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Nilüfer Çayı Bursa için önem arz eden bir su kütlesidir. Ancak birçok sanayi bölgesi tarafından kirletilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Nilüfer Çayı’nın bir kolu olan Ayvalı deresinin kirlilik yükünün ağır metal, anyon-katyon analizleri ve izorganik parametrelerce değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayvalı deresinde belirlenen dört istasyondan su numuneleri polietilen kaplarla alınmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliğinin (YSKY) sınıf değerlerine ve İnsani Tüketim Amaçlı Sular Hakkında Yönetmeliği (TS-266) limit değerlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Ayvalı deresinin YSKY’e göre III. ve IV. sınıf su kalitesinde olduğu görülmüştür. Nilüfer Çayı’nı etkileyen bu kirliliğin önlenebilmesi için bölgedeki sanayi atıklarının düzenli takip edilmesi ve periyodik olarak ölçümlerinin yapılması gerekmektedir.

Patterns of epilithic diatom species distribution in relation to environmental variables from 12 sampling sites on the main stream and some of its tributaries in the Nilufer Stream Basin were determined using multivariate statistical techniques. The stream basin has been heavily influenced by anthropogenic effects. The upper part of the basin that is distant from pollution sources mostly has a spring water quality, while the lower part where the stream flows through the urban area and receives domestic and industrial wastewater has a quite low quality. Ordination techniques using both diatom taxa and 21 environmental variables revealed non-to slightly polluted upper basin sites and highly polluted lower basin sites along the stream. The results showed that the stream catchment is polluted gradually from upstream to downstream and that most of the downstream sites have very low water quality especially in summer months. A total of 134 epilithic diatom taxa belonging to 50 genera were recorded for 12 sample sites. Partial CCA results indicated that water temperature (T), discharge (Q), and total phosphorus (TP) were the most important variables affecting the distribution of diatom species. Unpolluted or slightly polluted upper basin sites were dominated by Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Gomphonema olivaceum, and Navicula tripunctata. Highly polluted lower basin sites were characterized by high levels of organic and inorganic matters and low dissolved oxygen (DO) values. Species widespread in the highly polluted lower basin sites such as Nitzschia umbonata, Nitzschia amphibia, Nitzschia capitellata, Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia paleacea, Luticola mutica, and Stephanodiscus niagarae were mostly related to pollution indicator variables such as ammonium nitrogen (NH4(+)-N), sodium (Na+), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic matter (TOM).

In the present study, the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes was used to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of water samples collected from four different sites along the Nilufer Stream which empties into the Marmara Sea on the north-west of Turkey. Nilufer Stream receives discharges of industrial and domestic wastes resulting from industrialization and urbanization activities in Bursa city. Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to collected water samples under laboratory conditions for 3 and 6 days. Micronuclei analyses were carried out in peripheral blood erythrocytes. In addition to micronuclei, other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as bi-nucleated cells and binuclei with nucleoplasmic bridge and cells with blebbed, notched and lobbed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes. Chemical analyses were also carried out in the water samples to assess the presence of major pollutants. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated in fishes exposed to water from polluted areas compared to those exposed to clean water sample. The results of this study indicate that Nilufer Stream is contaminated with potential genotoxic chemicals and the genotoxicity is possibly related with the industrial, agricultural and domestic activities.

This study was conducted from 2002 through 2007 with no studies in 2004, to evaluate 8 metal contaminants (As(total), Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) of the Nilufer Stream, where intensive industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities take place. The results were then compared with national and international water quality guidelines. The effect of the wastewater treatment facilities that were established during the measurement period on water quality was also taken into account. It was determined that the Nilufer Stream water quality along the basin has declined rapidly year to year. Intensive wastewater discharge causes a waste dominating flow in the stream and has caused the water quality to steadily decline over time. The total chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) levels in the basin outlet of the Nilufer Stream water were evaluated as "high polluted water" according to the national standards in the classification of the quality of the surface water. The mean metal concentrations in the Nilufer stream water are generally higher than the international guidelines. As a result, metal contaminant pollution of the Nilufer Stream was found to be connected to human activities in its catchments. Belediyeler - Bursa Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi

In this study, nine metals (Al, Cd, Cr. Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) found in urban wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) in Bursa (Turkey) were monitored for 23 months in 2002 and 2007. Metal influent and effluent concentrations of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and the activated sludge process (ASP) measured via 24-h composite samples were used to determine removal efficiencies. Average influent concentrations ranged between 2 mu g/L (Cd) and 1975 mu g/L (Fe). In the stabilization ponds, the removal efficiency was 58% for Cr, while for Cd. Mn, and Pb, it was less than 20%. The activated sludge process yielded high removal efficiencies, ranging from 47% for Ni to 95% for Cr. The use of treated wastewaters for agricultural purposes was investigated, and it was determined that all metal concentrations met application limits, with the exception of Cr in wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Results showed that wastewater stabilization pond effluent reduced the receiving water quality with respect to Cr, Cu, Ni. and Pb. In addition, it was shown that effluent from the activated sludge process temporarily improved the receiving water quality with regard to the Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn parameters. However, considering the periodic variations of the metals in both processes, water quality, and agricultural practices, it was determined that they should be monitored continuously. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. BUSKİ

In this study, heavy metal content (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) was determined in sediments and different organs of Rumex obtusifolius L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Polygonaceae), Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) and Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) species. These species grow ubiquitously and vigorously on the periodic flooding areas of Nilufer stream which have been polluted by different local industrial activities. Below and above-ground parts of plant samples and their sediments were analyzed by ICP-MS for their elemental contents. In general, the variations in the heavy metal content in sediments are reflected in heavy metal status of plant organs. However, this variation depends on plant species and heavy metals. R. obtusifolius, U. dioica and X. strumarium species have elevated levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn whereas Mn was observed only in P. lapathifolium. The contribution of different organs to the accumulation capacity of the total phytomass is specific to species.

