in each variant, because in the experimental group were present both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds (Nicogan, Dicopur, Nicogan, Ceredin, Nicogan, Cliophar). The degree of weeding was high, the quantitative numerical counting showed a number of 92.95 plants/m2. In the experimental variants were present problem weed species (Sorghum halepense, Cirsium arvense, Rubus caesius, etc.). 14 days after the application the highest efficacy of the phytosanitary products was registered. Their efficacy decreased four months after application, as some species either regenerated or re-weeded due to the staggered germination of target weeds. The weeds, present in the corn crop, were very well controlled by the associated application of the herbicide Nicogan and Cliophar, ensuring protection of the crop until harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research and field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of substances quizalofop-p-ethyl and quisalofop-p-tefuril, applied post emergent in order to control the problem weed Sorghum halepense in watermelon culture. Watermelon variety used in the experiment was Crimson Sweet. The Field studies on reducing the population of the species Sorghum halepense L. were conducted in 2010 and 2011 on Didactical and Experimental Station at University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat Timişoara. The experimental plot was placed on cambic chernozem with 6 variants in three repetitions. Systemic postem herbicides used in experience were: Leopard 5 EC and Pantera 40 EC, applied in two doses. The herbicides were applied post emergent when Johnson grass plants had 10-15 cm height. After establishing the level of weed infestation through numerical quantitative method revealed that in the experimental variants were present Johnson grass plants, the number ranging from 48-152 plants/sqm. Unfavorable climatic conditions (2010) influenced the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergent. Obtained results regarding the efficacy of Substances quizalofop-p-ethyl and p-tefuril quisalofop against Johnson grass showed differences. After applying chemical treatments occurrence of phytotoxicity were not recorded. The administration of herbicide Leopard 5 EC using the recommended dose has led to the best effectiveness in reducing the number of individuals of Sorghum halepense in agroecosystems of watermelon. The results obtained in the four variants treated with herbicides showed very significant positive differences compared to untreated control, situation changed when these results were compared with the hoed control, which are very significant negative. Studies have shown that translocation of herbicides in plants of Johnson grass realized better when there is an excess of precipitation to the multiannual average. The results obtained in the variant treated with Leopard 5 EC 1.0 l/ha and 1.5 l/ha are very significantly positive compared the mean of experience. The most infested variant with Sorghum halepense was that treated with herbicide Panther 40 EC at 1.0 l/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]