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It is indicated that an important feature of the injured person, which allows to distinguish him from other persons, is related to the infliction of damage. The etymological and semantic analysis of the term «victim» shows that damage is an integral feature of a victim. The article examines the possibility and expediency of recognizing a person as a victim in the criminal law field in the event of a threat to cause harm to him. Provisions of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, the project of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine, national judicial practice are taken into account. It is argued that in context of the injured person, term damage is understood in two meanings: 1) narrowly (includes only real damage); 2) in a broad sense (includes both damage and the danger/threat of causing it, as well as the threat). At the same time, attributing the threat as an independent action to a type of harm, as suggested by authors of the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine, seems debatable, because in such a case the term «threat» will denote both an action and a consequence. It is also worth paying attention to whether there is a need to use both the term «threat» and the term «danger» in the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine. It has been established that the term «threat» in the context of the definition of the victim means both actual moral or other types of harm to him, as well as the thre at/danger of his task. It has been proven that victim in a certain composition of a criminal offense can be characterized not only by harm in its narrow sense, but also by threat or danger of its occurrence, that is, harm in the broad sense, as well as the threat of harm. The threat in the context of the criminal-legal understanding of victim is important, first of all, if there is no implementation. In case of the implementation of a threat, which is provided as an independent crime and is a stage of a single criminal activity, united by a single intention and aimed at causing damage to the same object, qualification under the article providing for responsibility for the threat is not required, and therefore and there is no need to establish the victim of the threat. If a threat is a way of committing an act, then the victim is determined in the context of act in general, taking into account the threat as a way of committi ng it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policing as a dangerous occupation has been well documented. While prior inquiries have focused on the dangers resulting from injurious accidents or citizen-based violence, additional aspects of the external work environment have the potential to invoke concern among police. Utilizing survey data from a large municipal police department in the Southern region of the United States, the current study examines previously excluded sources of danger among police with street-level assignments – negative publicity and citizen cooperation. Our multivariate results reveal positive associations between negative publicity and perceptions of external danger, while a negative relationship was found for citizen cooperation. The implications for police practice and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the role of taboos and avoidance rituals as a means of psycho-cultural adaptation to taking personal risks among illicit antiquity looters in the Black Sea region of Turkey. My ethnographic fieldwork showed that antiquity looters indeed cared more about the possibility of being crushed by spiritual creatures than of being caught by law enforcement. Spiritual creatures, namely jinn, are the most unpredictable threats imagined by illicit antiquity looters. They force looters to perform rituals to mitigate the perceived danger, including temporary or permanent loss of sanity, loss of limb, or loss of life. The paper concludes that looters' avoidance rituals play a functional role rather than a rational one, and they are performed to show that looters are willing to get along with a spiritual environment beyond their control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista El Directivo al Día is the property of Centro de Informacion y Gestion Tecnologica (CIGET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research employed empirical methods that relate rainfall to debris flow movements, which consist of series of accumulated rainfall that trigger these movements. Additionally, statistical thresholds were established using power law in linear coordinates (logarithmic relationship) and non-parametric statistics. Consequently, critical thresholds for triggering accumulated rainfall (LA) and antecedent accumulated rainfall (LAA) were established. Furthermore, this empirical-statistical model incorporates the local conditions of the study area, including certain physical parameters and soil moisture conditions, and combines them with the hazard conditions specific to the region for which they were defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal is the property of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal is the property of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Wildfire spread is influenced significantly by the weather variability. Wind speed and direction changes, resulting from synoptic weather systems and small-scale meteorological processes in complex terrain, can drastically alter fire intensity and spread. Aims. To investigate the use of vector wind change (VWC) integrated with the Fire Weather Index (FWI) as a new metric in fire danger. Methods. A 20-year FWI and modified FWI was calculated from weather station