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Title: La Question kurde, ses origines et ses causes (The Kurdish question, its origins and causes) Originally published: Under the pen-name “le Docteur Bletch Chirguh,” as a publication of the “Ligue nationale kurde Hoyboun,” Cairo, Imprimerie Paul Barbey, 1930 Language: French The excerpts used are from the Turkish translation (made by D. Bayrak and S. Canik) provided in Mehmet Bayrak, Kürdoloji belgeleri (Ankara: Öz-Ge Yayınları, 1994), pp. 57, 63, 66–68, 84–86, 96. About the author Celade...

Title: Primo, Türk çocuğu (Primo, the Turkish child) Originally Published: The fist part of the story (‘How he was born’) was published in Genç kalemler, Selanik, 1911. The second part (‘How he died’) was published in Türk sözü, Istanbul, 1914. Language: Ottoman Turkish The excerpts used are from a 1970 edition of collected stories: Ömer Seyfettin, Bomba – Bütün eserleri (Ankara: Bilgi, 1970), pp. 7–15, 29–32, 34, 38, 39, 57–60, 71–74. About the author Ömer Seyfeddin [1884, Gönen, Balıkesir (...

Title: Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (The man without qualities) Originally published: Berlin, Rowohlt, vol. I (1930), vol. II (1933), and vol. III (1943) Language: German The excerpts used are from Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities, translated by Sophie Wilkins and Burton Pike (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), pp. 28–31, 575–577. About the author Robert Musil [1880, Klagenfurt – 1942, Geneva]: writer, dramatist and essayist. Musil spent most of his childhood in Steyr and Brünn (Cz. Brno...

Title: Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války (The good soldier Švejk and his fortunes in the World War) Original published: as a series of popular readings in Prague during 1921– 1923 Language: Czech The excerpts used are from: The Good Soldier Švejk and his Fortunes in the World War. Translated from Czech by Cecil Parrott (Middlesex: Penguin Books with W. Heinemann, 1983), pp. 67–73. About the author Jaroslav Hašek [1883, Prague – 1923, Lipnice near Německý Brod (after 1945 Havlíčkův ...

Title: Sahmanatragan jshmardutinner (The constitutional truths) Originally published: Constantinople, Dbaran Hovhannu Muhendisian, 1863 Language: Armenian The excerpts used are from the original, pp.1, 3, 6, 7, 9–13, 16, 20, 22–24, 39–45. About the author Hovsep Vartanian (Vartan Pasha) [1816, Istanbul–1879, Istanbul]: Ottoman statesman, journalist, author and translator of Armenian Catholic origin. He received his elementary education at the Kumkapı Bezcian School in Istanbul. In 1827 he was...

Title: Rezolucija banjalučkih muslimana (Resolution of the Muslims of Banjaluka) Originally published: as a petition distributed in Banjaluka on 12 November 1941 Language: Bosnian The excerpts used are from Muhamed Hadžijahić, Muslimanske rezolucije iz 1941. u istoriji naroda Bosne i Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Zbornik radova, 1973), pp.38–39. Context The resolutions issued by Bosnian Muslim political, religious and social elites during the second half of 1941 represent a dramatic peak in the Bosn...

Title: Góg és Magóg fia vagyok én (I am the son of king Gog of Magog); Magyar jakobinus dala (Song of the Hungarian Jacobin) Originally published: Góg és Magóg fia vagyok én was published as the opening poem of the volume Új versek (New poems) (Budapest: Pallas, R.T., 1906). Magyar jakobinus dala was the first poem of the cycle Téli Magyarország (Winter Hungary) of the volume Vér és arany (Blood and gold), (Budapest, Franklin-társulat, 1908) Language: Hungarian The excerpts used are from Ady ...