Bursa Büyükşehir sınırlan içinde kalan derelerde ağır metal kirliliğinin bitkilerle izlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi üzerinde araştırmalar ÖZET Bursa ülkemizin önemli sanayi ve tarım kentlerinden birisidir. Sanayinin hızlı ve kontrolsüz gelişimi beraberinde çevre kirliliğini özellikle yüzeysel suların sanayi atıklarıyla kirlenmesini ve beraberinde de ağır metal kirliliğini getirmiştir. Bursa' nın en önemli yüzeysel su kaynaklarından birisi olan ve kentin içinden geçen Nilüfer çayı da kirlenmeye maruz kalmıştır. Çalışmamızda, sanayi atıklarının verilmediği noktadan (Buski) bir ve atık etkisindeki bölgenin üç farklı (Cilimboz sonrası, Buttim, Büyük Balıklı) yerinden örneklik alanlar seçildi. Nilüfer çayında meydana gelen kirlenmenin ekolojik sistemdeki etkilerini gözlemlemek için çay kenarında yayılış gösteren Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp subalpinus (Schur.) Celak ve Polygonum lapathifoliwn L. bireyleri ve bulundukları alandan toprak (0-15 cm) örnekleri toplandı. Toprak örneklerinde bitkilerce alınabilir element içerikleri amonyum asetat (pH:7.33) tamponunda tayin edildi. Bitki örnekleri toprakaltı (kök ve gövde), topraküstü gövde ve yaprak kısımlarına ayrıldı. Bitki materyalleri 6 ml HNO3 ve 4 ml HC1 karışımında mikrodalga fırınında ergitildi. Toprak ve bitkide element düzeyleri (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn) Tubitak BUTAL'da ICP-MS Agilent® 7500 Series cihazında analiz edildi. Araştırılan türlerden Rumex obtusifolius Fe, Ni ve Cr elementlerini yüksek deriştirme kapasitesine ve Zn ve Cu için deredeki kirlilik düzeyini yansıtıcı özelliğe sahip olduğu; Polygonum lapathifolium türünün ise araştırılan tüm elementler için deriştirme özelliğine sahip olduğu belirlenirken yansıtıcılık özelliği sadece Zn için saptandı. Ayrıca, Polygonum lapathifolium türünde Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu köklerde, Mn ve Zn yapraklarda daha yüksek düzeyde biriktirildiği saptandı. Bu çalışmada, araştırılan metallerin birikim düzeylerinin türe göre değiştiği ve bitki içerisindeki dağılımın metale özgü bir model oluşturduğu saptandı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Polygonum lapathifolium L., Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp subalpinus (Schur.) Celak, kirlenme, ağır metal, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Fe, ICP-MS, Nilüfer çayı, Bursa. Investigations on the Biomonitoring and Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Pollution by the Plants in the Streams of Bursa Municipality Abstract Bursa is one of the most important industrial and agricultural cities of Turkey. The fast and uncontrolled development in the industry increased the environmental pollution. Especially ground waters have been polluted with industrial wastes and heavy metals. Nilüfer stream, which is the most important water source of Bursa city and runs through its, has been polluted. In our research, one sample site from the point which is not given industrial wastes (Buski) and three sample sites (Cilimboz, Buttim, Büyük Balıklı) from contaminated areas were chosen. The plant samples of Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp subalpirms (Schur.) Celak and Polygonum lapathifolitan is spread around the Nilüfer stream and their soils (0-15 cm) were taken for the determining of the ecological effects of wastes. Available element contents of soils were analyzed in ammonium acetate (pH: 7.33). The plant samples were divided into belowground parts (roots and stems), aboveground stems and leaves. Plant materials were digested with 6 ml HNO3 and 4 ml HC1 solution in microwave oven. All soil and plant material solutions were analyzed by ICP-MS Agilent® 7500 Series for Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Zn in Tübitak BUTAL. It was determined that Rumex obtusifolius have potential to concentrate the Fe, Ni, Cr and it reflects the Zn and Cu pollution in the stream. Also it was determined that Polygonum lapathifolium have potential to concentrate all examined elements and it reflects only the Zn pollution in the river. In addition it was found that Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu were accumulated in roots whereas Mn and Zn were accumulated in leaves of Polygonum lapathifolium. In this study, it was concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals was varied depending on the species and the model of metal distribution was specific to species. Keywords; Polygonum lapathifolium, Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp subalpinus (Schur.) Celak, pollution, heavy metal, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, ICP-MS, Nilüfer stream, Bursa 58