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Various chemical coagulants have previously been used for wastewater treatment with substantial efficacy in eliminating heavy metals and other criteria. However, their economic effectiveness and the remnant of harmful chemical precipitates that pose hazards to human health and the environment. As a result, utilizing plant-based natural coagulants is seen as an alternative non-toxic, biodegradable, and ecologically beneficial strategy. This study aims to investigate the performance of pinecone seed powder as a natural coagulant in iron and steel factory wastewater treatment, as well as to optimize the operating parameters to determine the feasibility of employing pinecone seed powder in wastewater treatment. Using 0.6 g/200 mL pinecone as a controlling factor, pH, and settling time, the response surface methodology, a statistical experimental design was utilized to increase the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N), and heavy metals removal efficiency. COD, NH3–N, Fe, Mn, Ai, Cu, and Ni removal efficiencies at pH 8 were 76%, 44%, 88%, 93%, 87%, 50%, and 92%, respectively. Except for Fe (0.0170), Mn (0.0021), and Cu (0.001), the quadratic models for the parameters specified were determined to be significant with a low probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of olive seed powder as a plant-based natural coagulant in treating iron and steel factory wastewater was studied. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3 –N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in effluent wastewater were investigated. Coagulation experiments on the effects of iron and steel factory wastewater, pH, and olive seed powder dosage on coagulation efficacy were conducted using an orbital shaker and a flocculation device. The maximum removal percentages of COD, TSS, NH3 –N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni by olive seeds powder were 86.3%, 99%, 72.4%, 80.9%, 91.5%, 92.6%, 73.7%, and 84.3% for effluent at natural pH 8 using a 5 g/L dosage, respectively. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study showed the presence of several functional groups involved in the coagulation process. It is possible to argue that olive seed powder has enormous potential as a plant-based natural coagulant for wastewater treatment and that it might be used to treat wastewater from iron and steel factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the performance plant-based natural coagulant from rosehip seed powder in the treatment of iron and steel factory wastewater. The concentrations of COD, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3–N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in effluent wastewater were examined. Coagulation investigations were carried out using an orbital shaker and a flocculation apparatus to investigate the effects of iron and steel factory effluent, pH, and rosehip seeds powder dosage on coagulation efficacy. The rosehip powder removes a large amount of COD, TSS, NH3–N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni from effluent at pH 8 with percentages of 86.1%, 99%, 79%, 86%, 91.7%, 90.6%, 73.7%, and 100%, respectively, at 1 g/L. The effects of pH ranges ranging from (5–10) reveal that the wastewater sample’s natural pH (8) demonstrates the maximum practicable removal effectiveness. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of numerous functional groups involved in the coagulation process. One may argue that rosehip seed powder holds great potential as a natural plant-based coagulant for water treatment and could be used to treat effluent from iron and steel factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of pinecone powder as a plant-based natural coagulant for the treatment of iron and steel factory effluent was examined. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3 –N), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in effluent wastewater were investigated. Results showed that the maximal removal of COD, TSS, NH3 –N, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ni using pinecone powder were 83.3%, 99%, 83.9%, 86.8%, 93.7%, 89.7%, 73.7%, and 86.7%, respectively for effluent at natural pH 8 using a dosage of 3 g/L. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy result showed the existence of various functional groups involved in the coagulation process. Overall, this study shows that pinecone powder has enormous promise as a natural coagulant for water treatment and it could be utilized to treat effluent from iron and steel plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been extensively investigated for the remediation of soil, wastewater, and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals. This paper presents a collective review of nZVI synthesis, nZVI interaction mechanisms with heavy metals, factors affecting nZVI reactivity, recent applications of nZVI for heavy metals removal, and the environmental concerns of nZVI application for soil microorganisms and plants. Modified nZVI, spatially biochar supported nZVI (BC@nZVI) and sulfidation nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) showed high heavy metals removal efficiency and more stable performance compared to nZVI alone. The removal of heavy metals by nZVI is as a synergistic process where adsorption, oxidation/reduction and precipitation occur simultaneously or in series. pH and organic matter are the main factors that significantly affect nZVI reactivity. Toxic effects of nZVI are observed for the soil microorganisms as the direct contact may cause a decrease in cell viability and membrane damage. A low concentration of nZVI promotes the growth of plant whereas high concentration decreases root length. It is observed that, further research is needed to enhance nZVI recovery techniques, evaluate the effectiveness of novel modified nZVI and their effects on the environment, and the full-scale application of nZVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, selected physicochemical and heavy metal concentrations were identified and analyzed in leachate samples. The leachate samples were collected at four different stages namely; raw equalization pond (EqP), dissolved air floatation combined with coagulation (DAF1/coagulation), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), and dissolved air floatation combined with coagulation (DAF2/coagulation). For each stage, 19 parameters were tested covering 12 physiochemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, ammonical nitrogen (NH3–N), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total concentrations of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) as well as the total concentrations of seven heavy metals involving iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Identifying the characteristics of the four leachate samples from each stage was aided with three different statistical methods consisting of descriptive, factor, and cluster analyses. The results of factor analysis showed that 95.34% of the total variation in the selected parameters was explained by two factors and identified as the responsible factors. Cluster analysis exhibited that the four ponds entirely have different properties (EqP, DAF1, SBR, and DAF2). This study helps to evaluate and comprehend the behavior of the designated parameters and better understand their relationships with one another for more efficient, practical, and productive landfill leachate treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tannin-based natural coagulant was used to treat stabilized landfill leachate. Tannin modified with amino group was utilized for the treatment process. Central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate and optimize the effect of tannin dosage and pH on four responses. The treatment efficiency was evaluated based on the removal of four selected (responses) parameters; namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, NH3–N and total suspended solids (TSS). The optimum removal efficiency for COD, TSS, NH3–N and color was obtained using a tannin dosage of 0.73 g at a pH of 6. Moreover, the removal efficiency for selected heavy metals from leachate; namely, iron (Fe2+), zinc (Zn2+), copper (Cu2+), chromium (Cr2+), cadmium (Cd2+), lead (Pb2+), arsenic (As3+), and cobalt (Co2+) was also investigated. The results for removal efficiency for COD, TSS, NH3–N, and color were 53.50%, 60.26%, and 91.39%, respectively. The removal of selected heavy metals from leachate for Fe2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, As3+ and cobalt Co2+ were 89.76%, 94.61%, 94.15%, 89.94%, 17.26%, 93.78%, 86.43% and 84.19%, respectively. The results demonstrate that tannin-based natural coagulant could effectively remove organic compounds and heavy metals from stabilized landfill leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]