Title: Rromânul/Rromânca (Rromanian man and Rromanian woman) Originally published: Rromânul was published under the title ‘Moftangiul’ in Moftul român, no. III (3 February 1893), p. 1. Rromânca, was published under the title ‘Moftangioica’ in Moftul român, no. V (11 February 1893), p. 1. Language: Romanian The text used is from the original About the author Ion Luca Caragiale [1852, Haimanale (near Ploieşti) – 1912, Berlin]: playwright and literary critic. The son of a lawyer, Caragiale compl...

Title: Smysl českých dějin (The meaning of Czech history) Originally published: lecture delivered on November 5, 1928, published by Josef Pekař at his own expenses in Prague, 1929 Language: Czech The excerpts used are from Josef Pekař, O smyslu českých dějin (Prague: Rozmluvy 1990), pp. 383–405. About the author Josef Pekař [1870, Malý Rohozec (near Turnov, Ger. Turnau, north Bohemia) – 1937 Prague]: historian. Born into a farming family, he studied at a grammar school in Mladá Boleslav. Late...

Title: Ogniem i mieczem (With fire and sword); Krzyżacy (Teutonic knights) Originally published: as Ogniem i mieczem. Opowieść z lat dawnych [With fire and sword. A story from ancient times] in Słowo, 1883–1884. First edition of Teutonic knights in Słowo and in Tygodnik Ilustrowany, 1897– 1900 Language: Polish The excerpts used are from English translations: With fire and sword. An historical novel of Poland and Russia, translated by Jeremiah Curtin (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1898), ...

Title: Młoda Polska (Young Poland) Originally published: Cracow, Życie 1898, No. 15, 16, 18, 19, 24 and 25 Language: Polish The excerpts used are from Maria Podraza-Kwiatkowska ed., Programy i dyskusje literackie okresu Młodej Polski (Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1973), pp. 96–125. About the author Artur Górski [1870, Cracow – 1959, Warsaw]: literary critic, writer and translator. As a graduate of law from Cracow University, Górski joined the Polish Socialist Party in 1892, but soon reverted to Catho...

This is the second part of the third volume of the four-volume series, a daring project of CEU Press, presenting the most important texts that triggered and shaped the processes of nation-building in the many countries of Central and Southeast Europe. The aim is to confront ‘mainstream’ and seemingly successful national discourses with each other, thus creating a space for analyzing those narratives of identity which became institutionalized as “national canons.” After the volumes focousing on the late enlightenment and the emergence of national romanticism, two books elaborate on the phenomenon of modernism in eastern Europe. Modernism is conceived as a counterpart to modernity, the first belonging to the periphery, tha latter to the developed West. Fifty-one texts illustrate the evolution of modernism in Eastern Europe. Essays, articles, poems, or excerpts from longer works offer new opportunities of possible comparisons of the respective national cultures. The volume focuses on the literary and scientific attempts at squaring the circle of individual and collective identities. Often outspokenly critical of the romantic episteme, these texts reflect a more sophisticated and critical stance than in the preceding periods. At the same time, rather than representing a complete rupture, they often continue and confirm the romantic identity narratives, albeit with “other means”. The volume also presents the ways national minorities sought to legitimize their existence with reference to their cultural and institutional peculiarity.

Title: Erdély. Kultúrtörténeti vázlat (Transylvania. A sketch of cultural history) Originally published: Kolozsvár – Cluj, Erdélyi Szépműves Céh, 1929 Language: Hungarian The excerpts used are from the original: Introduction, Conclusion, pp. 5, 7, 87–88. About the author Károly Kós [original name Kosch] [1883, Temesvár (Rom. Timişoara, presentday Romania) – 1977, Cluj-Napoca (Ger. Klausenburg, Hun. Kolozsvár, present-day Romania)]: architect, designer, ethnographer, editor and writer. He was ...

Title: Ferdydurke Originally published: Warsaw, Rój, 1937 Language: Polish The excerpts used are from Ferdydurke, translated by Eric Mosbacher with an introduction by Czesław Miłosz (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), pp. 160–174. About the author Witold Gombrowicz [1904, Małoszyce (near Kielce) – 1969, Vence (France)]: writer, dramatist and publicist. He was born into a well-off gentry family in the provincial region of central Poland. Gombrowicz studied law at Warsaw University and spent a yea...

