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The number of homeless people (HP) has been increasing in recent years. Government actions have been implemented to improve the living conditions for this population, especially those focused on health care. This study has as research question: What are the healthcare strategies of services and programs being offered to the homeless population in Brazil? Its objective is to analyze the health care strategies adopted by services and programs offered to the homeless population in Brazil. To achieve this purpose, a search was conducted in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases, resulting in 21 articles. The analysis revealed the scope and challenges of the health care networks, indicating drug use as the main reason for seeking the services, with the Street Clinics (CnaR, Consultório na Rua) being an important service capable of promoting the creation of links between the HP and other sectors. of health. The importance of networking and the complexity of population health care were recurring topics in the discussions, as they deal with actions aimed at vulnerable and stigmatized people, showing needs and singularities in the way of living in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychotherapie im Alter is the property of Psychosozial-Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Physical stressors like noise can have a significant impact on both the environment and the health of people who are exposed to it. In particular, the excessive noise produced by road traffic is a highly topical issue. The study aimed to investigate the traffic noise values on a busy road in the town of Turzovka. In addition to comparing the measured results with the limit values, we conducted a questionnaire survey with fifty residents. The questionnaire surveyed the attitudes of fifty town residents towards traffic noise concerning their quality of life and health. Subsequently, we compared the questionnaire survey results with the measured noise values at a measured site on a busy road in Turzovka. The respondents' answers from the questionnaire survey confirmed that 68% of the respondents felt the impact of noise exposure on their health, which corresponded with the results of the accurate measurements. According to the measurements, the critical time zones were from 5:00 to 6:00 and from 16:00 to 17:00. The final part of the thesis consists of the proposed measures, whose implementation can decrease the potential high noise exposure and thus reduce the health risks associated with the noise issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal welfare assessments have recently been suggested to be useful for free‐ranging animals. Nevertheless, few standardized welfare assessment frameworks have been built for wildlife, including cetaceans.Coastal cetaceans like Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis, IPHDs) that form resident populations impacted by a wide range of human activities are subject to reliable photo‐identification efforts and thus represent perfect candidates for welfare monitoring.Parameters that may inform us on some aspects of the welfare of free‐ranging IPHDs were selected through literature review. A panel survey including three consecutive rounds was then conducted to collect the opinion of selected experts on these parameters.The survey allowed the validation of a list containing 31 parameters that provide information on the welfare of IPHDs. The opinion of experts also allowed to set the modalities of the data collection required to measure/observe these parameters.After establishing a consistent scoring method and testing it on existing data, this standardized framework will allow for obtaining a wide picture of the living conditions of IPHDs. Variations across time periods, among dolphin populations and locations, or following major environmental changes (e.g., conservation measures or human disturbances) could then be analysed.Added to traditional conservation approaches, standardized welfare monitoring will greatly participate in the conservation of these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2019, a migrant camp on the Greek island of Samos designed for 650 people was home to a growing population of over 5500. We aimed to quantitatively describe living conditions and health needs in the camp. Methods: A questionnaire was designed with reference to international humanitarian standards, following a consultative process with the asylum-seeker population. Domains assessed included demographics, living conditions, safety/vulnerability, and health. The questionnaire was piloted and then conducted in June 2019 on a sample of asylum seekers. Results: Five hundred participants, predominantly from Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Of these, 79.4% lived in tents. Respondents cared for a total of 570 children; 20.6% of women were pregnant, 35.4% had experienced violence, 83% psychological distress, 71% skin disease, 66% diarrhoea and vomiting, and 64% respiratory disease. Accommodation, sanitation, and nutrition fell below internationally recognised standards, and poor access to water was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with respiratory disease, diarrhoea and vomiting, skin disease ,and psychological distress. Conclusions: Living conditions in the Samos camp fall below basic humanitarian standards and are associated with poor health status. Further research is imperative to analyse and monitor the diverse, varying needs of asylum-seekers and inform policies to improve conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People experiencing homeless have greater vulnerabilities in relation to climate change that require a range of policy and systems approaches. There are two interrelated areas that policymakers can consider in relation to climate change and homelessness: migration and exposure. This synthesis of the available data and expert opinion provides practical information to policymakers, with specific strategies alongside case examples. The data captured here is through systematic reviews, and expert opinion is generated through input from a year-long series of five virtual think tanks. Throughout this synthesis paper, an emphasis is placed on explicitly addressing