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OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and different adiposity measures with mortality risk in individuals with prediabetes (or impaired [...]

OBJECTIVE--Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Age-predicted, sex-stratified, and maximal MET cut points have been developed [...]

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the associations between changes in body composition and fitness after exercise training and changes in hemoglobin [A.sub.1c] ([HbA.sub.1c]) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Participants [...]

OBJECTIVE--To investigate changes in body composition after 12 months of high-intensity progressive resistance training (PRT) in relation to changes in insulin resistance (IR) or glucose homeostasis in older adults with [...]

OBJECTIVE--To investigate pedometer-measured physical activity (PA) in 2000 and change in PA over 5 years with subsequent risk of dysglycemia by 2005. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--This prospective cohort study in [...]

OBJECTIVE--Whereas single assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness have been shown to predict lower incidence of type 2 diabetes, there are no data on long-term trends in fitness and risk. We investigated [...]

OBJECTIVE--To examine cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk in men with diabetes only, metabolic syndrome only, and concurrent metabolic syndrome and diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We examined CVD mortality risk by [...]

Substantial observational epidemiological evidence exists that physical activity and weight control are associated with decreased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Uncertainty remains regarding several aspects of these associations, including the effect of possible confounding factors on these associations. We present the rationale and design for two randomized controlled trials that can help resolve this uncertainty. In a 5-year prevention trial conducted among women at high risk of breast cancer, the primary endpoint would be breast cancer incidence. For a comparable survivorship trial, the primary endpoint would be the disease-free interval and secondary endpoints would be breast cancer recurrence-free interval, second primary breast cancer, and total invasive plus in situ breast cancer. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria is proposed for both trials. Intervention goals are the same for both trials. Goals for the weight control intervention would be, for women whose body mass index (BMI) is greater than 25 kg/[m.sup.2], to lose 10% of body weight and, for women whose BMI is less than or equal to 25 kg/[m.sup.2], to avoid weight gain. The goal for the physical activity intervention would be to achieve and maintain regular participation in a moderate-intensity physical activity program for a total of 150-225 minutes over at least 5 days per week. Sample size calculations are based on alternative assumptions about hazard ratio, adherence, follow-up duration, and power and are presented for the primary prevention and survivorship trials. Although both studies could enhance our understanding of breast cancer etiology and benefit public health, practical considerations, including smaller sample size, ease of recruitment, and reduced likelihood of early termination, favor the survivorship trial at this time.

OBJECTIVE--To examine how fitness in both childhood and adulthood is associated with adult obesity and insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--A prospective cohort study set in Australia in 2004-2006 followed [...]

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (hereafter fitness) and various obesity measures with risks of incident impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 [...]

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this article was to examine the risk of cancer mortality across levels of fitness and to examine the fitness-mortality relation for site-specific cancers in men with pre-diabetes [...]

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this study was to determine the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and BMI with the incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. RESEARCH DESIGN [...]

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01455.x Byline: Xuemei Sui (*), James N. Laditka ([dagger]), James W. Hardin ([dagger],[double dagger]), Steven N. Blair (*,[dagger],s.) Keywords: functional capacity; exercise testing; mortality; cardiovascular diease; metabolic equivalents (METs) Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine associations between functional capacity estimated from cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality risks in adults aged 60 and older. DESIGN: Prospective study, averaging 13.6 years follow-up. SETTING: Preventive medical clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand sixty adults who completed preventive medical examinations between 1971 and 2001; 24.7% women, mean age[+ or -]standard deviation 64.6[+ or -]4.9, body mass index (BMI) 25.9[+ or -]3.8 kg/m.sup.2. MEASUREMENTS: CRF was quantified as metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved during maximal treadmill exercise. The lowest 20% of the age- and sex-specific MET distribution was defined as having low CRF, the middle 40% moderate CRF, and the upper 40% high CRF. Cox regression was used to estimate death rates (per 1,000 person-years), hazard ratios (HRs), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Nine hundred eighty-nine deaths occurred during follow-up. Death rates adjusted for age, sex, and examination year were 30.9, 18.3, and 13.4 for all causes (P CONCLUSION: CRF is an important independent predictor of death in older adults. The results add to the existing evidence that promoting physical activity in older adults provides substantial health benefits, even in the oldest old. Author Affiliation: (*)Exercise Science ([dagger])Epidemiology and Biostatistics ([double dagger])Center for Health Services and Policy Research, University of South Carolina; Columbia, South Carolina (s.)Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. Article note: Address correspondence to Xuemei Sui, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208. E-mail: msui@gwm.sc.edu

A random-intercepts model analyzing the gender, age, height and the body mass index of various children is employed to examine the seasonal and intraindividual variation in objectively measured physical activity in 11- to 12-year old children. The analysis proves the existence of a large variation in their objectively measured physical activities.

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether the associations between visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT), and the metabolic syndrome are altered depending on measurement site for VAT and ASAT and [...]

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive ability of the National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP), revised NCEP (NCEP-R), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) metabolic syndrome criteria for [...]

The association between muscular strength and incidence of metabolic syndrome that is examined is described. It is shown that muscular strength was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome incidence, independent of age and body size.

OBJECTIVE--Moderate to high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome and all-cause mortality. Unknown is whether CRF attenuates health risk for a [...]

OBJECTIVE--To determine in normal weight, overweight, and obese men the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness [...]

