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Introduction: In this study, the suitability of selecting elite athletes from an early age was examined. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if the behavior identified in previous research also occurs among the world's best athletes of all time who compete in the 100-meter race. Materials and methods: For this, and based on an analysis of the official classifications of all times for men and women of the International Association of Athletics Federations in the referred test , samples were used in absolute category (Top-1,000 up to the 12/31/2018) and sub -20 category (Top - 100 until 12/31/2003); power laws and other strategies typical of complex systems will be applied to analyze the data . Results: The results show how, all too often, the best male and female runners in the world in the under-20 category do not evolve positively during the rest of their sports career. improving their records in the higher categories. Only 51 men out of the top 100 U-20 runners of all time managed to improve their times once they reached the senior category, and the improvements did not always show statistically significant progressions. Consequently, an excessive investment in human and material resources to identify individuals with high athletic abilities is not always the best strategy. Conclusions: level sport at an early age can be a methodological error that should be avoided when building the sports reserves of a country or sports federation.

Eating disorders are psychiatric and behavioral health pathologies of high complexity and different etiology, which can affect age groups, sexes, and ethnicities indistinctly. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of eating disorders and the possible relation with the sports profile of Colombian adolescent athletes. This was an exploratory cross-sectional quantitative study that used an online form designed with a sociodemographic questionnaire and the EAT-26 scale to determine the eating disorder risk of the object population. A total of 354 adolescent athletes participated. There were 182 men and 172 women and the mean age was 15.59 (range: 10–19 years, SD = 1.938). The participants presented a significantly low risk of eating disorders (21.2%) with no differences in prevalence between both sexes. The risk of eating disorder was related to the result of the last competition (p = 0.01), the type of sport (p = 0.032), the years of sports practice (p = 0.004), and the number of training hours a day (p = 0.011). It is relevant to recognize that adolescents and athletes are vulnerable populations regarding eating disorders. In conclusion, adolescent athletes should be the object of special attention to prevent eating disorders and their consequences on health and sports performance.

El objetivo de la investigación fue diseñar una escala permita examinar los valores en el deporte del alumnado de ESO y Bachillerato españoles sobre los valores generados en el ámbito deportivo. La muestra del estudio estuvo formada por 1316 alumnos pertenecientes a quince centros educativos de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y Bachillerato españoles. Se realizó un Análisis Factorial exploratorio (AFE) para comprobar la validez interna del cuestionario y un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Finalmente, el “cuestionario de valores deportivos y olímpicos” es un instrumento con el que se pueden conocer la percepción de los valores asociados al deporte por la población de entre 12 y 18 años. Palabras clave: Educación, Olimpismo, deporte, adolescentes, lengua española Abstract. The aim of the present research was to design a scale that would allow us to examine the sporting values of Spanish middle and high school students associated to the values generated in the sports sphere. The sample was composed of 1316 students from fifteen high school education centers in Spain. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to verify the internal validity of the questionnaire, as well as a confirmatory factory analysis (CFA). Finally, the "questionnaire of sports and Olympic values" is an instrument with which the perception of the values ​​associated with sport by the population between 12 and 18 years of age can be known. Keywords: Education; Olympism; Sport, teenagers, Spanish language.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of simulated ankle range of motion modification on the dynamic valgus index (DVI) of female soccer players during a monopodal squat. A second objective compared the frontal plane projection angles (FPPA) of hip and knee to identify the greatest contribution to the DVI. The dominant leg (DL) and non-dominant leg (NDL) were evaluated in 16 female soccer players during a monopodal squat, under Basal conditions: “without wedge” (WW); Restrictive: “with dorsiflexor wedge” (DW) and Facilitator: “with plantiflexor wedge” (PW) of ankle. With the Kinovea software, the DVI was identified by adding the hip and knee FPPA. The three conditions in the dominant leg and non-dominant leg, the FPPA in each condition were compared and effect sizes were determined. No condition showed differences in DVI in DL vs. NDL. In DL, DVI increased with large effect in DW and decreased with large effect in PW compared to WW and DW. In NDL, DVI increased with large effect in DW compared to WW and PW. In both legs, hip FPPA was higher than knee FPPA in all conditions. It is concluded that the simulated restriction of ankle dorsiflexion is effective for an increase in DVI, while the facilitator allows its decrease with greater effect on NDL. The hip is the joint with the greatest contribution to the DVI, independent of condition. Resumen. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la modificación simulada del rango de movimiento del tobillo sobre el índice de valgo dinámico (IVD) de jugadoras de fútbol, durante una sentadilla monopodal. Un segundo objetivo comparó los ángulos de proyección en el plano frontal (APPF) de cadera y rodilla para identificar el mayor aporte al IVD. Se evaluó en 16 mujeres futbolistas, durante una sentadilla monopodal, la pierna dominante (PD) y no dominante (PND), en las condiciones Basal: “sin cuña” (SC); Restrictiva: “con cuña dorsiflexora” (CD) y Facilitadora: “con cuña plantiflexora” (CP) de tobillo. Con el software Kinovea se identificó el IVD sumando los APPF de cadera y rodilla. Se compararon las tres condiciones en la pierna dominante y no dominante, los APPF en cada condición y se determinaron los tamaños de efecto. Ninguna condición presentó diferencias en IVD en PD vs PND. En PD, el IVD aumentó con gran efecto en CD y disminuyo con gran efecto en CP comparado con SC y CD. En PND, el IVD aumentó con gran efecto en CD comparado con SC y CP. En ambas piernas, el APPF de cadera fue mayor que el de rodilla en todas las condiciones. Se concluye que la restricción simulada de la dorsiflexión de tobillo es efectiva para un aumento del IVD, mientras que la facilitadora permite su disminución con mayor efecto en PND. La cadera es la articulación con mayor aporte al IVD, independiente de la condición.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores socio-demográficos, económicos y deportivos relacionados con los resultados de participación del equipo olímpico español en los JJ.OO. de Pekín 2008, Londres 2012 y Rio de Janeiro 2016, analizando si el sexo del deportista provoca variaciones en el modelo. Se obtuvieron datos de 875 deportistas olímpicos pertenecientes al equipo español entre los años 2005 y 2016, así como de diferentes parámetros socio-demográficos, económicos, y deportivos. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales que mostró que la población, el presupuesto deportivo, las licencias deportivas, los deportistas de alto nivel (DAN), los deportistas becados, la brecha de género y el PIB explicaban un 79,81% de la varianza total. Al realizar el modelo en función del sexo se encontró un modelo similar al general en mujeres y hombres. En conclusión, la participación de hombres y mujeres en el olimpismo español se debe a una gran amalgama de variables, no existiendo grandes diferencias en la influencia de las mismas en función sexo. Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyze the socio-demographic, economic and sports factors related to the results of the Spanish Olympic team's participation in the Olympic Games of Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016, analyzing whether the sex of the athlete causes variations in the model. Data was obtained from 875 Olympic athletes belonging to the Spanish team between 2005 and 2016, as well as from different socio-demographic, economic and sports parameters. A main component analysis was carried out which showed that the population, sports budget, sports licenses, top level athletes (TLA), scholarship awarded athletes, gender gap and GDP explained 79.81% of the total variance. When the gender model was carried out, a similar pattern to the general one was found in women and men. In conclusion, the participation of men and women in the Spanish Olympics is due to a great amalgam of variables, and there are no great differences in the influence of these variables according to gender.

