Search

Groundwater is the main water source that is most widely used in the world, one of which is in Indonesia. One of the uses of groundwater is for consumption needs. Therefore, the groundwater used should have good water quality. For this reason, this study aimed to determine groundwater quality in Indonesia during the dry season and make recommendations for groundwater management policies. A total of 211 groundwater samples taken from springs, drilled wells, and dug wells spread across volcanic areas on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sulawesi were collected to test their quality in this research. The method used in this research consisted of 4 analyses: WHO threshold analysis, Piper Diagram, Water Quality Index (WQI), and statistical correlation and regression. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that 47 K+ samples, 1 Na+ sample, 5 Ca2+ samples, 1 Cl- sample, 115 HCO3- samples, 3 TDS samples, and 3 pH samples exceeded WHO standards. The results of the Piper triangle diagram analysis showed that the majority of groundwater in Indonesia falls into the Unpolluted Groundwater classification (categories D and G), and the results of the WQI analysis also showed that 98% of the groundwater in Indonesia analyzed falls into the excellent and good water categories. The results of statistical analysis of the parameters K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, TDS, and pH showed that all these parameters are strongly and positively correlated with the WQI value.

Around the world, groundwater supply is critical for vital needs such as drinking and irrigation. This work investigates groundwater in the carbonate aquifer of the Middle Miocene in the east El Minia area, Egypt. In this regard, thirty-two groundwater samples were collected. The water samples were analyzed for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, CO2−, HCO3−, Fe, Mn, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, and Pb. Groundwater has been evaluated using two methods, which are water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). The predominant groundwater is soft water, and the samples range in salinity from fresh to slightly salty. The groundwater mostly falls into the alkaline water type. All the groundwater samples under study are deemed low quality for human consumption due to water contamination. Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, and Pb have high HQnc values, which can result in non-carcinogenic health issues in adults, while Mn, Cu, and Pb can give rise to non-carcinogenic health issues in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Western Cheliff plain hosts an important alluvial aquifer that is exploited for various uses including drinking water supply, irrigation and industry. This study aims to provide a hydrogeochemical characterisation of groundwater by using statistical methods and binary diagrams, as well as to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of groundwater by using the water quality index (WQI). Moreover, parametric indices such as SAR and %Na were used to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The hydrochemical approach based on results of 45 analyses of groundwater samples for the dry period 2019 enabled the determination of the most dominant chemical facies, which was chloride, sulphate, calcic and magnesium. The binary diagrams used indicated that the water-rock interaction and the evaporitic phenomenon are major geochemical processes that control the mineralisation of groundwater. The evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking water supply using WQI provided results with values ranging from 45.95 to 194.78, and above 60% of samples were classified into the category of excellent to good quality (WQI < 100), while the remaining 40% of water samples were classified in the category of poor quality for drinking (WQI > 100). However, the quality of groundwater is mostly acceptable for irrigation, mostly for plants with salinity-tolerant in drained soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on assessing groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Malda District, India, using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Topics include the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater, the identification of hazardous elements and their impact on water quality, and the use of GIS to enhance spatial understanding and management of groundwater resources.

The article presents a study on groundwater quality assessment and the interrelationship between various physico-chemical parameters and potentially toxic element sin low-hills of Himachal Pradesh, India. Topics discussed include sampling of groundwater and analysis, seasonal groundwater quality parameters in district Sirmaur, and groundwater quality parameters in district Una.

Groundwater is the main water source that is most widely used in the world, one of which is in Indonesia. One of the uses of groundwater is for consumption needs. Therefore, the groundwater used should have good water quality. For this reason, this study aimed to determine groundwater quality in Indonesia during the dry season and make recommendations for groundwater management policies. A total of 211 groundwater samples taken from springs, drilled wells, and dug wells spread across volcanic areas on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sulawesi were collected to test their quality in this research. The method used in this research consisted of 4 analyses: WHO threshold analysis, Piper Diagram, Water Quality Index (WQI), and statistical correlation and regression. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that 47 K+ samples, 1 Na+ sample, 5 Ca2+ samples, 1 Cl-sample, 115 HCO3 - samples, 3 TDS samples, and 3 pH samples exceeded WHO standards. The results of the Piper triangle diagram analysis showed that the majority of groundwater in Indonesia falls into the Unpolluted Groundwater classification (categories D and G), and the results of the WQI analysis also showed that 98% of the groundwater in Indonesia analyzed falls into the excellent and good water categories. The results of statistical analysis of the parameters K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO4 2-, Cl-, TDS, and pH showed that all these parameters are strongly and positively correlated with the WQI value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]3-, TDS, and pH showed that all these parameters are strongly and positively correlated with the WQI value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As industrial development and population growth continue, water pollution has become increasingly severe, particularly in rapidly industrializing regions like the area surrounding the Yopurga landfill. Ensuring water resource safety and environmental protection necessitates effective water quality monitoring and assessment. This paper explores the application of advanced machine learning technologies and the Water Quality Index (WQI) model as a comprehensive method for accurately assessing groundwater quality near the Yopurga landfill. The methodology involves selecting water quality indicators based on available data and the hydrochemical characteristics of the study area, comparing the performance of Decision Trees, Random Forest, and Xgboost algorithms in predicting water quality, and identifying the optimal algorithm to determine indicator weights. Indicators are scored using appropriate sub-index (SI) functions, and six different aggregation functions are compared to find the