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Abstract: This paper collects the experimental results obtained in the Thermal Fluid Dynamics Lab at the Department of Energy and Engineering Systems at the University of Pisa, concerning the influence of ultrasounds in single phase free convection and in pool saturated boiling, at atmospheric pressure. The authors have just reported in previous papers their results about the enhancement induced by the presence of ultrasonic waves in subcooled boiling conditions. The ultrasounds are applied at the set frequency of 40kHz, with a transducer output changing from 300 to 500W, on a circular horizontal cylinder heated by Joule effect, immersed in distilled water. The tests in single phase free convection, without ultrasonic waves, are validated by means of the classical correlations reported in literature. Moreover, the authors managed to correlate the data also in presence of ultrasounds. The enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient is lower than the one obtained in subcooled boiling and with regards to the saturated pool boiling conditions, as far as for subcooling degrees very close to the saturation, the ultrasounds cause a decrease of the heat transfer. At the same time, the ultrasounds induce the critical heat flux (CHF) at higher heat flux compared with the case without ultrasounds. Also in saturated pool boiling, without ultrasonic waves, the experimental value of the CHF is compared with the one obtained by equations reported in the literature. This paper, joined to the others published by the authors, makes clear systematically the effects of ultrasounds on the heat transfer and shows as they could be very useful in the last generation electronic components cooling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This work represents an experimental basic research aimed to investigate the influence on the heat transfer rate of the ultrasounds, in free convection and in presence of liquid. In fact the ultrasonic waves induce, thanks to vibrations, turbulence on the dynamic field, and so an increase of the convection coefficient. The heater is a circular cylinder, immersed in distilled water, and warmed up by Joule effect. This study has carried on for 1year at Energetics Department “L. Poggi”. The effect was observed since 1960s: different authors had studied the cooling effect due to the ultrasonic waves at different heat transfer regimes, especially from a thin platinum wire to water. We have chosen to investigate the subcooled boiling regime, because this one is the best condition for the heat transfer enhancement, according to the scientific literature. We have carried out a wide experimental study, varying the different water subcooling degrees, the ultrasonic generator power, the ultrasound frequency and the placement of the heater inside the ultrasonic tank, in function of the range of the values of heat flux per unit surface needed dissipating. These values were supplied us by a possible practical application of the ultrasonic streaming: the cooling of 3D highly integrated electronic components. These packaging systems should have to provide all future devices, such as electronics, actuators, sensors and antenna. In fact, for these systems the thermal problem is a critical challenge, because they do not have to overtake critical temperature, after that they could damage irreversibly. Moreover, the traditional cooling systems used in electronic do not seem to be useful for them. On the contrary, the results obtained with ultrasounds, allow heat transfer coefficient enhancement of about 50% to be reached. The purpose is to find out the set of optimal conditions, in order to apply successively all the results to a real packaging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper aims to determine the heat transfer enhancement in natural convection between a downward-facing inclined wall, heated by Joule effect, and air in the presence of small air pulsating expired jets, in conditions of medium temperature difference between wall and air, namely 40K. Experimental measurements have been taken both with and without pulsating expired jets. The wall is kept in condition of uniform temperature. The expired jets blow out perpendicularly from the wall surface. An infrared thermo-camera was used to check the wall temperature uniformity. Hot-wire anemometer and visualization with smoke were used to find information on the air velocity field. The wall inclination angle which maximizes the convective heat exchange near the leading edge has been investigated too. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper are reported the results of an experimental investigation about the heat transfer enhancement from vertical and downward inclined wall to air, in natural convection, by means of expired jets. The air was maintained at room temperature and the wall is heated by Joule effect. The temperature difference between the wall and the air was prefixed at 25K and the wall placement had been varied from the vertical to different downward inclined positions (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°). The experimental results had shown an increase in the heat transfer coefficient, at the different wall inclinations, due to the jets; actually they had induced turbulence in the dynamic field, by interrupting the laminar flow. Our aim was to optimize the variables involved in the phenomenon, in order to find out the highest enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient values, caused by the jets. The variables were the number of active horizontal lines of jets, their activity and the inactivity time and their velocity. We had also investigated the conditions without jets and we found out that the heat transfer coefficient trend versus the downward inclination angles, could not be described by correlations present in literature. In fact, in the investigated range of the downward wall inclinations, the heat transfer coefficient did not may be simply correlated with the cosine of the angle, but it increased up to a maximum value, reached at 15°, and then decreased. The visualization by smoke had confirmed these results: the boundary layer thickness had followed this trend. In correspondence to the wall inclination equal to 15°, it reached its minimum value. Finally, to the purpose to link the experimental data, we had proposed a numerical correlation. The values calculated thanks to this one reported differences much lower than the computed experimental error. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]