Physical inactivity is a major public health problem, and compelling evidence suggests that it is a contributing factor in several chronic diseases and conditions. Recognition of the health and functional hazards of a sedentary way of life has led numerous groups to promulgate public health recommendations for physical activity. In this report, we review the evolution of physical activity recommendations, discuss reasons for differences in the recommendations, and provide a summary recommendation in an attempt to harmonize existing differences. Current public health recommendations for physical activity are for 30 min of moderate-intensity activity each day, which provides substantial benefits across a broad range of health outcomes for sedentary adults. This dose of exercise may be insufficient to prevent unhealthful weight gain for some persons who may need additional exercise or caloric restriction to minimize the likelihood of further weight gain. Persons who get 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise per day are likely to achieve additional health benefits if they exercise more. In addition to aerobic exercise, people should engage in resistance training and flexibility exercises at least twice a week, which will promote the maintenance of lean body mass, improvements in muscular strength and endurance, and preservation of function, all of which enable long-term participation in regular physical activity and promote quality of life. KEY WORDS Physical activity, fitness, public health, disease prevention, weight management

OBJECTIVE--To quantify the relation of fitness to mortality among men with diabetes, adjusted for BMI and within levels of BMI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--In this observational cohort study, we calculated [...]

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--This prospective cohort study was conducted in 4,747 nondiabetic Japanese [...]

In Brief Physical inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and are associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality in people with [...]

OBJECTIVE--Heart rate recovery (HRR) is an independent prognostic indicator for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in healthy men. We examined the association of HRR to CVD-related and all-cause mortality [...]

Results reveal that over 83% of all musculoskeletal injuries are related to physical activity with 66% attributed to the lower extremity, especially in the knee. Further, 1/4 and 1/3 of injured women and men, respectively, discontinue the exercise program due to injury. No gender differences in the prevalence of injury are noted.

Research reveals an inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and smoking-related cancer mortality as evaluated from a sample of 25,892 men , age 30-87. Data indicate that cardiorespiratory fitness may protect against cancer mortality in men.

This article discusses the relationship between physical fitness and stroke mortality in men. An analysis of blood pressure, body mass, and self-reported health behavior is presented.

Research shows that physical activity intervention programs can be evaluated in terms of submaximal work capacity using the Aerobic Adaptation Test (AAT) criteria. Data indicate that AAT is reproducible and is a valid measurement method for submaximal work capacity.

This article examines the relationship between physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, and health. Findings indicate that active individuals have a reduced risk of developing health problems when compared to sedentary subjects and there is an inverse relationship between fitness and disease, but neither factor can be identified as more important to health.

This article examines the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and dietary habits in women and men from all fitness levels. Findings indicate that participants from the high fitness group had diets that were lower in cholesterol and higher in fiber when compared to participants with lower fitness levels.

This study compares measures of total energy expenditure in groups of women who engaged in either three ten-minute walks separated by rest or one thirty-minute walk. Results indicate that total energy expenditure was significantly higher in the continuous walking group when compared to the intermittent walking group.

This study evaluates the ability of the Digi-Walker step counter to accurately assess regular physical activity levels in field conditions. Results indicate that step counts recorded by the pedometer were moderately correlated with energy expenditure estimates and time spent on physical activities.

Results show that 7% of men and 12% women who underwent a muscle strength and physical function capability evaluation reported at least one physical functional limitation. Data indicate that maintenance of strength over the lifespan may reduce the occurrences of such functional limitations.

This study shows that regular exercise attenuates the obesity associated health risks and lowers morbidity and mortality occurrences. The data also indicate that inactivity, low cardiorespiratory fitness, overweight, and obesity are all mortality predictors.

This introductory article briefly dwells on the status of research on physical activity and obesity and incorporates bibliographic information, body mass index classification, and obesity and attendant comorbidities research activity.

A study of 15,537 men and 3,899 women between 1979 and 1989 demonstrated that metabolic abnormalities are related to cardiovascular fitness. Abnormalities included high resting systolic blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and obesity, all of which are associated with insulin resistance. The relationship between sedentary lifestyle and cardiovascular fitness must still be studied, but the study indicates that low cardiovascular fitness can be increasingly linked to adverse health outcomes.

Being forced to exercise as children or adolescents may influence people to avoid exercise as adults. Required exercise during preteen years is generally related to participation in individual sports, with adolescent experiences most often oriented around participation in team sports. People in this study whose exercise was most intense as children or teenagers were the least active as adults.

A sedentary lifestyle is recognized as a risk factor for poor health. Only 22% of adults in the United States are currently active enough to derive health benefits from their activity. Inactive persons who improve their physical fitness are less likely to die of all causes and of cardiovascular disease than are those who remain sedentary. Many physicians do not feel adequately prepared to prescribe exercise to their patients. An active lifestyle does not require patients to follow a formal, uninterrupted, vigorous exercise program. Recent recommendations about physical activity have been simplified to encourage activity for the promotion of health and the prevention of disease. Physicians are advised to routinely counsel sedentary patients to accumulate 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity -- equivalent to walking at 3 to 4 mph for most healthy adults -- on most, preferably all, days of the week. The most sedentary patients should be encouraged to simply begin doing something and to make gradual changes over time. With continued support and encouragement from their physicians and families, these persons may progress to higher levels of activity that will further reduce their risk for disease., Some simple guidelines may help doctors more routinely recommend exercise for their inactive patients. All adults should engage in 30 minutes of some moderately vigorous activity every day. Patients can begin slowly and work up to this recommendation. The activity need not be a formal exercise program. A significant percentage of American adults does not engage in enough physical activity to improve their health. A lack of exercise has been linked to heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and obesity.