most suitable one. The study reveals that the Xgboost model surpasses Decision Trees and Random Forest models in water quality prediction. The top three indicator weights identified are pH, Manganese (Mn), and Nickel (Ni). The SWM model, with a 0% overestimation eclipsing rate and a 34% underestimation eclipsing rate, is chosen as the most appropriate WQI model for evaluating groundwater quality at the Yopurga landfill. According to the WQI results from the SWM aggregation function, the overall water quality in the area ranges from moderately polluted to slightly polluted. These assessment results provide a scientific basis for regional water environment protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study deals with water quality (WQ) assessment season-wise ionic concentration in the Mewat district of Haryana, India. A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected, 12 each for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons of 2016, to know the status of WQ for drinking and irrigation purposes. Piper, Durov, and Gibbs plots were used to find out the water type and the factors controlling the chemistry of groundwater, respectively. Piper diagram reveals that Ca-Cl and mixed Ca–Mg-C1 typed water during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon season's where- Na-Cl water type indicates salinity problem. Gibb's plot depicted that the weathering of rocks is the major reason behind the ionic chemistry of the groundwater. Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated to know the overall WQ based on physico-chemical parameters estimated for this study. It was found that Na+ concentration was dominant among cations and Cl- among anions. Moreover, irrigation indices (KR, RSC, P.I, Cl–/HCO3–,SAR, and Na%) represent that majority of the groundwater samples during pre-monsoon (PRM) season were suitable for agricultural purposes but in monsoon (MON) and post monsoon (POM) season majority of samples lie in an unsuitable zone. The groundwater in the study region presents a high risk of salinization. Using the baseline data generated through this work, there is an immediate need for carrying out a detailed study to address the groundwater issues, understand salinity mechanisms, expansion of salinization in the fresh water aquifers and to suggest suitable management and remedial measures. Extension of this work is being carried out in the form of a purpose driven study under the National Hydrology Project aided by the World Bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to assess the water quality of Lakhota Lake. Objective water samples from five different sites were collected and analyzed from January 2023 to December 2024. Furthermore, the data obtained were processed to calculate the water quality index (WQI). The values obtained were compared with the guidelines for drinking purposes suggested by the World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standard. The results revealed that all the studied parameters were within the permissible limits except turbidity, TDS and EC, which exceeded the permissible limits. Among all the sites, site 5 was more heavily polluted than all the other sites. Among the heavy metals, iron was found above the permissible limits at Site 3, Site 4 and Site 5. Eight water quality parameters were used in the WQI approach to estimate the integrated groundwater quality. The WQI values ranged from 63.8 to 81.9, indicating that the Lakhota Lake water is not suitable for drinking water, including water from both humans and animals. At sites 1-4, the WQI falls in the poor category, while at site 5, it falls under the very poor category. There is a need for proper wastewater management in and around Lakhota Lake to protect the water quality and aesthetic properties of the lake. It is finally suggested that vegetation should also be planted at the boundaries of the lake, which will work as a natural purifier for the water of the lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater, an invaluable resource crucial for irrigation and drinking purposes, significantly impacts human health and societal advancement. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in the Mnasra region of the Gharb Plain, employing a comprehensive analysis of thirty samples collected from various locations, based on thirty-three physicochemical parameters. Utilizing tools like the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Water Quality Index (WQI), Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), as well as Multivariate Statistical Approaches (MSA), and the Geographic Information System (GIS), this research identifies the sources of groundwater pollution. The results revealed Ca2+ dominance among cations and Cl− as the primary anion. The Piper and Gibbs diagrams illustrated the prevalent Ca2+-Cl− water type and the significance of water–rock interactions, respectively. The PIG values indicated that 86.66% of samples exhibited "Insignificant pollution". NPI showed notable nitrate pollution (1.48 to 7.06), with 83.33% of samples rated "Good" for drinking based on the WQI. The IWQI revealed that 80% of samples were classified as "Excellent" and 16.66% as "Good". Spatial analysis identified the eastern and southern sections as highly contaminated due to agricultural activities. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers to manage groundwater resources and promote sustainable water management in the Gharb region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundwater quality of the Gopalganj district in Bangladesh was not well documented. Therefore, this research was done to determine the groundwater quality in the study area. The water quality index and the human health risk for heavy metal ingestion were used to describe the water quality. The water quality was performed through the estimation of turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and concentration of sodium, potassium, ammonium, nitrate, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and arsenic. The mean turbidity, pH, and total dissolved solids in the two upazila were within the permissible limit. However, the electrical conductivity in both the upazila was higher than the WHO-prescribed value in which the higher concentration was in Kotalipara. Excess concentrations of iron and arsenic were found in the Kashiani upazila, but these were below the detection limit in Kotalipara upazila. The water quality index revealed that roughly 61.0% of samples of Kashiani upazila were of poor quality. However, about 96.0% of samples of Kotalipara upazila were of excellent quality. Chronic health risks due to the revelation of drinking have also been determined by assessing the hazard quotient and hazard index. In Kashiani, almost 85.0% of samples were elevated chronic risks for adults and 100.0% of the samples were very high chronic risks for children. In Kotalipara, all the samples (almost 100%) were suggested to have a lower chronic risk for adults and children. The results suggested that the carcinogenic risk of arsenic via oral exposure was very high for both adults and children in Kashiani upazila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water quality index (WQI) is a globally accepted guideline to indicate the water quality standard of any groundwater resource. Water levels in existing groundwater sources are declining in several coastal zones. Therefore, for monitoring water quality and improving water management, the prediction and identification of groundwater status by an effective technique with higher