and gridded numerical weather simulation data. Key results. High VWC is found primarily on the South Island, inland and in areas of complex terrain. After incorporating VWC into the FWI, data from the modified FWI show spatiotemporal patterns that highlight the impact of wind variability in the fire danger. Conclusions. High VWC station data mapped with synoptic type suggest the primary factor in determining high VWC is meso- and micro-scale terrain-driven meteorology, not larger synoptic regimes. Implications. The current fire danger metric, the Fire Weather Index (FWI), does not include wind direction changes for high wind speeds. Therefore, the inclusion of VWC as an additional metric in fire danger calculations in a modified FWI could increase operational understanding of high-danger locations and terrain impacts on extreme and unpredictable fire behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of concepts related to wildfire risk assessment, including the determination of fire ignition and propagation (fire danger), the extent to which fire may spatially overlap with valued assets (exposure), and the potential losses and resilience to those losses (vulnerability). This is followed by a brief discussion of how these concepts can be integrated and connected to mitigation and adaptation efforts. We then review operational fire risk systems in place in various parts of the world. Finally, we propose an integrated fire risk system being developed under the FirEUrisk European project, as an example of how the different risk components (including danger, exposure and vulnerability) can be generated and combined into synthetic risk indices to provide a more comprehensive wildfire risk assessment, but also to consider where and on what variables reduction efforts should be stressed and to envisage policies to be better adapted to future fire regimes. Climate and socio-economic changes entail that wildfires are becoming even more a critical environmental hazard; extreme fires are observed in many areas of the world that regularly experience fire, yet fire activity is also increasing in areas where wildfires were previously rare. To mitigate the negative impacts of fire, those responsible for managing risk must leverage the information available through the risk assessment process, along with an improved understanding on how the various components of risk can be targeted to improve and optimize the many strategies for mitigation and adaptation to an increasing fire risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal is the property of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay explores with the help of the discipline of philosophy of education the educational implications of the practice of canceling individuals or ideas. In particular, it investigates what gets lost or undermined when we cancel various opinions, words, and practices. To advance my argument, I first introduce some basic definitions while analyzing the problem with the notion of cancel culture. Then, I briefly review various historical examples of canceling going back to Socrates. The next part of this paper presents some of the philosophical arguments against canceling and restricting speech made by John Stuart Mill. After presenting Mill's contentions in favor of liberty of expression, I revisit John Dewey's conception of democratic association in order to show that the practice of canceling people and ideas is antithetical to Dewey's dynamic view of democracy. Based on the insights of Mill and Dewey, in the final part I attempt to make an educational case against the practice of canceling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to answer the question regarding when the specific danger to the life or integrity of people required by article 380 Penal Code. For this, the most recent doctrine and jurisprudential pronouncements are analysed, having to warn that the decisions from the Provincial Courts show that it is debatable, in many cases, to consider as certain the causation of a serious and imminent risk for people as required by the penal type. In this sense, the essential parameters that a specific situation must meet to qualify it as dangerous and the circle of subjects that must be affected are exposed. As a closing clause, a brief reference is made to the subjective type of the crime, characterized by the intent of danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When human adults make decisions (e.g., wearing a seat belt), we often consider the negative consequences that would ensue if our actions were to fail, even if we have never experienced such a failure. Do the same considerations guide our understanding of other people's decisions? In this paper, we investigated whether adults, who have many years of experience making such decisions, and 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children, who have less experience and are demonstrably worse at judging the consequences of their own actions, conceive others' actions as motivated both by reward (how good reaching one's intended goal would be), and by what we call "danger" (how badly one's action could end). In two pre‐registered experiments, we tested whether adults and 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children tailor their predictions and explanations of an agent's action choices to the specific degree of danger and reward entailed by each action. Across four different tasks, we found that children and adults expected others to negatively appraise dangerous situations and minimize the danger of their actions. Children's and adults' judgments varied systematically in accord with both the degree of danger the agent faced and the value the