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We present results of a theoretical study of influence of the electron velocity spread and the radial width on the efficiency and mode competition in a 300-kW, 300-GHz gyrotron operating in the TE22,2 mode. This gyrotron was developed for application to collective Thomson scattering diagnostics in the large helical device and 300-kW level high power single TE22,2 mode oscillation has been demonstrated [Yamaguchi et al., J. Instrum. 10, c10002 (2015)]. Effects of a finite voltage rise time corresponding to the real power supply of this gyrotron are also considered. Simulations tracking eight competing modes show that the electron velocity spread and the finite beam width influence not only the efficiency of the gyrotron operation but also the mode competition scenario during the startup phase. A combination of the finite rise time with the electron velocity spread or the finite beam width affects the mode competition scenario. The simulation calculation reproduces the experimental observation of high power single mode oscillation of the TE22,2 mode as the design mode. This gives a theoretical basis of the experimentally obtained high power oscillation with the design mode in a real gyrotron and moreover shows a high power oscillation regime of the design mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results of theoretical study of mode competition during the voltage rise of a 300-kW, 300-GHz gyrotron operating in the TE22,2,1 mode. Simulations tracking eight competing modes show that, with a proper choice of the magnetic field, stable excitation of the operating mode can be realized, despite the presence of parasitic modes in the resonator spectrum. A finite voltage rise time, 1 kV/4 ns referred to as the slow voltage rise case, is taken into account to simulate realistically the experimental condition. Simulation results with the finite voltage rise time are in good agreement with the experimental test, in which the gyrotron demonstrated reliable operation at power levels up to 300 kW. Moreover, interesting phenomena are observed. Along with voltage rise, the oscillation manner changes from backward wave oscillation to gyrotron oscillation. In the range of the magnetic field lower than the magnetic field strength at which the TE22,2 mode attains to the maximum power, mode competition with the TE21,2 mode takes place although many other competing modes exist in between the two modes. In addition to the slow voltage rise case, the fast voltage rise case, 10 kV/ 4 ns, and the instant voltage rise case are considered. For these cases, simulations also predict stable oscillation of the TE22,2 mode with the same power level with the slow voltage rise case. This indicates that stable oscillations of the TE22,2 mode can be obtained in a wide range of the voltage rise time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oscillation characteristics of Gyrotron FU CW GIII and its wave frequency and output power dependences on the magnetic field strength, the gun coil current, and the anode voltage were investigated experimentally. The experimental results were analyzed theoretically using a selfconsistent code that included the electron properties in the cavity, corresponding to the actual operating conditions in the experiments. As a result, it was found that the variation in frequency with the magnetic field strength was related to an axial profile change in the electromagnetic wave in the cavity. In addition, the optimal condition that gives the maximum output power was found to be determined by the pitch factor rather than by the electron beam radius under the given operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostic was developed and used to measure the bulk and fast ions originating from 180 keV neutral beams in the Large Helical Device (LHD). Electromagnetic waves from a gyrotron at 77 GHz with 1 MW power output function as both the probe and electron cyclotron heating beam. To clarify the diagnostic applicability of the gyrotron in the 77 GHz frequency band, we investigated the dependence of the probe and receiver beam trajectories in plasmas with high electron densities of (4–5) × 1019 m−3 and low electron densities of (1–2) × 1019 m−3. At high density, a stray radiation component was observed in the CTS spectrum whereas it was negligibly small at low density. The CTS spectrum was measured and analysed after the in situ beam alignment using a beam scan. Qualitatively, the CTS spectrogram shows consistent response to ion temperatures of 1–2 keV for electron densities of (1–2) × 1019 m−3 and electron temperatures of 2–4 keV. The measured CTS spectrum shows an asymmetric shape at the foot of the bulk-ion region during the injection of 180 keV fast ions. This shape is explained by the fast-ion distribution in the velocity space (v‖, v⊥) based on Monte Carlo simulation results. The analysis method of the CTS spectra is used to evaluate the ion temperature and fast-ion velocity distribution from the measured CTS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present and discuss experimental results from a microwave sintering of silica glass-ceramics, produced from amorphous silica xerogel extracted from sago waste ash. As a radiation source for a microwave heating a sub-millimeter wave gyrotron (Gyrotron FU CW I) with an output frequency of 300 GHz has been used. The powders of the amorphous silica xerogel have been dry pressed and then sintered at temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 1200 °C. Microwave absorbing properties of the sintered samples were investigated by measuring the dielectric constant, the dielectric loss, and the reflection loss at different frequencies in the interval from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. Furthermore, the characteristics