homeless populations in the policies and plans designed to address climate change-related impacts. Prevention-oriented plans are shown to be more effective in terms of outcomes and cost-effectiveness compared to the more commonly deployed crisis response models. Another key issue considered is the availability of relevant data with which to target policy responses and evaluate outcomes. Data-driven responses tend to be more successful, though relevant data are, to date, lacking for homeless and other marginalized populations. Moreover, effective policy design in this area needs to be intersectional and inclusive, tailored to the needs of local communities and developed in consultation with lived experience stakeholders, including service providers. Policies that ignore local input tend to fail. Prevention-oriented, culturally-situated, and trauma-informed systems and services hold the greatest promise in responding to the severe health risks and inequities that homeless populations face in the climate crisis. Key policy insights Prevention-oriented measures are key, with most focussing on the availability of affordable housing and upgrading housing and living conditions of vulnerable populations. There is a need to include lived experience and input from local communities, especially when designing measures that will impact livelihoods, such as planned migration. Disaster, crisis response, and aftercare plans need to outline explicit measures for homeless populations. There is a need for cross-sectoral alignment of policy and intervention responses. Successful approaches tend to be culturally-situated and trauma-informed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is a cisnormative country in which discussions and actions for the welfare and health of trans women have gained relevance in recent years. In this way, this article presents the challenges of trans women associated with their living conditions based on a bibliographic review in Colombia of the literature published in the last five years. The findings reveal the scarcity of studies on trans women, as well as the qualities and daily processes of social reproduction that interfere in the enjoyment and protection of their rights associated with situations of stigma, discrimination, and violence they face because of their non-hegemonic gender identity. This has a negative impact on their living conditions, health, and well-being, and perpetuates the inequities and injustices they have to face and have faced structurally and historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional illiteracy is defined as a person who has basic knowledge such as reading, writing, and performing mathematical operations, but cannot perform more advanced tasks such as logical reasoning or critical thinking. The objective of this article is to diagnose functional illiteracy and how it affects the living conditions of parents in the Cerezal-Bellavista commune. For this study, the descriptive research methodology was used, the affectation was diagnosed in different areas such as: health, sociability and education using the quantitative and qualitative approach, complemented with different bibliographic sources. We worked with 170 fathers and mothers of the commune, applying the data collection technique through surveys and interviews in order to obtain true and truthful information. The results showed that the majority of the population of parents with 55.5% have functional illiteracy affecting their living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Mesa Verde cliff dwellings were occupied during the thirteenth century in the final decades before the Four Corners region was depopulated. Deposits in such cliff dwellings offer unique opportunities to research motivations for migration and to understand living conditions in these unusual locations. In compliance with NAGPRA, bioarchaeological data were collected from Wetherill Mesa burials in 1995; this study is the first systematic analysis of these data. Skeletal health indicators demonstrate increased physiological stress for residents of Pueblo III cliff dwellings. Worsening health related to resource availability and distribution, aggregation, and unsanitary living conditions might have influenced migration from the region. Skeletal fracture data indicate decreased trauma during the Pueblo III, contrasted with the possibility of culturally mediated violence or violent attack at Long House. This pattern of violence was likely a response to insecurity during the late thirteenth century and ultimately might have provided another motivation for migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to describe the study design, data collection procedure and participation of the population-based study “Sámi Health on Equal Terms” (SámiHET) conducted among the Sámi in Sweden in 2021. A Sámi sample was constructed, drawing from three pre-existingregisters: the Sámi electoral roll, the reindeer mark register and the “Labour statistics based on administrative sources” register to identify reindeer herding businesses. All identified persons aged 18–84 were invited to participate during February–May 2021. Among the 9,249 invitations, 3,779 answered the survey (participation rate of 40.9%). More women than men participated, and the age group 45–64 was the most common in both sexes. Around 10% of participants were in the youngest group. A majority of participants were residents of Norrbotten (48%), while almost one fourth were living outside Sápmi (22%). SámiHET has been demonstrated to be a feasible and cost-effective way of investigating health and living conditions among the Sámi in Sweden, providing information easy to compare with Swedish data. The knowledge to be produced may be used to inform policy to guide and improve Sámi health, thus contributing to realising the equal health rights of the Indigenous Sámi in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the transformation in housing typology from low-rise to apartment buildings in the formal neighborhood of Kabul city. These formal neighborhoods were developed according to plans from 1978. The majority of these neighborhoods were designed with detached houses that had courtyards. Literature reviews, field visits, opinions of residents, and a planning organization provided