Title: Kilka prawd z dziejów naszych. Ku rozważeniu w chwili obecnej (Some truths from our history. For consideration at the present moment) Originally published: in 1867 as a separate booklet printed by Przegląd Polsk Language: Polish The excerpts used are from Józef Szujski, O fałszywej historii jako mistrzyni fałszywej polityki. Rozprawy i artykuły, ed. by Henryk Michalak, (Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1991), pp. 189–208. About the author Józef Szujski [1835, Tarnów (present-day ...

Title: Τό κοινωνικόν μας ζήτημα (Our social question) Original Published: Αθήνα, n.p., June 1907 Language: Greek The excerpts used are from the second edition of Τό κοινωνικό μας ζήτημα, ed. by Nikos Yannios (Athens: Σοσιαλιστικό Κέντρο ’Aθηνῶν, 1922), with the subtitle ’Aφιερώνεται στόν Ἓλληνα Ἐργάτη, Γ.Σκληρός,’ pp. 44–49. About the author Giorgos Skliros (born Giorgos Konstantinidis) [1878, Trabzon (Gr. Trapezounta, present-day Turkey) – 1919, Alexandria]: medical doctor and socialist theo...

Title: Česká moderna (The Czech modern) Originally published: Prague, Rozhledy, 25 October, 1895 Language: Czech The excerpts used are from Jaroslava Janáčková and Marie Lukešová eds., Kniha textů: česká literatura od počátků k dnešku, vol. II, Od romantismu k symbolismu 19. století, (Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 1999), pp. 619–622. Context The 1890s in Bohemia were characterized by far-reaching changes in political life as well as in the arts. These changes emerged in the wake of fa...

Title: Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild. Auf Anregung und unter Mitwirkung Seiner kaiserlichen und königlichen Hoheit des durchlauchtigsten Kronprinzen Erzherzog Rudolf (The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in word and picture. At the suggestion of and assisted by his imperial and royal Highness, the Crown Prince Archduke Rudolf) Originally published: Vienna, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1886–1902, 24 vols. Language: German The excerpt...

Title: Studiu asupra reorganizării statului român întregit (Study on the reorganization of the unified Romanian state) Originally Published: Cluj, Tip. Naţională, 1931 Language: Romanian. The excerpts used are from the original, pp. 5–11. About the author Romul Boilă [1881, Târnava-Mică (Hun. Tirnáva, present-day Romania) – 1946, Sighet]: lawyer and political theorist. His father was a village priest. He studied law in Cluj (Hun. Kolozsvár, Ger. Klausenburg) and Budapest. Between 1918 and 192...

Title: Të birtë e shekullit të ri (We, the sons of the new age); Reçitali i Malcorit (The highlander recital) Originally published: in Migjeni, Vargje t’lira, Tirana, Ismail Mal. Osmani Botonjës, 1944 Language: Albanian. The text used is from Migjeni, Free Verse. A bilingual edition, translation and introduction by Robert Elsie (Pejë: Dukagjini, 2001). About the author Millosh Gjergj Nikolla (known under his literary acronym Migjeni) [1911, Shkodra (It. Scutari, Srb. Skadar) – 1938, Torre Pel...

Title: A magyar irodalom kis-tükre (The small mirror of Hungarian literature) Originally published: Budapest, Athenaeum, 1896 Language: Hungarian The excerpts used are from A magyar irodalom kis-tükre, (Budapest: Athenaeum, n.d. [1930]), (seventh edition), Introduction, pp. 4–9. About the author Zsolt Beöthy [1848, Buda – 1922, Budapest]: writer, literary historian. He stemmed from a Protestant gentry family, his father was Zsigmond Beöthy, prominent writer, jurist and politician. He studied ...