agent placed on the goal state it aimed to achieve. However, children did not calibrate their inferences about how much an agent valued the goal state of a successful action in accord with the degree of danger the action entailed, and adults calibrated these inferences more weakly than inferences concerning the agent's future action choices. These results suggest that from childhood, people use a degree of danger and reward to make quantitative, fine‐grained explanations and predictions about other people's behavior, consistent with computational models on theory of mind that contain continuous representations of other agents' action plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists have long debated how labels are deployed to construct and exaggerate social threats but have yet to consider their use to cope with danger. I draw on qualitative fieldwork conducted in the midst of a gruesome turf war in Monterrey, Mexico, to conceptualize coping codes. These defensive labels emerge in everyday conversation and allow its users to allude to threatening actors without being explicit—in this case, violent organized crime labeled malitos, or little evil guys. They emerge from below and in relation to top-bottom labeling processes they can both challenge and reproduce. Coping codes provide symbolic security by minimizing danger, although at a cost when also used to draw symbolic boundaries between the living and the dead "accused of being into something." The case calls for further research on coping codes in dangerous contexts, particularly at the onset of unsettled times when people tend to minimize rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Doom', 'danger' and 'disregard' are palpable sentiments in recent writing by historical geographers and give the subfield some decidedly political intonations. These three words have diverse, disquieting and expectant connotations and are tracked in this report through clusters of research on colonialism, racism, decolonisation, climate change, Earth history and political reaction and populism. This range of historical work within geography provokes more general questions about how the discipline, generally, sees itself today and at a time of profound uncertainty about the meaning and direction of history. At this time, it is easy to be despondent but vital to hope and work for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911) to the beginning of the People's Republic, men in northern China from drought-prone regions of northwestern Shanxi province and northeastern Shaanxi province would travel beyond the Great Wall to find work in western Inner Mongolia, in a migration known as "going beyond the Western Pass" 走西口. This article analyzes anthologized song lyrics and ethnographic interviews about this migration to explore how songs of separation performed at temple fairs approached danger and abandonment using traditional metaphors and "folk models" similar to those of parents protecting children from life's hazards and widows and widowers lamenting the loss of loved ones. I argue that these duets between singers embodying the roles of migrant laborers and the women they left behind provided a public language for audiences to reflect upon and contextualize private emotions in a broader social context, offering rhetorical resolutions to ambivalent anxieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmic radiation hazard is cornerstone of space flights safety. Different properties of solar electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation with emphasis on its dangerous influence on astronauts and spacecraft equipment and systems are discussed. Solar and galactic cosmic rays (SCR and GCR) pose a serious obstacle in terms of safety and security of space flights, especially beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. Solar flares and GCR are of special concern. Solar flares are distinguished as extremely complex phenomena observing across the whole electromagnetic spectrum from radio wavelength to extreme ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray. Powerful fluxes of energetic particles in very wide energetic spectrum are generated which interact with the home planet and disturbing tremendously our space environment. Altogether, it is referred to as space weather. Geomagnetic storms induced by solar flares affect the ground facilities, social-economic infrastructure and global system operations involving electric power supply, aviation and ground transportation, oil-gas pipelines, geographic information system/data management (GIS), etc. As systems become more complex over time, the impacts of space weather on space flights and humanity in general are likely to increase. We analyze flares complexity and classification depending on their size, duration, morphology or magnetic topology and characteristic corpuscular radiation based on different classification systems as well protective measures to mitigate their consequences. Humans will encounter extremely serious problems of space flights safety at the beginning of new phase of the Moon exploration. Of the risks evaluation of habitation in the lunar hostile environment, specifically in the potential sites of Lunar Base deployment, monitoring of radiation doses absorbed by astronauts on the lunar surface is the first one. Underground shelters could be used to provide safe habitation and maintain the long-term humans' activity. Nowadays we face numerous problems involving many unknowns and dangers of the natural origin in the outer space, which runs in parallel with the needs of great technological advancements and breakthroughs. It is incremental in the course of growing complexity of space