data for this study. In this study, the transformation of housing in planned neighborhoods is analyzed in relation to their social and environmental impacts. Researchers determined how varying housing typologies affected residents' health and quality of life in these planned neighborhoods. Initially, we assessed the physical characteristics of the study area and evaluated how much transformation volume is present in the study area. Second, we examined residents' views of residential development and its impacts, as well as their daily lives. In order to identify the relationship between these two aspects, the study examined the characteristics of the area (variables) from the perspectives of privacy, natural light, shading, sound pollution, air pollution, and energy use. We used several criteria to evaluate the accuracy of the physical characteristics and the respondents' opinions. Lastly, we provided some recommendations and solutions to improve the current situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico has a sizeable indigenous population, most of whom, although not a homogeneous group, are part of the poorest, most discriminated against, disadvantaged strata of society whose living conditions are below the national and regional average. The authors of this article use information from the Viral Respiratory Diseases Epidemiological Surveillance System to analyze the sociodemographic and health factors associated with the Covid-19-related deaths, looking particularly at this sector of the population. Using a logistical regression model, they identify the factors associated with structural inequalities found among the most significant predictors of death from Covid-19 in the country, showing up the vulnerability of those sectors of the population especially marginalized in the face of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a reflection of the study carried out by the authors, regarding the hygiene and health situation in some primary schools in Cabinda. The study aims to reflect how important it is for schools to have good living conditions, which allow human development in educational establishments to ensure stable health among students, teachers and other employees of those schools. The school is the center where everyone hopes for a change in society. The research had a mixed design (qualitative and quantitative), based on the case study in some schools and two instruments such as observation that made it possible to ascertain the state of the schools and the questionnaire that facilitated the data collection. It is important to emphasize that the proposed strategy has the authors' initiative and is supported by Vygotsky's ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fairy tales are fascinating fantasies, but they also gave people a better understanding of serious issues such as illness, injury, and even death. The results of the analysis of a large corpus of a total of 1512 published fairy tales, legends, and other documentary prose about Pohorje, most of which date back to the 19th and the first half of 20th centuries, and whose origins were in a time when diseases were ubiquitous and poorly understood, show that the theme of health and disease rarely appear in these sources, however, when they do mention it, they refer specifically to the living conditions of people in the Pohorje Mountains, epidemics, social diseases, mental illnesses, congenital deformities, and ideas about the relationship between disease, the human body, and supernatural forces. One of the reasons for such explanations is the widespread absence of doctors in this hilly area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does one comprehend and adjust to a diagnosis of a rare life limiting illness? This article will discuss how art was used to respond to a diagnosis of Amyloidosis. The discussion will be set within the context of artists Jo Spence, Robert Pope, Elizabeth Jameson, Deborah Padfield, and Eugenie Lee who made work in response to cancer, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and endometriosis diagnoses. The article will discuss how and what art can communicate about the experience of serious illness and will examine how Murray and Gray (2008) view the psychology of health and Carel's (2018) considerations of phenomenology can be used to interpret the experience of ill health for the individual. The article will also consider how, if artwork is made as part of a healing or therapeutic process, it can also communicate something of the experience to others including clinicians, other patients, carers, and the wider public. Set within current debate on the role of the arts in health and well-being, the article considers how art can interpret and communicate the medical and personal reality of complex medical conditions and the experience of living with those conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teorija in Praksa is the property of Teorija in Praksa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Studies on the public health consequences of COVID-19 pandemic showing data based on robust methods are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate mental and physical health as well as living conditions and lifestyle habits in the general population before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in Sweden.Methods: The study is based on 2273 persons 16-84 years who responded to the national public health survey in February-May 2020 in Värmland county (overall response rate 45%). The differences between early respondents (before the outbreak, n = 1711) and late respondents (after the outbreak, n = 562) were studied using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for background characteristics: age, gender, educational level, and country of birth. The same analyses were also completed in the corresponding survey carried out in February-June 2018.Results: Statistically significant differences between the groups were obtained for economic difficulties and worry about losing one's job, which were more common among late respondents, and for sleeping difficulties, which were more common among early respondents after adjusting for background characteristics. There were no differences in other living conditions nor in lifestyle factors. Prevalence of