Title: Μελέτη ἐπί τοῦ βίου τῶν νεοτέρων Ἑλλήνων (Study on the life of modern Greeks) Originally published: in Τόμος Α’ (vol. I), ‘Νεοελληνική Μυθολογία’ of the four-volume Μελέτη ἐπί τοῦ βίου τῶν νεοτέρων Ἑλλήνων (Athens: τύποις Σαραντάκος Οἰκονόμου, 1871). Language: Greek The excerpts used are from the original, Preface, pp. α’- γ.’ About the author Nikolaos Politis [1852, Kalamata...

Title: Spiritul critic în cultura românească (The critical spirit in Romanian culture) Original published: Iaşi, Viaţa românească, 1909 Language: Romanian The excerpts used are from Spiritul critic în cultura română (Bucharest: Minerva, 1979), pp. 11–13, 182–186. About the author Garabet Ibrăileanu [1871, Târgu-Frumos (Moldavia) – 1936, Bucharest]: literary critic. Ibrăileanu was the son of a merchant. From 1883 to 1890, he received primary, secondary and high school education in his native t...

Title: Address delivered at the House of Lords in Vienna Originally published: Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Herrenhauses des Reichsrates 1909 bis 1911 XX. Session (1. bis 15. Sitzung), Wien, k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1911, pp. 286–287. Language: German The excerpts used are from the original. About the author Roman Maria Aleksander Szeptycki (Andrei Sheptytsky) [1865, Przyłbice near Lviv (Ukr. Prylbychi, present-day Ukraine) – 1944, Lviv]: clergyman and Ukrainian nat...

Title: Kamienie na szaniec (Stones for the rampart) Originally published: Warsaw, Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze – Komisja Propagandy Biura Informacji i Propagandy Komendy Głównej AK, 1943 Language: Polish The excerpts used are from J. Gorecki [Aleksander Kamiński], Stones for the Rampart. The Story of Two Lads in the Polish Underground Movement, with a foreword by Percy Hugh Beverley Lyon, M.C., M.A. (published as the 12th volume of Polish Boy Scouts’ and Girl Guides’ Library, London: Pol...

Title: Sudetendeutsche Geschichte (Sudeten German history) Originally published: Reichenberg (Cz. Liberec), Sudetendeutscher Verlag Franz Kraus, 1935 Language: German The excerpts used are from Sudetendeutsche Geschichte (Reichenberg: Sudetendeutscher Verlag Franz Kraus, 1937), pp. 9–20. About the author Josef Pfitzner [1901 Petersburg near Zuckmantel (Cz. Petrovice near Zlaté Hory, Austrian Silesia) – 1945, Prague]: Bohemian German historian and politician. He was born into a shoemaker’s fam...

Title: Dzieje Polski w zarysie (History of Poland in outline) Originally published: Warsaw: Gebethner i Wolff ; Cracow: G. Gebethner, 1879 Language: Polish The excerpts used are from Michał Bobrzyński, Dzieje Polski w zarysie, ed. by Marian H. Serejski and Andrzej F. Grabski (Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1977), pp. 397–408. About the author Michał Bobrzyński [1849, Cracow – 1935, Poznań]: one of the most important Polish historians and an influential politician. At the age of 28, ...

Title: Ἕνας Ἕλληνας - ὁ Μακρυγιάννης (Α Greek – Makriyannis) Originally published: As a leaflet in Alexandria, 1943 Language: Greek The excerpts used are from Γεωργίου Σεφέρη, Δοκιμές τ. Α,’ (Athens: Ἴκαρος, 1974), pp. 236–237, 240–241, 257–259, 261–262. About the author George (Georgios) Seferis [1900, Smyrna (Tur. Izmir, present-day Turkey) – 1971, Athens]: poet, literary critic and diplomat. His father Stelios Seferiadis was a famous lawyer as well as a translator and poet. The family mili...

