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In this report we have analysed the peripheral blood lymphocyte of several patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection with flow cytometry. Based on the presence and absence of the HBeAb, patients were divided into two groups. In both, all the patients were HBsAg positive with normal range of serum alanine aminotranferase (23.9 ± 17.8). We have found that the immunophenotypic profiles of patients were different from healthy donors with significant decrease in CD3+ T cells, specially CD8+ T cells and a siginificant increase in the CD19+ B cells. The differences were seen in other subset of T cells (CD4+) or NK cells (CD56+/CD16+ ) and HLA-DR markers were not significant. When the phenotypic profiles of both groups were compared with each other, such changes were more dominant in group II, with HBeAb positive than in group I, with HBeAb negative. Also, we have seen a correlation between the increase of CD19+ B cells and the decrease of CD3+ T cells. No such correlation was observed with other cells.

The hepatitis B virus is a dangerous infectious agent, with an estimated 300 million carriers worldwide. Therefore, developing effective vaccine production methods is essential. One such method involves the use of transgenic plants. Several factors influence foreign gene expression in transgenic plants, including the type of genes, their chromosomal location, and the promoter used. Based on these factors, various expression cassettes can be designed for transgenic plants. In this study, we designed an expression cassette for transgenic potato plants. Promoters play a crucial role, as some are tissue-specific while others are inducible. Additionally, certain elements can enhance or silence gene expression in transgenic plants. Enhancer sequences derived from plant viruses are also utilized. To increase the expression level of HBsAg in transgenic potato plants, the tobacco etch virus (TEV) 5' untranslated region and the Patatin promoter were employed. The results demonstrated that in the highest-producing transgenic plant, the expression level of HBsAg increased threefold when both patatin and TEV were used together, compared to plants containing only the patatin promoter without TEV. Furthermore, a comparison with pCaMV combined with TEV revealed that the use of patatin and TEV resulted in a 4-5 times higher expression level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]