good self-rated health, high blood pressure, aches in shoulders or neck, anxiety or worry and stress did not differ between the groups. In 2018, the only statistically significant difference between early and late respondents concerned economic difficulties.Conclusions: Very few differences in living conditions, lifestyle factors and health were observed in the study population before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. The results suggest that, in addition to a possible decrease in sleeping difficulties, the prevalence of being worried about losing one's job increased among the employed after the outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the latest empirical assessments of health and the feeling of happiness, gathered under the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP, 2021), the article offers a sociological reconstruction of the correlation between health and happiness. A particular feature here is that the empirical data was gathered amidst the COVID-19 pandemic – unprecedented in its nature and duration. The study demonstrates a direct ratio between the individual’s health condition and his/her feeling of happiness. Health is influenced by the age factor: as age advances, basic health indicators tend to deteriorate. The feeling of happiness is influenced primarily by a person’s age, type of employment, position in the system of relations of production, and material status. A sociological reading of the empirical data urges the observation that, living under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant share of adult Bulgarians are more inclined to define themselves as healthy and happy than under normal conditions, where people tend to share more moderate assessments in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on survey data of the income distribution and living conditions of urban and rural residents collected by the China Economic Monitoring and Analysis Center in 2014, we investigated the mechanisms related to informal credit constraints on farmer health and then empirically analyzed the impacts of such constraints. Results showed that, in general, informal credit constraints significantly negatively impact farmer health. Compared with farmers whose credit was not informally constrained, the probability of farmers who faced informal credit constraints describing their self-rated health as "very good" fell by 6.64%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 28.87%. Correspondingly, the probability of describing self-rated health as "very bad" increased by 0.45%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 0.81%. The robustness test showed that our conclusions are strongly robust. Informal credit constraints significantly positively impacted the number of days of illness in 2013 in the sample of farmers, which means farmers who suffered from informal credit constraints required more sick days than those who did not experience informal credit constraints in 2013. As far as we know, this is the first study on the impact of informal credit constraints on Chinese farmer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study attempts to analysis health status and living conditions in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. A community based and cross-sectional study has conducted. The observational and in-depth interview was used to collect data. The 50 respondents were selected from the study. Findings revealed that the respondents were feeling anxious, sleep-related problems, substance use, chronic joint pain, loss of appetite, stomach pain, difficulty in breathing, weakness and chronic headache. Based on living conditions, most of the respondents are highly dissatisfied with their occupational, social, and community life, and most respondents are dissatisfied with their economic and housing conditions. Only the majority of the respondents were highly satisfied with their family life. The tribal ministry should give more emphasis on tribal health than their socio-economic development. Without addressing their health needs, their socio-economic development would be a mirage. As the saying goes, "health is wealth", and tribal health is their wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Periegetica is the property of WSB University in Poznan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Health, participation, and security are the basic pillars of active ageing suggested by the WHO. The concept is used by professionals but requires exploration from the perspectives of older people themselves. This study aims to explore how older adults experience and describe health, participation, and security.Methods: A qualitative research approach was used based on open-ended interviews with 20 older Thai adults aged 60-92 years. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results: The results showed perspectives related to experiences of daily life and local culture. Health while ageing, was described as the absence of barriers to continued daily living, combined with a peaceful and adaptive mindset. Participation was described as maintaining social networks and being a formal volunteer, with an emphasis on the "making of merits", of meaningful activities and being respected. Security was described as manageable living conditions and managing to finalize life well by balancing dependency and independency in relation to children to sustain the traditional value of gratitude between generations.Conclusions: These understandings will support healthy policy planning by providing resources and activities that relate to older Thai adults' perspectives of health, participation and security and ultimately contribute to a better quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e-Journal of Science & Technology is the property of e-Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this review is to analyze available literature data describing the features of the human body functional systems response in sports activities in the northern region based on the example of KMAOYugra (Russia). According to the results of the literature sources discovered, we described changes in anthropometric data, shifts in the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and immune systems, as well as in hematopoiesis, psyche, and