flights and progressive development of the human missions with an ultimate goal of undertaking manned flights to the Moon, Mars and beyond. • Danger of cosmic solar and galactic radiation as a cornerstone of space flights safety. • Impact of solar radiation on astronauts, spacecraft and ground-based infrastructure. • Solar flares types, classification, energy and hazard. • Space safety and security problems at the Moon exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911) to the beginning of the People's Republic, men in northern China from drought-prone regions of northwestern Shanxi province and northeastern Shaanxi province would travel beyond the Great Wall to find work in western Inner Mongolia, in a migration known as "going beyond the Western Pass" 走西口. This article analyzes anthologized song lyrics and ethnographic interviews about this migration to explore how songs of separation performed at temple fairs approached danger and abandonment using traditional metaphors and "folk models" similar to those of parents protecting children from life's hazards and widows and widowers lamenting the loss of loved ones. I argue that these duets between singers embodying the roles of migrant laborers and the women they left behind provided a public language for audiences to reflect upon and contextualize private emotions in a broader social context, offering rhetorical resolutions to ambivalent anxieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In group-living species, particularly cooperative breeders, all group members contribute to various behaviours but there is considerable variation between and within individuals in their contributions. While it is well established that there is variation due to differences in the costs and benefits for individuals of different sex, age and dominance status, shorter-term social, internal and environmental factors are also likely to be important. Sentinel behaviour, where individuals adopt a raised position to scan for danger while groupmates forage, offers an opportunity to test hypotheses about context-dependent differences in contributions to group behaviour. Here we used field experiments to manipulate the conspecific audience, satiation state and perceived danger level of dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula , to investigate how sentinel contributions are modulated by individual context. In addition to standard measures of sentinel behaviour (likelihood of becoming a sentinel, number of bouts, bout duration), we considered within-bout behaviour in terms of surveillance calls and attentiveness (head-scanning rate and distraction levels). We found that the presence of a neighbouring forager (audience) decreased sentinel contributions, while individuals increased their sentinel investment when satiated and experiencing an increased danger level. Changes in head-scanning rate provided evidence for an interaction between the effect of satiation and danger levels, demonstrating that sentinel attentiveness was influenced by changes in context. Our results demonstrate that sentinel behaviour is strongly context dependent, with effects seen in initial bout and bout quantity decisions, as well as within-bout characteristics, and that individual contributions to group behaviours can vary depending on social, internal and environmental factors. • Sentinel contributions are modified by social, internal and environmental factors. • Changes seen across behavioural levels: initial bout, bout quantity and within bouts. • Simulated close audience decreased sentinel contributions. • Supplementary feeding and alarm call playback increased sentinel contributions. • Attentiveness of a sentinel can change with differing context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The objective of this study is to determine whether attention toward fear messages is affected by variation in the controllability of the associated danger. There is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of fear appeals in driving adaptive behaviour, and it may be the case that threat messages fail to capture attention if the associated danger is not explicitly controllable. One hundred and sixty undergraduate university students completed a computer task that involved exposure to threat cues signalling a danger (money loss). In high control blocks, attending to threat cues provided a high chance of avoiding the danger, whereas in low control blocks, attending to threat cues provided little chance of avoiding the danger. Attentional capture by threat was measured. A mixed‐design analysis of variance showed there was greater attentional capture by threat cues in high control blocks compared with low control blocks. This effect was observed with a short stimulus exposure duration and was magnified with a long exposure duration. Fear appeals could capture attention to a greater degree if the danger related to the threat message was communicated as being controllable. This has significant practical implications for the implementation of fear appeals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to articulate a phenomenological psychotherapeutic response to the growing sense of existential therapists who experience nudity and danger in therapy. The article begins with a depiction of the sense nudity and danger. The use of the term 'meaning in life' -- in the context of existential practice -- would demonstrate existential psychotherapy's entanglement in responding to this challenge. The article's argument is that Emmanuel Levinas' approach to the face of the other as nudity provides an opening for a phenomenology that could respond to the challenge of nudity and danger in contemporary practice. Such