of the formation process for producing silica glass-ceramics were studied using a Raman Spectroscopy and a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the samples sintered at 1200 °C are characterized by lower reflection losses and a better transparency due to the formation of a fully crystallized silica glass- ceramic at sufficiently high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical estimations and the results of numerical analysis of the electron beam parameters in the reverse moderate power (15 kV/1A) Magnetron Injection Gun (MIG) for a coaxial 394.6 GHz gyrotron are presented. The design of the MIG with a movable inner rod is discussed, and the influence of emitter roughness is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of experimental studies of submillimeter-wave gyrotrons, which were obtained in the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region of Fukui University (Japan). Distinctive features of the systems forming helical electron beams in submillimeter-wave gyrotrons are described. The results of the theoretical studies, which were aimed at excitation of higher harmonics in submillimeter-wave gyrotrons, reducing the operating voltage, and creating devices with smooth wideband tuning of the generation frequency, are presented. It is shown that modern gyrotrons are capable of ensuring continuous-wave generation at the frequencies from 200 to 400 GHz at a power level of up to hundreds of watts, and up to tens of kilowatts in the pulse-generation regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Some recent advancements in the development of powerful high frequency gyrotrons that generate coherent radiation in the sub-terahertz and terahertz regions of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as their typical and novel applications are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We consider a general concept of construction, the possible versions, and specific features of a gyrotron, whose output power in CW oscillation regime can reach a few kilowatts at a frequency of 300 GHz. The gyrotron is designed for work in a high-frequency facility in combination with a “dry” cryomagnet, which ensures a magnetic field of up to 12 T, required for the gyrotron operation. The basic results of numerical simulation and optimization of the electron gun, the resonant cavity, and other subsystems of the gyrotron are presented. The designs used for the gyrotron development are justified. Preliminary experiments showed the efficiency of the pilotproduction gyrotron with an output power of about 2 kW, which is record-breaking in this frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective Thomson scattering (CTS) is expected to provide the spatially resolved velocity distribution functions of not only thermal and tail ions but also alpha particles resulting from fusion reactions. CTS using gyrotrons with frequency higher than the conventional ones used for plasma heating would have advantages to alleviate refraction, cutoff effects, and background electron cyclotron emission noise. Therefore, a high-power pulse gyrotron operating at approximately 400 GHz is being developed for CTS in Large Helical Device (LHD). A single-mode oscillation with a frequency greater than 400 GHz, applying the second-harmonic resonance, was successfully demonstrated in the first stage. At the same time, concrete feasibility study based on ray tracing, scattering spectra, and electron cyclotron emission calculations has been conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective Thomson scattering (CTS) system is expected to be a strong diagnostic tool for measuring thermal and fast ion distribution function at a local point inside plasmas. The electron cyclotron resonance heating system using a gyrotron at the frequency range of 77 GHz has been installed at the large helical device (LHD). The feasibility of CTS system using the 77 GHz gyrotron is assessed in terms of scattering spectrum and a background noise of the electron cyclotron emission, which affect the signal to noise ratio, with the realistic plasma parameters and incident port locations of LHD. Based on the calculated scattering spectra for bulk and tail fast ion diagnostics, the scattering radiation receiver system with gyrotron frequency feedback circuit is proposed to avoid the frequency chirping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A demountable vacuum window of fused quartz was designed and successfully used for a highpower circular waveguide system combined with 28-GHz gyrotrons for electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. The power reflection coefficient is very low (≤0.1%) and it works satisfactorily at the transmitted power level of 120 kW with 60-ms pulse width. No problems are expected up to 200-kW transmission with 0.1-s duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostic requires a strong probing beam to diagnose a bulk and fast ion distribution function in fusion plasmas. A mega-watt gyrotron for electron cyclotron resonance heating is used as a probing beam in the large helical device. Spurious mode oscillations are often observed during the turning on/off phase of the modulation. The frequency spectra of the 77-GHz gyrotron output power have been measured, and then one of the spurious modes, which interferes with the CTS receiver system, is identified as the TE17,6 mode at the frequency of 74.7 GHz. The mode competition calculation indicates that the increase of the magnetic field strength at the gyrotron resonator can avoid such a spurious mode and excite only the main TE18,6 mode. The spurious radiation at the 74.7 GHz is experimentally demonstrated to be suppressed in the stronger magnetic field than that optimized for the high-power operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]