metabolism characteristic of sports activities in the northern regions. Therefore, there are vulnerable groups put at a higher risk of disrupting the processes of adaptation to physical exercises in the northern region conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos is the property of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the relative income hypothesis, the health status of a population is determined by its horizontal social and financial conditions, both mutually interrelated factors. As a former republic of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan is a particularly interesting case in which to explore the impact of health-related inequalities due to economic, sociodemographic, and institutional changes experienced as the country transitioned to independent status. The goal of this article is to examine the degree to which commonly-used socioeconomic determinants (education, income, living conditions, marital status, occupation) are associated with health inequalities in Kazakhstan. We found significant differences in the health status characteristics among the population. Poor health was found to be significantly associated with living conditions and income level. This article will assist policy makers in developing and improving existing social and health policies to address the apparent lack of health-related equity in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws from experiences working with youth in Southern California, many of whom are increasingly under mental, emotional and financial duress. We write this paper to reflect on the capacity to be both radical and caring scholars within academia. We suggest that by combining the complimentary and parallel aims of radical geography's concern for social justice and care ethics' concern for relationality and emotions, we can gain important insights into what it might mean to be caring and radical academics. We propose three tenets for what we term a 'Radical Care Ethics' in geography: 1) Research and teaching that is committed to understanding and improving the material conditions of those living on the margins; 2) Scholarship and teaching that extends outside of academic circles to engage meaningfully with the lives of those on the margins; and 3) Attention towards the emotions of others and ourselves in ways that further a commitment to care. We argue that a radical care ethics can serve as an intellectual compass that can begin to address the precarity of those surviving on the margins, particularly young people. A radical care ethics has potential to not only pave the way for more socially responsive scholarship, but to also transform our universities into more caring and socially-just institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die KiGGS-Studie des Robert Koch-Instituts liefert umfangreiche Befragungs- und Untersuchungsdaten zum Gesundheitszustand, zum Gesundheitsverhalten, zu psychosozialen Schutz- und Risikofaktoren, zur Gesundheitsversorgung und zu den Lebensbedingungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Während die wiederholt erhobenen Querschnittdaten neben aktuellen Informationen zur gesundheitlichen Lage von Kindern und Jugendlichen auch Trendaussagen über die Zeit ermöglichen, können mit den individuell verknüpfbaren Daten der KiGGS-Kohorte gesundheitliche Entwicklungen im Lebensverlauf dargestellt und deren Einflussfaktoren analysiert werden. The KiGGS study, conducted by the Robert Koch Institute, provides comprehensive interview and examination data on the health status, health behaviour, psychosocial protective and risk factors, health care and living conditions of children and adolescents in Germany. While the repeatedly collected cross-sectional data allow not only current information on the health situation of children and adolescents but also trends over time, the individually linkable data of the KiGGS cohort can be used to identify health developments over the life course and to analyse relevant determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education, medical services, and living conditions can influence individual health and health literacy. We used the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey data to analyze the impact of education, medical services, and living conditions on individual health by extending the Grossman model. As a result, using the instrumental variable (read, write, and draw) two-stage least square method, we found that education, medical services, and living conditions have a positive impact on individual health, both physical health and psychological health. Among them, medical services have the largest influence, followed by living conditions and education. In addition, the results are robust. However, individual characteristics, family income, and working status also affect individual health. Moreover, we observed heterogeneity in age, sex, and residence in the impact of education, medical services, and living conditions on individual health. In particular, the health of the rural elderly and elderly women is more sensitive to education, the medical services of middle-aged women and young men have a greater impact on their health, and the living conditions of the rural elderly and youth have a greater impact on their health. All the findings are helpful for optimizing the path of the Healthy China program.