opening is further elaborative when considering Levinas' critique of phenomenology and his view of alterity, as linked to the transcendental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first of three steps to identify the environmentally high-risk areas subject to accidents involving shipments of hazardous products routed through BR-101 Highway in the State of Alagoas. It addresses the integration of variables that directly define the areas that pose risk to accidents occurrence in which chemical products are transported. In addition to identify these areas, it seeks to understand their relationships with the accidents. The database used the 1:50,000 scale and was composed of four vector maps corresponding to rainfall intensity, sinuosity of the highway, concentration of pockets of wildfires, and potential fog. The data were converted to the raster structure allowing the integration in the QGIS software using a multicriteria analysis based on weighted average. The results showed that 42% of the analyzed area of 2,370.66 km² corresponds to the Medium Potential level, 31% to the Medium Potential and 27% to the Low Potential level. As a conclusion, the rainfall intensity and the sinuosity of the highway indices were the main parameters responsible for the determination of the stretches which present the highest degree of hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of qualitative and quantitative models and methods are available for computing landslide-hazard and susceptibility maps. Landslide susceptibility zoning involves a degree of interpretation. The landslide susceptibility assessment is necessary to prevent terrain degradation and the evaluation of landslide susceptibility requires understanding the factors that influence slope instability. Even though landslides are mainly associated with mountain areas, they can also develop at lower altitude areas, such is our case where they are caused by direct anthropogenic intervention (through slope excavation, deforestation, improvised roads, etc.). The susceptibility maps that resulted from this study express the terrain conditions and have practical use for identifying the landslide areas within the corridor. The spatial distribution and rating of the terrain units according to the propensity to produce landslides is dependent on the topography, geology, geotechnical properties, climate, vegetation and anthropic factors such as development and intensive deforestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobilities framework offers a particularly informative and potent paradigm through which to draw together interdisciplinary scholarship about the present world. In this introduction--and indeed, derived from a symposia on mobilities in a dangerous world--we explore the dynamics of contemporary mobilities through a critical focus on "dangerous" spaces and places. We discuss the potential of a sustained dialogue between mobilities studies and our focus on risk, adversity, and perceptions of danger. Although disasters link to four of the articles, ideas are expanded to draw on the multiple scales of risk and danger in everyday life within and across an array of international contexts. In this special issue, dynamic mobilities are facilitated by ships, skateboards, buildings, art, and cities; they are also encountered in darkness, in light, and through bodies as well as physical and imagined movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of potential danger is an important factor in avoiding harm that is even more important for vulnerable populations such as children. This study explores whether children can recognise the potential for a dangerous encounter from observing the gait of an approaching individual. The participants are divided into three age groups: 13- to 15-year-olds, 16- to 17-year-olds, and over 18s. Participants made judgments of nine, point light presentations of people walking on a treadmill. Ratings of intimidation made by participants were used to assess their ability to detect the walkers’ trait aggression. The ability to detect trait aggression accurately was found to increase with age, as does the consistency in ratings between individuals within the same age group. The importance of experiential learning in the acquisition of aggression detection skills is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Foraging animals balance the need to seek food and energy against the accompanying dangers of injury and predation. To do so, they rely on learning systems encoding reward and danger. Whereas much is known about these separate learning systems, little is known about how they interact to shape and guide behavior. Here we show a key role for the rat paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), a nucleus of the dorsal midline thalamus, in this interaction. First, we show behavioral competition between reward and danger: the opportunity to seek food reward negatively modulates expression of species-typical defensive behavior. Then, using a chemogenetic approach expressing the inhibitory hM4Di designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug in PVT neurons, we show that the PVTis central to this behavioral competition. ChemogeneticPVTsilencing biases behavior toward either defense or reward depending on the experimental conditions, but does not consistently favor expression of one over the other. This bias could not be attributed to changes in fear memory retrieval, learned safety, or memory interference. Rather, our results demonstrate that the PVT is essential for balancing conflicting behavioral tendencies toward danger and reward, enabling adaptive responding under this basic selection pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a transcript of a conversation between Michel Foucault and Jonathan Simon in San Francisco in October 1983. It has never previously been published and is transcribed on the basis of a tape recording made at the time. Foucault and Simon begin with a discussion of Foucault’s 1977 lecture ‘About the Concept of the “Dangerous Individual” in 19th-Century Legal Psychiatry’, and move to a discussion of notions of danger, psychiatric expertise in the prosecution cases, crime, responsibility and rights in the US and French legal systems. The transcription is accompanied by a brief contextualizing introduction and a retrospective comment by Simon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive and negative experiences can alter animal brain dopamine levels. 