A Carta Olímpica (CA) assinala a missão Movimento Olímpico (MO) no sentido de construir um mundo melhor. Através dos valores associados à busca de excelência, celebração da amizade e demonstração de respeito, a prática desportiva emerge como uma ferramenta de educação de elevado interesse. Enquanto agentes com intervenção particular, isto é, a responsabilidade na condução e ensino da atividade desportiva, os treinadores são elementos cruciais no processo de desenvolvimento dos valores que se querem manifestados através da prática desportiva Não obstante e sabendo que a nível da formação existe um modulo de ética, queremos saber ate que ponto os nossos treinadores estão sensibilizados para a temática da Ética, Olimpismo e dos Valores. Este estudo teve por base a aplicação de questionários aos treinadores, e pretende se saber se os treinadores transmitem os valores aos seus atletas e em que situação, saber que conhecimentos tem sobre o movimento olímpico e quais os valores desportivos tem na sua formação como treinadores. Resumen. La Carta Olímpica (CA) señala la misión Movimiento Olímpico (MO) para construir un mundo mejor. A través de los valores asociados a la búsqueda de la excelencia, la amistad y la celebración muestra de respeto, el deporte surge como una herramienta educativa de gran interés. Mientras que los agentes con intervención particular, es decir, la responsabilidad en la conducción y la enseñanza en los deportes, los entrenadores son elementos cruciales en el proceso de desarrollo de los valores que se quieren manifestar a través del deporte Sin embargo, y sabiendo que en la formación hay un módulo la ética, queremos saber en qué medida nuestros entrenadores son conscientes del problema de la ética, el Olimpismo y sus valores. Este estudio se basó en cuestionarios dirigidos a los entrenadores, y quieren saber si los entrenadores transmiten valores a sus atletas y en esa situación, sabe que el conocimiento tiene sobre el movimiento olímpico y el que figuras del deporte tienen en su formación como entrenadores.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar qué valores asocian los adolescentes a la práctica deportiva con especial énfasis en los que caracterizan al Movimiento Olímpico. Para ello se ha elaborado un cuestionario ad-hoc en el que se ha preguntado a jóvenes de entre 12 y 18 años por 30 cualidades que, tanto en la bibliografía como en la sociedad, se relacionan comúnmente con el deporte. Dado que el fútbol es el deporte mayoritariamente practicado (como también se refleja en nuestro trabajo) y de mayor impacto social y mediático, hemos centrado el análisis en la percepción de los valores olímpicos de sus practicantes. Así, el valor más importante asociado a la práctica deportiva es la diversión. Además, los cuatro Valores Olímpicos consensuados en la bibliografía: esfuerzo, juego limpio, amistad y respeto; aparecen situados entre las seis primeras posiciones por orden de valoración. De los facilitados en el cuestionario, los valores negativos como “machacar al rival” son los menos valorados. Sin embargo, los futbolistas puntúan significativamente más alto que la media las variables negativas. Por género, los chicos futbolistas también puntúan significativamente más alto que las chicas cualidades negativas como las asociadas a la competitividad. Los futbolistas dan más valor a cualidades relacionadas con el equipo frente a los practicantes de artes marciales que valoran en mayor medida cualidades personales. Abstract. The aim of this paper is to analyze what values associated teens with sport with special emphasis on those that characterize the Olympic Movement. To do that, we have developed an ad-hoc questionnaire in which we asked young people, between 12 and 18 years, for 30 qualities that commonly associate with the sport. Since football is the sport mostly practiced (as is also reflected in our work) and with the greater social and media impact, we have focused the analysis on the perception of the Olympic values of the football players. Thus, the most important value associated with the sport is: fun. In addition, the four Olympic Values consensus in the literature: effort, fair play, friendship and respect; they appear positioned between the six top positions, in order of valuation. Of those provided in the questionnaire, negative values as "crush rival" are the least valued. However, football players scored significantly higher than average negative variables. By gender, the boys football players also scored significantly higher than girls negative values associated with competitiveness. The football players give greater importance to team-related values compared to martial arts practitioners who emphasize personal values further.