Deprived housing is recognized as a source of poor health, but there is still little evidence of a causal relationship between housing and health. While existing literature identifies neighborhood effects and the individual dwelling as factors which affect health, it does not offer a joint examination of these factors. Moreover, endogeneity is a concern in analyses of both problems. Thus far, studies addressing endogeneity have done so through experimental design or instrumental variables. The first approach suffers from problems of external validity and the latter from the lack of reliable instruments. We therefore adopt an alternative strategy which considers both sources of endogeneity in order to identify the effects of housing on health by estimating fixed‐effect models. We reveal how housing problems affect health depending on living conditions and socioeconomic status. Our results therefore indicate that living in poor housing is an important short‐term socioeconomic determinant that directly affects health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica is the property of Revista Argentina de Antropologia Biologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background To determine the socio-economic risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the Saharia tribal community in Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Methods PTB cases detected during the year 2013–14 through a community active TB prevalence survey in the Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh were included in the study. For each case, three controls were selected randomly among the non-cases from the same village and the data on socio-economic risk factors were collected. Using logistic regression analysis, the risk factors for PTB disease were identified. Results A total of 220 cases and 660 controls participated in the study. Of the 13 risk factors studied, on multivariate analysis the risk of PTB was found to be significantly associated with malnutrition (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.02 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.46 to 2.79]), living in a kaccha (built of naturally occurring materials) house (AOR 2.72 [95% CI 1.44 to 5.11]) and tobacco smoking (mostly beedis; AOR 1.59 [95% CI 1.12 to 2.18]). Conclusions The findings highlight that malnutrition, poor living conditions in a Kaccha house (built of naturally occurring materials) and tobacco smoking are the major risk factors for PTB among Saharias, which need to be studied among other tribal populations in the country. There is a need to strengthen health and nutrition programmes in this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: To explore the age pattern of the relationship between self-perceived health and mortality at ages beyond youth (35-79) for men and women in six European countries with different with different patterns of morbidity: Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Hungary. Methods and data sources: Descriptive analysis of the patterns of both the prevalence of poor self-perceived health and the difference between the logarithmic transformations of the mortality probabilities and the prevalence of poor health in 2005 and 2009. The data about self-perceived health come from the European Union statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC), whereas mortality data come from Human Mortality Database (HMD). Results: Both indicators show a growing pattern by age though the relative value of this increase is not equal in mortality and poor self-perceived health. Poor self-perceived health prevalence rises by age with a lower intensity than mortality for both sexes in all the analysed countries. This change by age in the relationship between both health outcomes shows similar values for women and men, with the exception of Poland and Hungary. Conclusions: The change in the relationship by age between self-perceived health and mortality would be explained by the process of standardization of individual's morbidity. Different age changes between sexes seem to be related with higher levels of gender inequalities in countries where this difference is observed, though this must be confirmed in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the impact of the quality of life, health and living conditions indicators on the happiness of European Union countries' citizens based on the estimation of the models in which the happiness indicator will be a dependent variable. The used largescale dataset was drawn from the Eurostat for the 27 Member States of the European Union in 2018. It includes information on the quality of life, health, living conditions, and happiness. The implementation of the objective required the use of multiple linear regression methods. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient was also used to study the relationship between quantitative variables -- the happiness indicator and analysed independent variables. The research indicates a strong connection between happiness, quality of life, health and living conditions. Specifically, the study found a correlation with key indicators such as GDP, life expectancy, and the possibility of working from home. The regression analysis revealed that health and quality of life indicators do not significantly impact happiness, leading to the rejection of the initial hypotheses. Therefore, it can be concluded that factors related to the quality of life or health determinants alone are insufficient in determining happiness. At an academic level, the conducted research allowed us to determine the relationship between happiness and important variables characterising the quality of life. Finally, the estimated parameters of the linear regression models showed positive effects of quality of life, health and living conditions on the happiness of individuals in the European Union countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In a situation where national censuses do not record information on ethnicity, studies of the indigenous Sámi people's health and living conditions tend to use varying Sámi inclusion criteria and categorizations. Consequently, the basis on which Sámi study participants are included and categorized when Sámi health and living conditions are explored and compared differs. This may influence the results and conclusions drawn. Objective. To explore some numerical consequences of applying principles derived from Norway's Sámi Act as a foundation for formalized inclusion criteria in population-based Sámi studies in Norway. Design. We established 1 geographically based (G1) and 3 individual-based Sámi example populations (I1–I3) by applying diverse Sámi inclusion criteria to data from 17 rural municipalities in Norway north of the Arctic Circle. The data were collected for a population-based study of health and living conditions in 2003–2004 (the SAMINOR study). Our sample consisted of 14,797 participants aged 36–79 years. Results. The size of the individual-based populations varied significantly. I1 (linguistic connection Sámi) made up 35.5% of the sample, I2 (self-identified Sámi) made up 21.0% and I3 (active language Sámi) 17.7%. They were also noticeably unevenly distributed between the 5 Sámi regions defined for this study. The differences for the other characteristics studied were more ambiguous. For the population G1 (residents in the Sámi language area) the only significant difference found between the Sámi and the corresponding non-Sámi population was for household income (OR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.63–0.74). For the populations I1–I3 there were significant differences on all measures except for I2 and education (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.99–1.21). Conclusions. The choice of Sámi inclusion criterion had a clear impact on the size and geographical distribution of the defined populations but lesser influence on the selected characteristics for the Sámi populations relative to the respective non-Sámi ones.