1 When first arriving at a rewarding food source or beginning to waggle dance and recruit nestmates to food, honeybees have increased brain dopamine levels, indicating a desire for food. 2 We provide the first evidence that an inhibitory signal, the stop signal, which counters waggle dancing and is triggered by negative events at the food source, can decrease head dopamine levels and dancing, independent of the dancer having any negative experiences. The hedonic value of food can therefore be depressed simply by the receipt of an inhibitory signal. Increasing the brain dopamine levels reduced the aversive effects of an attack, increasing the time that bees spent subsequently feeding and waggle dancing and decreasing their stop signaling and time spent in the hive. Because honeybees regulate food recruitment and its inhibition at the colony level, these results highlight the complex integration of colony information with a basic and highly conserved neural mechanism in mammals and insects. 2 [Display omitted] • Receiving an inhibitory stop signal can decrease bee head dopamine levels • Receiving a stop signal can therefore depress the hedonic value of food • Increasing dopamine decreased bee stop signaling and time spent in the hive • Increasing brain dopamine increased the time spent feeding and waggle dancing Dong et al. demonstrate that an inhibitory signal, the stop signal, which counters waggle dancing and is triggered by negative events at the food source, can also decrease head dopamine levels and dancing, even if the dancer had no negative experiences. Increasing the brain dopamine levels reduced the aversive effects of an attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Heightened trait anxiety is associated with impaired behavioural preparedness for natural hazards. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to this association. Research has shown that trait anxiety is associated with an attentional bias (AB) towards threat-relevant information, and some researchers have suggested that such vigilance could exacerbate the detrimental effect of trait anxiety on behavioural preparedness. Conversely, given the potentially adaptive role of AB in promoting engagement in danger mitigation behaviour, it is also possible that AB could ameliorate the negative association between anxiety and preparedness. The aim of this study was to discriminate the validity of these two hypotheses. Method Participants were recruited from a bushfire-prone community in Western Australia and were assessed on measures of trait anxiety, AB to threat, and current bushfire preparedness. Results As predicted, the results showed a negative correlation between trait anxiety and bushfire preparedness, and a positive correlation between trait anxiety and AB to bushfire-related threat. Furthermore, the negative relationship between trait anxiety and preparedness was moderated by this AB to bushfire-related threat, with the direction of this moderation showing that AB further exacerbated this negative relationship. Conclusions This study is the first to show that in a situation where people are exposed to a real-world danger that can be mitigated through appropriate engagement in specific preparatory behaviours, AB to danger-relevant threat serves to strengthen the observed negative association between trait anxiety and behavioural preparedness. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior work has demonstrated that young children in the US and the Ecuadorian Amazon preferentially remember information about the dangerousness of an animal over both its name and its diet. Here we explore if this bias is present among older children and adults in Fiji through the use of an experimental learning task. We find that a content bias favoring the preferential retention of danger and toxicity information continues to operate in older children, but that the magnitude of the bias diminishes with age and is absent in adults. We also find evidence that fitness costs likely impact the types of mistakes that participants make in their attributions of dangerousness and poisonousness. These results suggest that natural selection has shaped the way in which we learn and make inferences about unfamiliar animal species over ontogeny, and that future research is needed on how content biases may vary across the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensity of the law’s interaction with gift giving suggests that examining their relationship might produce interesting insights about both gift giving and the law. Yet no social scientist has seriously examined the gift norms included in modern systems of private law. The complexity of gift law is due to the interaction of two competing social ideas: the law’s concern that gift giving represents a danger to society; and the power of customary gift obligations to engender and maintain social relationships. The law gets involved in