Title: Λαμπριάτικος Ψάλτης (Easter chanter) Originally published: newspaper ’Aκρόπολις, 1893 Language: Greek The excerpt used is from Panayotis Moullas, Α.Παπαδιαμάντης Αυτοβιογραφούμενος (Athens: Εστία 1999), pp. 100–103. About the author Alexandros Papadiamantis: [Skiathos (central Greece) 1851 – Skiathos 1911]: short story writer and translator. He was the third son of the priest Adamantios, hence the family name (papa-Diamantis). His mother was the offspring of a well-off family from the ...

Title: Umjetnost i nacionalizam (Art and nationalism) Originally published: Zagreb, Obzor, 28 January 1912 Language: Croatian The excerpt used is from Dragutin Tadijanović, ed., Antun Gustav Matoš III: Kritike, eseji, studije i članci, polemike, putopisi, feljtoni i impresije (Zagreb: Zora – Matica Hrvatska, 1967), pp. 117–122. About the author Antun Gustav Matoš [1873, Tovarnik (near Vukovar, east Croatia) – 1914, Zagreb]: writer and journalist. After graduating from the gymnasium in Zagreb,...

Title: Banket u Blitvi; roman u tri knjige (The banquet in Blitva; a novel in three books). Originally published: Zagreb, Biblioteka nezavisnih pisaca, 1938. Language: Croatian The excerpt used is from Miroslav Krleža, The banquet in Blitva, translated by Edward Dennis Goy and Jasna Levinger-Goy (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2004), pp. 5–13. About the author Miroslav Krleža [1893 Zagreb – 1981, Zagreb]: writer and the most outstanding Croatian intellectual of the twentie...

Title: ’Eλεύθερο Πνεῦμα (Free spirit) Originally Published: ’Aθήνα, ’Eκδότης Α I. Ράλλης, 1929 Language: Greek The excerpts used are from the annotated edition by Konstantinos Th. Dimaras, (Athens: Ερμής, 1973), pp. 10, 61–64. About the author Giorgos Theotokas, known also by the penname Orestis Digenis [1905, Istanbul – 1966, Athens]: novelist and critic. He completed his secondary education in a French lyceum in Istanbul. He wrote his first essays on literature during his high school years....

Title: Caracterul naţional al măgarilor (The national character of donkeys) Originally published: Din Ţara Măgarilor. Însemnări, Bucharest, Agenţia I. Brănişteanu, 1916 Language: Romanian. The excerpts used are from Cristian Preda, ed., Din Ţara Măgarilor. Însemnări, (Bucharest: Nemira, 1998), pp. 46–51. About the author Ştefan M. Zeletin (born Ştefan Motaş) [1882, Burdusaci (Bacău county) – 1934, Bucharest]: economist and political theorist. His family belonged to the local freepeasantry. He...

Title: История на новата българска литература (History of new Bulgarian literature) Originally published: Sofia, Държавна печатница, 4 vols. (1930–1936), ed. by Boris Iotsov Language: Bulgarian The excerpts used are from the second edition: История на новата българска литература (Sofia: Български писател, 1976), vol. I, pp. 468–470, 477, 500–501. About the author Boyan Penev [1882, Shumen (east Bulgaria) – 1927, Sofia]: literary critic and historian. He completed his secondary education in Ro...

Title: Dnešný stav a vývoj slovenskej kultúry (The current state and development of Slovak culture) Originally published: In Slovenské smery umelecké a kritické vol. III, 1936, No. 8–9, pp. 289–305. Language: Slovak The excerpts used are from Rudolf Chmel, ed., Kongres slovenských spisovateľov 1936, (Bratislava: Tatran, 1986), pp. 38–50. About the author Ladislav Novomeský [1904, Budapest – 1976, Bratislava]: poet, writer and politician. Born to a tailor’s family, he attended grammar school i...

Title: Жива cтарина (Living antiquity) Originally published: Rousse, 1891 Language: Bulgarian The excerpts used are from the original, Preface, pp. iii–v and from Димитър Маринов, Избрани произведения, vol. I: Народна вяра и религиозни народни обичаи (Sofia: Наука и изкуство, 1981), Introduction to Book VII of Living Antiquity: ‘Popular Faith and religious popular customs’ (originally published in the Almanac of folklore and ethnography [Cборнк за народни умотворения], vol. XXVIII, 1914), pp....