This paper proposes a comprehensive new measure of societal quality of life (QOL) at the national level. Focusing on livability, the environmental, external factors that constitute a society's QOL this measure derives from a novel and multifaceted analysis of subjective wellbeing data. In determining what people actually value, the measure allows for a comprehensive cross-country comparison of QOL that complements normative objective-list or capabilities approaches. The analysis supports the five broad categories of Community and Relationships, Freedom and Opportunity, Health and Environment, Living Standard, and Peace and Security as antecedents to QOL. Current measures overlook or deemphasize aspects of these elements. This paper explains the methodology used to construct the index and, provides complete country rankings of QOL for 143 countries since 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work migrants fall into the category of vulnerable groups in the host society, a fact that is stipulated by a wide range of risk factors, on the one side, and obstacles in obtaining medical and social assistance, on the other. Thus, the danger of spreading public health hazards within migrant groups in host societies is growing, which may, according to certain experts, pose a problem to the society as a whole. The goal of this research is to determine the tenability of concerns regarding the substantial threat of spreading public health hazards among Central Asian work migrants in Russia. 498 work migrants, citizens of Central Asian states, were polled in Moscow. The social and demographic makeup of the respondents largely coincides with that of similar groups examined by other authors, which allows us to consider our results on the health status and self-preserving behavior representative of this population group in major Russian cities. The results attest to the fact that the main health risks, aside from professional ones, lie with the work migrants' living conditions and the nature of their diet, which is characterized by a high intake of low-quality meat products, and a low intake of dairy products, fruits and vegetables. The nature of the diet is directly linked to provoking diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, the risk of which is increased by family anamnesis and the lack of information on risk prevention. While the frequency of sexual contacts is relatively high, only under 50% of the respondents use any means of protection. Over one third of the men and over one half of the women with more than one sexual partner practice unprotected sex, which may lead to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Meanwhile, work migrants intend to seek medical aid in case of an illness, particularly if they possess Mandatory Medical Insurance, and, regardless of the motives that prioritize a visit to a medical institution over other methods of "fighting the disease," these results are significant in improving the epidemiological situation in the regions that actively attract work migrants from Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to identify which of certain demographic and socio-economic groups in the oldest part of the population that have an increased probability of experiencing simultaneous disadvantages in different life domains - here termed coexisting disadvantages. To do so, we compared analyses of coexisting disadvantages, measured as two or more simultaneous disadvantages, with analyses of single disadvantages and specific combinations of disadvantages. Indicators of physical health problems, ADL limitations, psychological health problems, limited financial resources, and limited social resources were included. We used nationally representative data from 2011 on people aged 76 and older in Sweden ( n = 765). Results showed that coexisting disadvantages were associated with specific demographic and socio-economic groups, particularly certain marital status groups. Moreover, the differences between the demographic and socio-economic groups were only found for those who reported coexisting disadvantages, and not for those who reported only one disadvantage, which suggests that demographic and social factors become more important as disadvantages compound. Further, we analysed pairwise combinations of disadvantages. We found that different combinations of disadvantages tended to be associated with different groups, information useful from a social planning perspective since different combinations of disadvantages may imply different needs for help and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food insecurity is an aspect of living conditions that is particularly important for quality of life, health, and subjective well-being. The implementation of the 8-item Food Insecurity Experience Scale in 147 countries in the 2014 Gallup World Poll provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand the association of food insecurity with subjective well-being.Objective: We examined how food insecurity relates with measures of living conditions and how food insecurity and other living conditions relate with physical health and, in turn, subjective well-being.Methods: Data were collected from individuals aged ≥15 y by telephone in 38 countries and via face-to-face interviews in 111 others. The available sample was 132,618 (138 countries) and 122,137 (137 countries) for the daily experience and life evaluation indexes of subjective well-being, respectively. Daily experience was a continuous measure and life