gift giving when it feels that the parties need some protection, and this involvement varies considerably among legal systems. Some systems are suspicious of inter vivos transfers, while others tend to view gifts as they view exchange. Since the law’s formal requirements do not displace customary obligations this field provides an opportunity to examine how the law is shaped by the customary obligations Mauss elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article is devoted to the ground of term «danger». Existent today numerous determinations of this term substantially differentiate on sense and are not general. In the article, taking logical and philosophical approaches, a new determination of this term is formulated. That was basic pre-condition, that danger, as well as safety, are notions subjective, which can change because of practical activity of man, development of science and society. These notions ascend to notions well and it is badly, which can be perceive even at an instinctive level. The decision of question of formulation of base terms is of not only interest from point of theoretical science, but it has an important practical aspect. In history there are the enough examples of good actions, including directed on the rise of safety, which turned around, farther more, by the calamities, catastrophes and etc. The new definition of "danger" is as follows: danger - a subjective concept that refers to the possibility of circumstances in which the matter field, information, energy, or a combination thereof may affect the way a complex system, it would lead to consequences that are perceived and valued stakeholders (at the level of thinking, feeling or instincts) at a certain stage of development of the perceiver as negative until after the implementation of the risk or occurrence of adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as a starting point the distinction between danger and risk, with the latter being seen as a particular form of the former, in that the probability of its occurrence and the potential damage it causes can be clearly identified (and thus be insured against), questions can be asked about how the shift is made from one to the other, and what events may facilitate this change. This issue is here treated in the context of a sandy beach and cove which were formed as a result of renovation work on a harbor and which, spontaneously, became places frequented for pleasure and leisure activities. Initially, the dangerous industrial sites nearby were neglected as sources of risks, because the only risks identified by the users and the authorities were drowning or traffic accidents. Then, in the 1980s, various major industrial accidents occurred in Europe and the rest of the world, leading to greater awareness among national and European political authorities concerning the risks inherent to industrial production. This awareness led to directives and legislation reinforcing the regulations governing dangerous industrial sites and restricting access to places exposed to such risks. There is thus a shift from dangers that are little known or taken into account, to risks that are socially constructed, which the local authorities must manage according to the law, while also respecting the inhabitants’ great desire to continue frequenting places to which they feel really attached. Over 30 years of history of the seawall and cove thus also show the difficulty in managing a territory when the authorities and users do not have the same perception of what the risks are and how to deal with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Visual emotionally charged stimuli have been shown to elicit early electrophysiological responses (e.g., ). We presented isolated words to listeners, and observed, using generalized additive modeling, oscillations in the upper part of the delta range, the theta range (), and the lower part of the alpha range related to degree of (rated) danger and usefulness () starting around 150ms and continuing to 350ms post stimulus onset. A negative deflection in the oscillations tied to danger around 250–300ms fits well with a similar negativity observed in the same time interval for visual emotion processing. Frequency and competitor effects emerged or reached maximal amplitude later, around or following the uniqueness point. The early effect of danger, long before the words’ uniqueness points, is interpreted as evidence for the dual pathway theory of . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The analysis combines frame semantic and corpus linguistic approaches in analyzing the role of agency and decision making in the semantics of the words 'risk' and 'danger' (both nominal and verbal uses). In frame semantics, the meanings of 'risk' and of related words, such as 'danger,' are analyzed against the background of a specific cognitive-semantic structure (a frame) comprising frame elements such as Protagonist, Bad Outcome, Decision, Possession, and Source. Empirical data derive from the British National Corpus (100 million words). Results indicate both similarities and differences in use. First, both 'risk' and 'danger' are commonly used to represent situations having potential negative consequences as the result of agency. Second, 'risk' and 'danger,' especially their verbal uses (to risk, to endanger), differ in agent-victim structure, i.e., 'risk' is used to express that a person affected by an action is also the agent of the action, while 'endanger' is used to express that the one affected is not the agent. Third, 'risk,' but not 'danger,' tends to be used to represent rational and goal-directed action. The results therefore to some extent confirm the analysis of 'risk' and 