Title: Pokrokovosť a konzervativizmus na Slovensku (Progressivism and conservatism in Slovakia) Originally published: In Prúdy 2, 1910, No. 2, pp. 49–65. Language: Slovak The excerpts used are from Rudolf Chmel, ed., Hlasy v prúdoch času (Bratislava: Tatran 1983), pp. 128–134. About the author Bohdan Pavlů [1883, Spešov (south Moravia) – 1938, Bosanski Novi (Bosnia)]: journalist, literary critic, translator and diplomat. He studied law in Prague, Vienna and Budapest. He could not conclude his...

Title: Бай Ганьо. Невероятни разкази за един съвременен българин (Bay Ganyo. Unbeleivable stories about a contemporary Bulgarian) Originally Published: Sofia, Пенчо В. Спасов, 1895 Language: Bulgarian The excerpts used are from Произведения, vol. I (Sofia: Български писател, 1957), pp. 109–110, 119–121, 123. About the author Aleko Konstantinov [1863, Svishtov (present-day north Bulgaria) – 1897, on the road to Pazardzhik (central Bulgaria)]: lawyer, journalist and writer. Born into an upper c...

Title: Türk tarihinin ana hatları: Methal kısmı (Prolegomena to an outline of Turkish history) Originally published: Istanbul, Devlet Matbaası, 1931 Language: Turkish The excerpts used are from the original, pp. 1–2, 5–6, 8–11, 69, 73–74. About the author Afet İnan (Ayşe Afetinan) [1908, Selanik (Gr. Thessaloniki, present-day Greece) – 1985, Ankara]: scholar and national activist. She was a recent graduate of the ‘Bursa Teacher’s School’ when, in 1925, Mustafa Kemal met her in Izmir and took ...

Title: Istoria civilizaţiei române moderne (The history of modern Romanian civilization) Originally published: vol. I Forţele revoluţionare, vol. II Forţele reacţionare, Bucharest, Ancora, 1924, vol. III Legile formaţiei civilizaţiei române, Bucharest, Ancora, 1925 Language: Romanian The excerpts used are from Eugen Lovinescu, Istoria civilizaţiei române moderne, Zigu Ornea ed. (Bucharest: Minerva, 1997), pp. 5–6, 10–13, 352–354. About the author Eugen Lovinescu [1881, Fălticeni (Moldavia) – ...

Title: Válka Čechů s Němci (The war between Czechs and Germans) Originally published: Prague, Čin, 1928 Language: Czech The excerpts used are from Válka Čechů s Němci (Prague: Melantrich 1993), pp. 117–122 and 178–182. About the author Emanuel Rádl [1873, Pyšely (central Bohemia) – 1942, Prague]: Czech biologist and philosopher. He came from a merchant family. After studying at grammar schools in Benešov and Domažlice (Ger. Taus), he spent two years in the novitiate of the Augustinian cloiste...

Title: Kamus-ı Türki (Turkish lexicon) Originally Published: Istanbul, İkdam Press, 1900 Language: Ottoman Turkish The excerpts used are from the seventh edition of the reprint (Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1999), pp i–vii. About the author Şemseddin Sami (Sami Frashëri) [1850, Frashër (present-day southeast Albania) – 1904, Istanbul]: linguist, lexicographer, novelist, and playwright. The multifarous Ottoman intellectual was born in the village of Frashër, then in the province of Yanya (Gr. Io...

Title: Lahuta e Malcis (The highland lute) Originally published: Shkodër, Shtypshkronja Françeskane, 1937 Language: Albanian The excerpts used are from The Highland Lute (Lahuta e Malcis); The Albanian National Epic, translated from the Albanian by Robert Elsie & Janice Mathie-Heck (London and New York: I.B. Tauris in association with The Centre for Albanian Studies, 2005), pp. 3–4. About the author Gjergj Fishta (born Zef Ndoka) [1871, Fishtë, near Shkodra – 1939, Shkodra, west Albania]: poe...

