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Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflicts to disclose.

Introduction: Haemorrhage remains the leading cause of preventable death in trauma. Damage control measures applied to patients in extremis in order to control exsanguinating bleeding from non-compressible torso injuries use different techniques to limit blood flow from the aorta to the rest of the body. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is regaining momentum recently as an adjunct measure that can provide the same results using less invasive approaches. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the existing literature on REBOA. The objective is to analyse evidence and non-evidence-based medical reports and to describe current gaps in the literature about the best indication and implementation strategies for REBOA., Methods and Analysis: Using the five-stage framework of Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology as a guide, we will perform a systematic search in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, COCHRANE CENTRAL, PUBMED and SCOPUS from the earliest available publications. The aim is to identify diverse studies related to the topic of REBOA. For a comprehensive search, we will explore organisational websites, key journals and hand-search reference lists of key studies. Data will be charted and sorted using a descriptive analytical approach., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval is not necessary as the data are collected from publicly available sources and there will be no consultative phase. The results will be disseminated through presentations at local, national, clinical and medical education conferences and through publication in a peer-reviewed journal., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: Bleeding frequently complicates critical illness and may have serious consequences. Our objectives are to describe the predictors of major bleeding and the association between bleeding and mortality in medical-surgical critically ill patients receiving heparin thromboprophylaxis., Methods: We prospectively studied patients from 67 intensive care units and six countries enrolled in a thromboprophylaxis trial (NCT00182143) comparing dalteparin with unfractionated heparin. Patients with trauma, orthopedic surgery or neurosurgery were excluded. Trained research coordinators used a validated tool to document bleeding, which underwent duplicate independent blinded adjudication. Major bleeding was defined as hypovolemic shock, bleeding into critical sites, requiring an invasive intervention or transfusion of at least two units of red blood cells, or associated with hypotension or tachycardia in the absence of other causes. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify major bleeding predictors and the association between bleeding and mortality., Results: Among 3,746 patients, bleeding occurred in 208 [5.6 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.9-6.3 %]. Time-dependent predictors were prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time [hazard ratio (HR) 1.10, 1.05-1.14 per 10 s increase], lower platelet count (HR 1.16, 1.09-1.24 per 50 × 10(9)/L decrease), therapeutic heparin (HR 3.26, 1.72-6.17), antiplatelet agents (HR 1.38, 1.02-1.88), renal replacement therapy (HR 1.75, 1.20-2.56), and recent surgery (HR 1.64, 1.01-2.65). Type of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis was not associated with bleeding. Patients with bleeding had a higher risk of in-hospital death (HR 2.09, 1.69-2.57)., Conclusions: As major bleeding has modifiable risk factors and is associated with in-hospital mortality, strategies to mitigate these factors should be evaluated in critically ill patients.

Background: Acute care surgery (ACS) and emergency general surgery (EGS) services must provide timely care and intervention for patients who have some of the most challenging needs. Patients treated by ACS services are often critically ill and have both substantial comorbidities and poor physiologic reserve. Despite the widespread implemention of ACS/EGS services across North America, the true postoperative morbidity rates remain largely unknown. Methods: In this prospective study, inpatients at 8 high-volume ACS/EGS centres in geographically diverse locations in Canada who underwent operative interventions were followed for 30 days or until they were discharged. Readmissions during the 30-day window were also captured. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were tracked. Standard statistical methodology was employed. Results: A total of 601 ACS/EGS patients were followed for up to 30 inpatient or readmission days after their index emergent operation. Fifty-one percent of patients were female, and the median age was 51 years. They frequently had substantial medical comorbidities (42%) and morbid obesity (15%). The majority of procedures were minimally invasive (66% laparoscopic). Median length of stay was 3.3 days and the early readmission (< 30 d) rate was 6%. Six percent of patients were admitted to the critical care unit. The overall complication and mortality rates were 34% and 2%, respectively. Cholecystitis (31%), appendicitis (21%), bowel obstruction (18%), incarcerated hernia (12%), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (7%) and soft tissue infections (7%) were the most common diagnoses. The morbidity and mortality rates for open surgical procedures were 73% and 5%, respectively. Conclusion: Nontrauma ACS/EGS procedures are associated with a high postoperative morbidity rate. This study will serve as a prospective benchmark for postoperative complications among ACS/EGS patients and subsequent quality improvement across Canada. Contexte : Les services de chirurgie dans les unites de soins actifs (CSA) et de chirurgie generale dans les services d'urgence (CGSU) doivent fournir rapidement des soins et des interventions a des patients dont les besoins sont parmi les plus complexes. En effet, les patients pris en charge par les services de CSA sont souvent gravement malades et presentent des comorbidites sur fond de faible reserve physiologique. Meme si les services de CSA/CGSU se sont repandus en Amerique du Nord, les taux reels de morbidite postoperatoire demeurent pour une bonne part inconnus. Methodes : Dans cette etude prospective, on a suivi pendant 30 jours ou jusqu'a leur conge, les patients hospitalises pour des interventions chirurgicales dans 8 centres de CSA/CGSU achalandes de divers endroits au Canada. On a egalement tenu compte des readmissions dans les 30 jours. Les parametres pre-, per- et postoperatoires ont ete enregis tres. Une methodologie statistique standard a ete appliquee. Resultats : En tout, 601 patients de CSA/CGSU ont ainsi ete suivis pendant une duree allant jusqu'a 30 jours d'hospitalisation ou de readmission apres leur intervention urgente initiale. Cinquante et un pour cent etaient de sexe feminin et l'age moyen etait de 51 ans. Ces patients etaient nombreux a presenter des comorbidites de nature medicale substantielles (42 %) et une obesite morbide (15 %). La majorite des interventions ont ete minimalement effractives (66 % laparoscopiques). La duree mediane des sejours a ete de 3,3 jours et le taux de readmission precoce (< 30 j) a ete de 6 %. Six pour cent des patients ont ete admis aux soins intensifs. Les taux globaux de complications et de mortalite ont ete respectivement de 34 % et de 2 %. Cholecystite (31 %), appendicite (21 %), obstruction intestinale (18 %), hernie incarceree (12 %), hemorragie digestive (7 %) et infections des tissus mous (7 %) comptent parmi les diagnostics les plus frequents. Les taux de morbidite et de mortalite dans les cas de chirurgies ouvertes ont ete respectivement de 73 % et 5 %. Conclusion : Les interventions de CSA/CGSU non liees a la traumatologie sont associees a un taux de morbidite postoperatoire eleve. Cette etude fournira un ensemble de valeurs de references pour l'etude prospective des complications chez les patients pris en charge par les services de CSA/CGSU et l'amelioration subsequente des soins partout au Canada., It is clear to every surgeon working in acute care surgery (ACS) and emergency general surgery (EGS) that timely and complex surgical care is required to achieve optimal outcomes for [...]