'danger' suggested by German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. As a point of discussion, the present findings arguably have implications for risk communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk literature led by its protagonists Beck, Giddens, Luhmann and others has expanded its range of influence in social sciences. In present days, it is widely acknowledged that society and economy grow and develop by creating successive generations of risks. However, while the risk literature has been mostly preoccupied with the negative aspects of risk, the truth is that risks involve human intentions as well as positive expectations. This positive aspect of risk in the capitalist society has been acknowledged by liberal economics as early as the 1920s. The present work has a focused interest on the patterns and mechanisms of risk reproduction and diffusion in the context of the contemporary risk society and geographical space, in particular. It is also preoccupied with risk classes (or positions) and determinant factors. The author, by using the conceptual split between risks, dangers and uncertainties, identifies the standard successive stages of a risk-reproduction cycle, the social actors who govern and control risk processing, and those unprivileged who carry dangers and uncertainties. In addition, she weighs up the pros and cons of the various risk positions and comments on the likely 'risk- and danger-scapes' in social and geographical terms. The author shows risk-knowledge manufacturing as the principal mechanism of risk distribution and redistribution. The paper presents, in the end, an example of an urban area in Athens functioning as a magnet and incubator of the negative aspects of risks, that is dangers and threatening uncertainties, and explains how such places stand as victims of the adverse universal trend towards danger externalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts related to planning. They include "Crowds and Leisure: Thinking Comparatively Across the 20th Century," "Time-Series Analysis of Clusters in City Size Distributions" and "The Transnational Contexts of Early Twentieth-Century American Urban Segregation."

The UNFCCC has set the objective of preventing 'dangerous' climate change. The concept of climate change being 'dangerous' has generally been interpreted to mean that there are thresholds below which the planet is 'safe' and above which it is in danger. This creates the fiction that danger can be averted, when that is largely a matter of perspective. Policies based on fictions can succeed if the major parties are willing to go along with them, but this is not the case at present. It is dangerous to try and motivate the public on the basis of a patent fiction, since that obscures policy-critical ignorance and may ultimately create more brittle political frameworks. An alternative to maintaining the fiction is to acknowledge at the outset the arbitrary and conditional nature of any specific choice or definition of what is 'dangerous' climate change and what is not. Although our choices are somewhat arbitrary, they can be informed by a range of analytical perspectives, and the decisions we reach have real import. In this setting, we need a way to provide order to (arbitrary) choices that draws on what is known, but still acknowledges the conditional nature of the choices. It is argued here that the aesthetic realm may be suited to this need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FWI thresholds for 4 fire danger classes are identified, adopted to Greek conditions. • Weather and fire data at municipality level on a daily basis for 17-yrs are used. • Predictive performance of new FWI thresholds vs the EFFIS ones is highly improved. • Overestimation of danger decreases, reliability of danger classification increases. The objective of the following paper is to identify weather-related thresholds for wildfire danger, i.e., the potential extent of fire, based on local weather conditions. The target area is Greece, a wildfire prone Mediterranean country which experienced on average 2000 wildfires annually over the last two decades. Initially, the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component of the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System (FWI System) adopted by the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS), is evaluated with respect to its wildfire danger predictive ability. Hence, weather and wildfire data at municipality level and on a daily basis, for the period 2000–2016 are exploited. The analysis showed that the FWI thresholds proposed by EFFIS for assessing the level of fire danger in Europe are too low for the case of Greece and, therefore, are not representative of the country's fire weather conditions. Two statistical approaches, cluster analysis and non-linear least-squares regression, are subsequently applied to determine the most appropriate FWI thresholds for discrete levels of wildfire danger. The results are presented in 4 sets of FWI thresholds and they are further evaluated on the basis of verification measures. All sets of FWI thresholds were found to significantly improve the predictability of wildfire danger compared to the EFFIS fire danger class thresholds. In particular, two of them were found to meet selected performance requirements for a balanced predictive performance, namely a reduced overestimation of wildfire danger and increased reliability in danger classification. The results are expected to have significant practical implications for wildfire prevention and risk mitigation strategies implemented by the forest fire control agencies of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]