Title: În contra direcţiei de astăzi în cultura română (Against the contemporary direction in Romanian culture) Originally published: Convoribiri literare II, no. 19 (1 December 1868), pp. 301–307. Language: Romanian The excerpts used are from Titu Maiorescu, Opere, vol. I (Bucharest: Minerva, 1978), pp. 147–149, 150–154. About the author Titu Maiorescu [1840, Craiova – 1917, Bucharest]: literary critic and politician. His father was a well-known writer and Transylvanian Romanian political a...

Title: Haluk’un Amentüsü (Haluk’s credo) Originally published: Haluk’un defteri (Haluk’s notebook), Istanbul, Tanin Matbaası, 1911 Language: Ottoman Turkish The excerpts used are from Kemal Sılay’s An anthology of Turkish literature (Bloomington Indiana: Cem Publishing, 1996), pp. 259–260. About the author Tevfik Fikret [1867, Istanbul – 1915, Istanbul]: poet and pivotal figure in the founding of modern Turkish literature. In 1888, Fikret graduated from the ‘Imperial School of Galatasaray,’ f...

Title: Тъгите ни (Our sorrows) Originally published: Almanac Южни цветове, 1907, pp. 62–111. Language: Bulgarian The excerpts used are from the anthology: Stoyan Iliev ed., Блуждаеща естетика. Българските символисти за символизма, (Sofia: Издателство на БАН, 1992), pp. 158–161. About the author Dimo Kyorchev [1884, Veliko Tarnovo – 1928, Paris]: philosopher, essayist and politician. His father Petar Kyorchev was a teacher and former collaborator of Vasil Levski, the leader of the movement for...

Title: Stiinţa naţiunii (The science of nation) Originally published: Sociologie românească, No. 2–3 (February–March 1937), pp. 1–7. Language: Romanian The excerpts used are from the original, pp. 1 and 3–7. About the author Dimitrie Gusti [1880, Iaşi – 1955, Bucharest]: sociologist, ethnographer and the founder of the ‘Bucharest Sociological School,’ or the so-called ‘Monographic School.’ Gusti was born to a family of local notables and completed his primary and secondary education in Iaşi. ...

Title: Organizimi i Kaosit (The organization of the chaos) Originally Published: In the monthly review Neo-shqiptarisma, Nr. 1, Tirana, 1930 Language: Albanian The excerpts used are from A. Plasari ed., Formula të Neoshqiptarismës. Përmbledhje shkrimesh (Tirana: Apollonia, 1996), pp. 99–102. About the author Branko Merxhani [1894 Istanbul – 1981, Istanbul]: scholar and writer. He was born in Istanbul and educated in Germany. In all likelihood, only his father was Albanian. By the end of the 1...

Title: Poslanstvo besede (The mission of language) Originally published: Ljubljanski zvon, 54 (1934) Language: Slovene The excerpt used is from the original, pp. 65–75. About the author Vladimir (Ciril) Levstik [1886, Šmihel nad Mozirjem (Ger. Sankt Michael oberhalb von Praßberg) − 1957, Celje (Ger. Cilli, present-day Slovenia)]: poet, essayist, critic, translator and journalist. Levstik attended schools in Št. Andraž nad Polzelo, Celje, Maribor (Ger. Marburg an der Drau), and Ljubljana (Ger....

Title: Novi omladinski listovi i naš novi naraštaj (The new youth magazines and our new generation) Originally published: Srpski književni glasnik, 1913, XXX/3, pp. 212–224. Language: Serbian The excerpts used are from Jovan Skerlić, Pisci i knjige, vol. V (Belgrade: Prosveta, 1964), pp. 263–277. About the author Jovan Skerlić [1877, Belgrade – 1914, Belgrade]: literary critic, historian of literature. He was born into a middle-class family with origins in Šumadija and Vojvodina. While attend...