accuracy is urgently needed. Therefore, this research aims to find an effective model for WQI prediction by comparing entropy and critic weight-based WQI (ENW-WQI and CRITIC-WQI) with multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) technique and also to identify contaminated zones using GIS. Initially, 1000 water sampling datasets with concentrations of several water quality parameters of different coastal blocks of eastern India during 2018 to 2022 are considered for the estimation of ENW-WQI and CRITIC-WQI. It shows 65% and 67% of the samples are excellent to good for drinking. ENW-WQI and CRITIC-WQI-based MLP-ANN models have been established considering different data portioning and hidden neuron numbers. Input variables and appropriate dataset partitioning with hidden neurons for models obtained from correlation and trial–error analysis. Spatial distribution maps are also produced for calculated WQIs using inverse distance weighted interpolation approaches. Three fitting models are obtained: ENW-WQI-MLP-ANN, CRITIC-WQI-MLP-ANN-I and CRITIC-WQI-MLP-ANN-II. CRITIC-WQI-MLP-ANN-II model (data ratio 85:15, network structure 6–12-1, R2 = 0.986, NSE = 0.98, and error rate 0.49%) provides the best accuracy in WQI prediction. The GIS-based WQI maps record several areas related to drinking water quality. The results of this research can help in planning the provision of safe drinking water in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the vicinity of the coast, predominantly groundwater is the sole reliable resource for potable purposes as the surface water sources are highly saline and unfit for human consumption. However, the groundwater in Sagar Island is highly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion. The majority of drinking water comes from government-owned hand pump-equipped tube wells. But during the summer season, many of these tube wells yield significantly less water. Hence, in the current scenario, water quality assessment has become important to the quantity available. Total of 31 samples of deep tube wells (groundwater) are collected at variegated locations during pre-monsoon season throughout Sagar, and then, the physical and chemical quality parameters of these water samples are analysed. Furthermore, a multivariate statistical technique is executed with the aid of the SPSS program. The hydro-chemical parameters that are taken into account for the quality analysis are pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, aluminium, arsenic, bi-carbonate, cadmium, iron, chloride, copper, chromium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, sulphate, zinc, and sodium. Then, the analysed data evaluates the water quality index (WQI). Five components are identified through the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, and 82.642% total variance is found. The outcomes of the quality assessment study illustrate that about 54.84% of collected samples come in the "excellent" water quality class when calculated by the "weighted arithmetic WQI method," and 90.32% of collected groundwater samples come in the "good" water quality class when computed using the "modified weighted arithmetic WQI method." This study helps for the interpretation of WQI to assess groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater quality degradation is a pressing concern in semi-arid coastal regions, exemplified by the Ghiss-Nekor aquifer in northeastern Morocco, spanning 100 km². This study adopts a comprehensive approach, utilizing chloro-alkaline indices, hydrochemical facies diagrams, the water quality index (WQI), and the synthetic pollution index (SPI) to assess the groundwater quality and its evolution. Key findings reveal that the Ghiss-Nekor groundwater is brackish, primarily suitable for irrigation due to high total dissolved solids (TDS). Salinization stems from reverse cation exchange, as indicated by hydrochemical analyses. WQI assessments highlight the inadequacy of this groundwater for drinking purposes, with SPI classifying 54% of wells as moderately polluted. Fine particles mitigate marine intrusion in the northwest. Overlaying land-use and electrical conductivity maps identifies the areas with poor-quality groundwater, notably near an unregulated landfill, a coastal tourist site, and a wastewater treatment facility. Ionic analysis identifies multiple saline sources, with nitrate and sulfate contributions standing out. While the study offers valuable insights, limitations include the need for ongoing data collection and source identification challenges. Nonetheless, the research underscores the urgency of effective water management, particularly around the landfill site situated above permeable deposits, offering an innovative approach with global applicability for addressing groundwater quality issues in semi-arid coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is an essential freshwater resource utilized in industry, agriculture, and daily life. In the Huaibei Plain (HBP), where groundwater significantly influences socio-economic development, information about its quality, hydrochemistry, and related health risks remains limited. We conducted a comprehensive groundwater sampling in the HBP and examined its rock characteristics, water quality index (WQI), and potential health risks. The results revealed that the primary factors shaping groundwater hydrochemistry were rock dissolution and weathering, cation exchange, and anthropogenic activities. WQI assessment indicated that only 73% of the groundwaters is potable, as Fe2+, Mn2+, NO3−, and F− contents in the water could pose non-carcinogenic hazards to humans. Children were more susceptible to these health risks through oral ingestion than adults. Uncertainty analysis indicated that the probabilities of non-carcinogenic risk were approximately 57% and 31% for children and adults, respectively. Sensitivity analysis further identified fluoride as the primary factor influencing non-carcinogenic risks, indicating that reducing fluoride contamination should be prioritized in future groundwater management in the HBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, North Africa has witnessed significant population growth, particularly those bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This led to increased demand for groundwater, which is an essential source for various water uses such as drinking water supplies and irrigation. Generally, human activities play a crucial role in the different quantitative and qualitative changes in groundwater. Now, climate changes such as a decrease in precipitation have also led to a shortage of water resources and a decline in the groundwater table. This paper presents the impact of climate changes on groundwater resources in the Ain Azel region, Setif, northeastern Algeria. The analysis of long-term spatiotemporal variability in rainfall over 63 years (1958–2021) revealed a significant decline in groundwater recharge, especially after 2013. In contrast, the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests show increased temperatures with breaks between 1984 and 1986. A piezometric analysis of the alluvial aquifer demonstrated a significant decline in groundwater levels in the last 20 years. Hydrochemical analysis showed that groundwater in the region is dominated by Ca–Mg–Cl water type, which indicates the presence of water salinity phenomenon. Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis showed the deterioration of groundwater in the area, which may be caused by several factors: brine intrusion from the Salt Lake (Sebkha) in the north; the dissolution of evaporites (Triassic) and/or anthropogenic sources of agricultural and industrial origin. Our findings provide an overview summarizing the state of groundwater, which will help improve groundwater resource management in the region in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity remains the main problem in Morocco, making water resource conservation paramount. The objective of this study is to shed light on how mining impacts the region of Beni Tajjit's groundwater resources, which are used for irrigation and watering, which includes the Bou Dhar mining district, known for its vast lead and zinc sulfide deposits. The oxidation of sulfide-rich mine tailings generates acid water loaded with sulfates, creating acid mine drainage (AMD), which hurts aquatic ecosystems and the environment through trace metals elements (TME). Hence the need to assess the possible contamination of aquifers by metallic pollutants. This work can help water managers make appropriate decisions for controlling the quality of the groundwater in the Beni Tajjit area. During this study, we adopted a method: the Water Quality Index (WQI), designed to indicate the overall level of water quality by aggregating various weighted measurements. Five samples representing water sources around the mine tailings were taken and analyzed. Their values of dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and pH were measured on-site. The results allow us to classify the water into good and bad categories. They showed that the TME values were practically lower than the maximum permitted level according to WHO norms and Moroccan irrigation standards. The main reason for this may be due to the carbonate geological context of the site, which buffers acidity and thus forms a chemical barrier against the transfer of TME to the aquifer. The high chlorine levels appear due to geochemical background or anthropogenies contaminations. The sulfate values recorded are related to the leaching of sulfide minerals from mine tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater quality in arid areas is an issue that requires attention, as often the only source of irrigation and drinking. In this manuscript, a research area of 4590.2 Km2, which depicts important problems of water scarcity and water-poor quality in an arid environment, was assessed. Therefore, GIS-based mapping of the region was carried out to examine the adequacy of groundwater quality. Forty-three (43) groundwater samples were gathered in the fieldwork in March 2022, and various physicochemical limits were analysed within Gibbs and Piper diagrams. Likewise, spatial distribution maps of twelve (12) main water quality parameters were performed using the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method (IDW) in the ArcGIS tool. The Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated considering Algerian drinking water quality standards and to know the suitability of water for human consumption. A Pearson's test was carried out to explore the correlations among the different variables. Major results of the study showed that, among anions and cations, sulphates ( S O 4 - 2 ) and calcium (Ca) were the most common ions. The WQI showed that 30.23% of the samples have excellent water quality, 62.79% belong to the good water category, and 6.97% fall into the poor water quality category. Thus, the correlation study between many physicochemical properties also showed significant positive relationships between WQI, TDS, EC, TH, SO 4 - 2 , Ca + + , and Mg + + . In agreement with the Gibbs diagram, most of the samples fall into the field of rock-water interaction dominance. Hence, this research shows that using GIS and WQI as joint approaches could be useful tools for the decision-making process of local and international authorities and water resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of surface water and groundwater quality in Lower Seybouse and Annaba Plain, NE Algeria. 36 surface water and groundwater samples were collected in this area, and various physicochemical parameters were analysed. The quality of surface water and groundwater for drinking and the associated health risks were assessed using a Water Quality Index (WQI) and a Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model. The results show that all samples are alkaline with the EC values ranging from 1139 to 5555 µS/cm. The ionic dominance pattern was in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ for cations and Cl- > HCO3 - > SO4 2- > NO3 - for anions, respectively. The dominant water types are SO4-Cl-Ca-Mg and SO4-Cl-Na, formed by dissolution of evaporative and carbonate-rich material. All samples are unsuitable for drinking, with 1 sample classified as poor (rank = 4) and 35 samples as extremely poor (rank = 5). These samples are mainly located near the Seybouse Wadi, which is a natural outlet for wastewater from human activities. The assessment of non-carcinogenic risk showed that the Hazard Index (HI) for males ranged from 0.12 to 1.01 with a mean of 0.30 and only one sample exceeded value 1. For females, the HI was between 0.16 and 1.28 for females, with a mean of 0.39. The risk for children was even higher, ranging from 0.41 to 3.28, with a mean of 1.03, suggesting that children are more vulnerable to water contamination. The Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values for Pb ranged from 10-3 to 8.6 · 10-3, with a mean of 2.6 · 10-3 for males, and between 1.4 · 10-3 to 10-2, with a mean of 3.3 · 10-3 for females, while for children the CR values ranged from 3.5 · 10-3 to 2.7 · 10-3, with a mean of 8.4 · 10-3, indicating that no possible CR from water drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the quality of groundwater in south of Basrah governorate from three regions (Zubair, Safwan and um-Qaser), as well as its expediency for drinking purposes and irrigation. Fifty groundwater specimens from various locations were, whereas their physical and chemical parameters were assessed. The WQI was used to measure overall water quality, and the results were displayed using GIS. The calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) took twelve physiochemical parameters into account, including pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, SO4 -2, Cl-, HCO3 - and NO3 -. The groundwater in Basrah was found to be of generally low quality, with significant levels of salinity, hardness, and TDS. The groundwater in the research region was not fit for human consumption, according to (WHO, 2011) standards for drinking water. Applying WQI revealed that, with the exception of two wells, the ground water in the research area was classed as very poor-unsuitable type. The GIS analysis assisted in identifying the places with the best water quality and those with the most serious issues. The groundwater of research region was used for irrigation purposes. The indices considered included SAR, SSP AND MH%. The groundwater from the study area is generally in good condition and may be utilized for irrigation, as shown by the estimated water indices when compared to the accepted standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogeochemical properties and groundwater quality assessment are very important for the effective management of water resources in arid and semiarid regions. The present investigation is a spatiotemporal analysis of groundwater quality using both chemical analysis and water quality indices (WQIs) in the Mornag Basin in northeastern Tunisia. The results exhibit that the Mornag shallow aquifer is dominated by chloride–sodium–potassium water facies, which progress over time toward chloride–sulfate–calcium and magnesium water facies. This may highlight that the mineralization of groundwater, which increases in the direction of groundwater flow, is primarily controlled by a natural process resulting from the dissolution of evaporative minerals and cation exchange with clay minerals relatively abundant in the study area. The anthropogenic activities represented by the return flow of irrigation water, the recharge by wastewater, and climate change also have a key role in groundwater contamination. The temporal evolution in %Na and SAR over the last three years in the Mornag aquifer shows an increasing trend that makes them unsuitable for irrigation. These findings highlight the need for assessing water quality in mapping local water resource vulnerability to pollution and developing sustainable water resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater, an invaluable resource crucial for irrigation and drinking purposes, significantly impacts human health and societal advancement. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in the Mnasra region of the Gharb Plain, employing a comprehensive analysis of thirty samples collected from various locations, based on thirty-three physicochemical parameters. Utilizing tools like the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Water Quality Index (WQI), Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), as well as Multivariate Statistical Approaches (MSA), and the Geographic Information System (GIS), this research identifies the sources of groundwater pollution. The results revealed Ca2+ dominance among cations and Cl− as the primary anion. The Piper and Gibbs diagrams illustrated the prevalent Ca2+-Cl− water type and the significance of water–rock interactions, respectively. The PIG values indicated that 86.66% of samples exhibited “Insignificant pollution”. NPI showed notable nitrate pollution (1.48 to 7.06), with 83.33% of samples rated “Good” for drinking based on the WQI. The IWQI revealed that 80% of samples were classified as “Excellent” and 16.66% as “Good”. Spatial analysis identified the eastern and southern sections as highly contaminated due to agricultural activities. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers to manage groundwater resources and promote sustainable water management in the Gharb region.

Groundwater is vital to local human life and agricultural irrigation, and the quality of the water is critical to human health. As a result, it is critical to investigate the hydrochemical evolution and water quality of groundwater in the Sanjiang Plain. There were 259 samples obtained. Furthermore, hydrogeochemical simulation was performed to highlight groundwater's hydrochemical features, evolution process, and water quality. The analytical results show that the groundwater in the study area is somewhat alkaline with a mean TDS of 285.94 mgL−1 and the primary contributing ions being Ca2+ and HCO3−. The closer the concentration of TDS and NO3− is to the city, the higher the concentration, indicating that the chemical composition of the water body has been affected by certain human activities. The Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, and correlation analysis results demonstrate that the chemical type of groundwater is mostly HCO3-Ca and the hydrochemistry is primarily regulated by weathering and carbonate and silicate dissolution. According to the entropy-weighted water quality index, the groundwater quality in this location is pretty acceptable. This study could help strengthen groundwater quality monitoring based on local conditions, identify the source of nitrate, provide data support for the safe use of local water resources, and serve as a reference for global water chemical evolution and water quality evaluation in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 40 georeferenced groundwater samples were randomly collected from taluka Dokri, district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan to access the water quality of groundwater owing to the increasing water scarcity. The sampling including historical site Mohenjo-daro meaning 'Mound of the Dead Men and mapped spatially using ArcGIS 10.5 software. It was built about 2500 BCE and was largest settlements of ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and an earliest major city of the world. The samples were examined for physical and chemical parameters using standard methods and analysed for 26 physicochemical parameters including cations, anions, trace and toxic elements for drinking and irrigation purposes. The 27.5% samples were not suitable for drinking purposes on the basis of TDS. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis were examined to interpret the data. Hydrochemical faces, scatter analysis and Chadha diagram were analysed to know the groundwater chemistry and to interprete the data. The Chadha diagram showed that (70%) samples fall within, Cl−+SO42–Ca2++Mg2+, SO42–Ca2++Mg2+and showed dissolution of gypsum containing minerals, Gibbs diagram showed 62.5 to 65.0% samples were in Rock dominance. The GIS mapping results of water quality parameters revealed that in most of the groundwater of taluka Dokri was good for drinking except Mohenjo- daro site. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated and 65.0% samples were in 'Good and Excellent' category for drinking purposes and 92.5% samples were found in 'Good to Excellent' category for irrigation. The samples were calculated for SAR, RSC, PI, KI, Na% to check the water quality for irrigation and 75–100% were observed suitable for irritation. The work may provide guideline for examining the water quality for drinking and irrigation in their respective areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater salinity is a serious problem for water quality in the irrigated parts of arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the aquifers of Berrechid, Morocco. This study used a variety of techniques, including the Water Quality Index (WQI) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the quality of the groundwater for irrigation and domestic use in the Berrechid region in central Morocco. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality of groundwater for irrigation and human consumption. The collection and analysis of twenty-two samples for ions was carried out, including, EC, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, NO2-, Ca2+, Mg2+, pH, SO42-, Na+, K+, CO3-, HCO3-, and Mn2+. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to classify the water quality vis: excellent, good, average, poor and very poor. The research area's water quality index (WQI) ranges from 43.89 to 439.34, with around 40.90% of samples having excellent water quality, 45.45% having poor water quality, 4.54% showing extremely bad water quality, and 9.09% having unsuitable quality for human consumption. The principal component analysis reveals that the average concentration of cations in groundwater was Na+> Mg2+> Ca2+> K+> Mn2+> NH4+, whereas the concentration of anions was Cl-> HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-> NO2-> CO32-. The correlation matrix was created and analyzed to determine its significance in groundwater quality assessment. The primary sources of pollution are household waste, exposed septic tanks, landfill leachate, and excessive fertilizer usage in agriculture and industrial operations. The current analysis demonstrates that the deteriorating groundwater quality in the region needs pre-consumption treatment and contamination risk prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of potable drinking water is a tough challenge particularly in arid and semiarid regions as it is closely linked to human health. Fluoride and nitrate are widely reported concern in different districts of Rajasthan. Therefore, this study was engaged in the Churu District of Rajasthan to appraise the water quality especially in reference to fluoride and nitrate and health risk associated with its consumption. The overall potability of water was evaluated using water quality index and PCA indicated major sources responsible for water contamination. A total of 515 groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Churu District and16 water quality parameters were analyzed as per the standard protocol of APHA. The results showed that the values for all analyzed water quality parameters were greater than the prescribed limit of WHO and BIS. F− levels in 191 samples and nitrate levels in 147 samples were found to be over than BIS-acceptable limit. The results of the fluoride and nitrate risk assessment revealed that the Hazard Index value was greater than one of 393 groundwater samples for males, 403 groundwater samples for females, and 397 groundwater samples for children, indicating that drinking groundwater poses a significant health risk in the study area. Only 46.02 percent of groundwater samples may be utilized for drinking, according to the water quality index (WQI), while the remaining are unfit for drinking purpose without treatment. The huge number of variables impacting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater were reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), which identified four key components that account for 69.11 percent of variance in the dataset. The PCA indicated that both geogenic and anthropogenic factors significantly influenced the water quality of the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Water quality has improved during lockdown due to COVID-19. Assessment of water drinking and irrigation by two models (WQI, and IWQI) in a semi-arid environment. The main source of groundwater recharge in coastal aquifers is rainfall, based on a stable isotope (δ2H, δ18O).

Groundwater has been the main resource used for drinking, domestic and agricultural activities in West central Senegal for the past few decades. Thus, this study investigates the quality of groundwater and assesses its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. To this end, 42 samples were collected and analyzed for various chemical parameters (major ions, fluoride, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS)). Chemical data were interpreted using water quality indexes, Wilcox and USSL salinity diagrams, bivariate plots, ionic ratios and by comparing with the WHO standards. Results indicated that the groundwater is neutral to slightly alkaline with pH values between 7.1 and 8.2. Piper diagram shows that mixte-Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 is the dominant hydrochemical facies. TDS and water quality index (WQI) values indicated respectively that 69% and 64.3% of samples were suitable for drinking. Moreover, major ions concentrations were found below the desirable limits in most of groundwater samples. However, for fluoride, 69% of samples exceed the WHO guideline, limiting their use for drinking. The computed index of irrigation water quality and Wilcox diagram reveal that 87% and 78% of samples belong, respectively, to excellent to good category and excellent to good and good to permissible. Similarly, according to the US salinity classification, the majority of samples were acceptable for irrigation. Gibbs plots illustrate that water-rocks interaction with some extent evaporation is the main hydrochemical process controlling groundwater chemistry while bivariate plots and ionic ratios indicate that mineral dissolution and ion exchange play important role in groundwater chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of anthropogenic activity and seawater intrusion, coastal aquifers worldwide frequently face a threat to their water supply due to salinization. This paper investigates the assessment of the groundwater quality in coastal aquifers of the Hauturivien aquifer in the Essaouira basin. In this study, 56 groundwater samples collected from the Hauturivian aquifer across four campaigns in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were subjected to multivariate analyses involving principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) using SPSS software. Among the three main water types, the mixed Ca-Mg-Cl classification was predominant in the investigated aquifer. In addition to the natural processes (such as the water–rock interaction, ion exchange, dissolution/precipitation dynamics, and evaporation) that govern groundwater quality, current land use practices have increased salinization in this poorly drained semi-arid area. Based on assessments using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), the water quality is suitable for human consumption, but its use for irrigation is limited to crops that can tolerate high salt levels. The stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) of groundwater demonstrated that local precipitation is the primary recharge source. Nonetheless, the evaporation process, influenced by various geological conditions, affects groundwater recharge, regardless of the topographical differences in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater in Morocco is restricted because of the semiarid to arid climatic conditions; it is under threat from organic and inorganic pollution. Furthermore, it is considered the only source of potable water as well as having different usages, making its quantitative and qualitative protection an urgent priority. The present study focused mainly on the anthropogenic impact on the natural resources and groundwater quality around Zagora city. Fifteen samples were collected from wells during rainy and dry seasons in 2 years 2020–2021 and the analysis of the groundwater quality of studied stations. The suitability of the aquifer Fezouata was investigated using drinking and irrigation water quality indices. The results showed that sulfate and chloride are the dominant anions in the groundwater samples. While the mean abundance of major cations is Na + > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+, the sodium ion is dominant and K + is the least abundant. The physicochemical parameters show that conductivity, nitrate, and sulfate exceed the limit fixed by WHO. Hydrogeochemical plots indicate that 93% of samples belong to Na-Cl facies and only 7% are mixt Cl-Mg-Ca in 2021, the results are similar except for two samples which are 13% belong Cl-Mg-Ca. The Water Quality Index suggests that 28.55% are good quality water, 23.90–47.55% are poor and very poor quality water, respectively, and 40.24% are unsuitable in 2020. Furthermore, the WQI of the 2021 campaign showed that only 17.48% were considered good quality water and 38.94% (43.58%) were poor or very poor quality water, respectively. However, 33.21% are unsuitable. Based on irrigation indices, the majority of groundwater samples can be used for agricultural purposes, notably those of the upstream part of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal quality of groundwater and its appropriateness for drinking and irrigation were assessed using a multiple indexing approach in this study. Physicochemical