evaluation was categorized into thriving, struggling, and suffering. We estimated 6 linear or logistic regression models for each index controlling for country as a fixed effect.Results: Food insecurity was associated with the other 3 measures of living conditions: household income, shelter and housing, and employment. Food insecurity explained poor physical health and lower subjective well-being beyond other measures of living conditions. Instrumental and emotional support was associated with higher subjective well-being. The associations of food insecurity with subjective well-being were larger than with other explanatory variables. Food insecurity was associated with subjective well-being within each of the 4 World Bank income classes of countries, with a larger magnitude of differences for the higher-income classes.Conclusions: Food insecurity was strongly and negatively associated with subjective well-being in a large global sample of individuals aged ≥15 y. These results demonstrate the consistency of goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals, which has targeted 2030 to ensure food security for all people, year-round, with other goals to reduce food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our aim is to compare how residents from two social housing neighbourhoods of Porto City, one rehabilitated and one non-rehabilitated, perceived their living conditions, health and quality of life. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, selecting residents from two social housing neighbourhoods of Porto City, one rehabilitated and another one non-rehabilitated. The information was collected through quantitative (a structured questionnaire; n = 82) and qualitative face-to-face interviews administered by trained interviewers ( n = 16). Results: No significant differences were found between populations from both neighbourhoods regarding social, behavioural and health characteristics. The major differences among neighbourhoods were found on variables such as satisfaction with house, the need of rehabilitation work, and the absence of mould and dampness in the house ( p < 0.001) as well as pollution ( p < 0.05). Qualitative data showed that residents from the rehabilitated houses were pleased not to have been moved to another location and were very satisfied with the rehabilitation work, which in their perception contributed to the residents' wellbeing. Nominal and ordinal variables were described using proportions and compared using the chi-square test. Quantitative continuous variables were presented as a median (percentile 25 to percentile 75) and they were compared via the Mann-Whitney test. Conclusion: Public economic and financing resources should be redirected to social housing rehabilitation that, although in the short term does not have a direct impact on health savings for the occupants, is an important dimension of the residents' sense of wellbeing and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the incidence of general living conditions on average longevity for Latin America and Caribbean countries during the period 1970-2005, based on panel data econometrics. The results suggest a positive but decreasing effect of income on life expectancyand a positive impact of workers’ education on the population’s average longevity. These findings indicate that to induce a permanent increase in life expectancy resources assigned to the health care system should be complemented with improvements in social infrastructure and habitat.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether social relations are associated with the health of workers. It uses two types of health status measures – self-reported and more objective health – and it considers two types of social relationships: individual social relations, measured through the frequency of meetings with friends; and contextual social relations, the average frequency with which people meet friends at the community level.Design/methodology/approach A probit model is estimated from the worker sample accounting for the possibility of selecting individuals in the labour market (selection equation). Then expanded probit models (including inverse Mills ratio) are used on both self-reported and more objective health measures using new data from an income and living conditions survey carried out in 2006 by the Italian Statistics Office. Robustness checks are employed to deal with possible problems when interpreting the results.Findings The study finds that social relations are correlated with health status of workers with differences among health outcomes. Social relations at the individual level are positively correlated with self-perceived health (SPH), negatively associated with chronic condition (CC) but not related to limitations in daily activities. Contextual social relations are negatively linked with CC and limitations in daily activities but not correlated with SPH.Research limitations/implications Although the results are consistent with the argument that individual and contextual social relations influence workers’ health, the author cannot prove causality.Social implications Improving the health of workers could reduce health inequalities and could increase work performance. The implication at a macro-economic level of an improvement in the health conditions of workers is relevant in Italy, where the level of labour productivity is low compared to the other developed countries (OECD, 2013). Policy makers should consider the benefits, both at social and economic level, of public policies designed to improve the social and physical infrastructure of social relations.Originality/value This paper is the first to relate individual and contextual social relations simultaneously to workers’ health. Moreover, it makes several other contributions to this area: it control for unobserved worker heterogeneity; it uses both subjective self-reported health as well as a more objective measure of health based on CC and limitations in activities of daily living; it adopts a multilevel approach to examine in the same framework the individual and contextual relationship of social relations with individual health status of workers, in so doing, filling a gap in the literature on social capital and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]