and ionic parameters were examined in groundwater samples near the industrial zone of Rupnagar, Punjab. To assess groundwater quality, water quality index (WQI) and pollution index were used. The Durov's, piper, wilcox and stiff diagrams were plotted to understand the hydro-chemistry. Similarly, the irrigation indices, i.e., salinity hazard, sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index and Kelley's ratio were applied to ascertain the water quality for agricultural purposes. As a result, total hardness, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and fluoride (F−) were found above the standard permissible limits. WQI analysis showed 12% samples of pre-monsoon (PRE-M) and 28% samples of post-monsoon (POS-M) were of poor quality, which may pose health risks. Hydrochemistry revealed the predominance of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and HCO3− ions in the groundwater attributed to natural and anthropogenic sources. Piper diagram revealed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl−, Na+-Cl−, Ca2+-Na+- HCO3−, Ca2+- HCO3− and Ca2+-Cl, Ca2+-HCO3− water types exist in the study area. USSL diagram showed that the samples from both seasons come under the low salinity hazard. In addition, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity showed a strong positive association, indicating the saline nature of groundwater. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering classified groundwater into three groups (I, II and III), revealing that groundwater quality varies due to natural and anthropogenic effects. Based on the findings, the groundwater was found marginally suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. It is therefore recommended that the groundwater is examined on a regular basis in order to maintain its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demands upon the arid area for water supply pose threats to both the quantity and quality of social and economic activities. Thus, a widely used machine learning model, namely the support vector machines (SVM) integrated with water quality indices (WQI), was used to assess the groundwater quality. The predictive ability of the SVM model was assessed using a field dataset for groundwater from Abu-Sweir and Abu-Hammad, Ismalia, Egypt. Multiple water quality parameters were chosen as independent variables to build the model. The results revealed that the permissible and unsuitable class values range from 36 to 27%, 45 to 36%, and 68 to 15% for the WQI approach, SVM method and SVM-WQI model respectively. Besides, the SVM-WQI model shows a low percentage of the area for excellent class compared to the SVM model and WQI. The SVM model trained with all predictors with a mean square error (MSE) of 0.002 and 0.41; the models that had higher accuracy reached 0.88. Moreover, the study highlighted that SVM-WQI can be successfully implemented for the assessment of groundwater quality (0.90 accuracy). The resulting groundwater model in the study sites indicates that the groundwater is influenced by rock-water interaction and the effect of leaching and dissolution. Overall, the integrated ML model and WQI give an understanding of water quality assessment, which may be helpful in the future development of such areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous increase in the demand for water and the scarcity of water to be used as drinking water have made groundwater even more important. The study area, Eber wetland, is located in the Akarçay river basin, which is one of the most important river basins in Turkey. The groundwater quality and heavy metal pollution were investigated in the study using index methods. In addition, health risk assessments were performed. Ion enrichment was determined at locations E10, E11, and E21 related to water–rock interaction. In addition, nitrate pollution was observed in many samples due to agricultural activities and also fertilizer application in the areas. The water quality index (WOI) values of the groundwaters vary between 85.91 and 201.77. In general, groundwater samples located around the wetland were in the "poor water" class. According to the values for the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), all the groundwater samples are suitable for use as drinking water. They are also classified as "low pollution" according to the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and the value/degree of contamination (Cd). In addition, since the water is been used for drinking by the people in the area, a health risk assessment was performed to ascertain As and NO3. It was determined that the Rcancer values calculated for As were considerably higher than the tolerable/acceptable values for both adults and children. The results obtained clearly show that the groundwater should not be used as drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the quality of groundwater of taluka Hala, district Matiari for irrigation and drinking purposes using Arc-GIS maps. The 30 samples were collected from different sites mostly used for human consumption. The water samples were examined for 26 parameters. The results of EC and TDS varied from 370 to 5010 μS/cm and 237 to 3206 mg/L. The results of anions Cl−, HCO3−, and SO42− varied from 11 to 1032, 150 to 620, and 15 to 530 mg/L respectively and cations Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+ varied from 24 to 208, 1.0 to 75, 8.0 to 192, and 10 to 425 mg/L respectively. The results indicated that arsenic 43% and fluoride 40% samples were higher than acceptable limits of WHO. The samples were examined for correlation matrix, Piper diagrams, cluster analysis, Gibbs diagrams, principal component analysis, and water quality index (WQI). Piper diagram indicated most water samples were rich in mixed type Ca2+-Na+-HCO3− and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl− types of water, whereas few samples indicated Mg2+-HCO3− and NaCl types of water. The Gibbs diagrams indicated evaporation dominance followed by rock and precipitation dominances. The results of WQI indicated 56.7% samples were of poor to very poor water quality for drinking. The principal component analysis indicated 8 components and accounted for 85.317% of the cumulative variance in the data set. The calculated parameters for irrigation such as SAR, Na%, Kelly Index (KI), Revelle Index (RI), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), and Ion Exchange Process indicated that 53–100% samples of Hala were suitable for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater contamination is a major concern in front of the scientific community because it is directly related to human health, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, a comprehensive study was engaged to evaluate the water quality, potability, and human health risk assessment due to the consumption of fluoride- and nitrate-contaminated water in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan. In order to assess the water quality, samples were collected from 87 locations in the study region, and a total of 16 parameters were analyzed as per the standard methods. The results showed that the value of the number of quality parameters consisting of pH, EC, TDS, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, and total alkalinity was higher than the recommended limit of BIS and WHO. The fluoride in 11% and nitrate in 6% of samples were observed to exceed the permissible limit of WHO. The results of risk assessment due to fluoride and nitrate revealed that hazard index values of 71% of groundwater samples for males, 78% of groundwater samples for females, and 75% of groundwater samples for children were greater than 1, indicating the significant health hazard due to consumption of groundwater. The water quality index (WQI) found that 39% of groundwater samples belong to categories that cannot be used for drinking purposes. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the large number of variables affecting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater and determined four major components which account for 69.50% variance in the data. PCA concluded that both geogenic and anthropogenic sources of contamination influenced the groundwater of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of spatio-temporal variation in groundwater quality particularly in the water-stressed regions of the world is crucial for the maintenance of life and sustenance of agriculture. The present work evaluates the quality and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater for its amenability to drinking and irrigation in a semi-arid region in western Odisha, India. Forty samples of groundwater from different locations of Lephripara block were collected during the premonsoon (PRM) and postmonsoon (POM) periods of the year 2019. The APHA laid out methods were used for assessing various physicochemical parameters. The pH of the groundwater is slightly acidic to alkaline and ranges from 6.2 to 8.2 in PRM and 6.25 to 8.93 in POM. The WQI value during PRM varies from 26 to 196 and, during POM, 28 to 137. About 90% of the samples as regards to WQI value are suitable for drinking purposes. Hydrogeochemical facies from Piper's diagram, the Gibb's plot, and principal component analysis suggest that weathering, dissolution, and rock-water interaction play an important role in geochemical evolution of groundwater in the area. The major hydrochemical facies in the region are Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4. The principal component analysis shows that the origin of fluoride and nitrate can be apportioned to geogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis identifies two clusters that indicate low and moderate pollution in groundwater samples. Based on irrigational parameters, baring a few locations of the rest of the area is suitable for irrigation. The present study will be useful for managing water resources in a more balanced and rationale manner in a water-stressed region of Odisha state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was focused on hydrogeochemistry of Ambagarh chowki groundwater. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation uses, hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. For this purpose, various physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl−), fluoride (F−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and sulfate (SO42−) were analyzed. The major dominating ions in groundwater was found as cation Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and as anions in order of HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > F−. The pH of sampled groundwater was ranged from neutral to alkaline in nature (7.0–8.8). Among, all-analyzed parameters in groundwater were safe for drinking purpose except few ions and bicarbonate content was also exceeding the permissible limit which was not suitable for drinking purpose. The potential health hazard element fluoride was varied from 0.1 to 2.2 mg/l and positively associated with the pH, Na+, and HCO3− content in groundwater. The drinking water quality index (WQI) was fluctuated between 12.22 and 185.56 and reported that most of the groundwater was suitable for drinking purpose except only one sample was unsuitable for drinking. Irrigation water quality assessment of the area was performed by evaluating as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly ratio (KR), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), percent sodium (%Na), potential salinity (PS), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). Whereas most of the groundwater were good and suitable for irrigation use excluding PI (3.70%), MHR (40.74%), RSC (22.22%) and PS (7.41%) were unsuitable for continuous irrigation. Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater evaluated with correlation, Piper, Gibbs, and other geochemical analysis. The Piper trilinear diagram reflects the Ca (Mg)-HCO3− type water was mainly contributed approximately 90% of entire sampled groundwater. The different ions in groundwater were originated from the rock water interaction through silicate and carbonate weathering of minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The groundwater in the Timahdite–Almis Guigou area flows through fluvio-lacustrine and volcanic formations of Plio-Quaternary age and Liassic limestone. The groundwater resources in this area are used for drinking water and irrigation of agricultural plots. 18 groundwater samples were collected for this study. The physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters analysed, such as temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3 −, SO4 2−, NO2 −, NO3 −, faecal Coliforms, total Coliforms and faecal Streptococci, are used to characterise the quality of the groundwater and its suitability for drinking and for irrigation. The Piper and Gibbs diagrams and the saturation index were used to study the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater. The quality of these was assessed on the basis of bacteriological quantification and water quality index (WQI) for drinking, and calculation of sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and permeability index (PI) for irrigation. The mineral saturation index in groundwater indicates that only carbonate minerals tend to precipitate, especially in the form of dolomite. On the other hand, the evaporative minerals are still undersaturated. The bacteriological quality and the water quality index (WQI) of this area are considered to be generally good to poor quality, with the exception of a few points, near the public dump of Almis Guigou, plateau of Lamrijate (Timahdite), Aït Hamza and Aït Ghanem, that show significant bacterial contamination and high concentrations of sodium, chlorides and nitrates. According to the calculation of the (Na%), the (SAR) and (PI), the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation.

The groundwater is the main source of domestic and agricultural purposes in the arid and semi-arid regions where the surface water availability is limited. To protect and manage the groundwater system effectively, a thorough knowledge and understanding of groundwater quality and application of computational methods to simulate the complex and nonlinear groundwater system are paramount necessary. Generally, three types of models such as physically based model, conceptual models and Blackbox models are applied to study the interconnected processes in the subsurface media. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (3 Models with 1, 2 and 3 outputs) was used to simulate and predict the concentration of groundwater quality parameters and Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (MFIS) was used to simulate the water quality indices. Classification algorithms of NEUROSHELL and MATLAB were used to predict the class of items in a data set. The model was constructed using already-labelled items of similar data sets. The WQI of 29 samples was determined using weighted average method. Based on MFIS, 10 samples were classified as ‘good’, four samples as ‘poor’ and remaining samples as ‘very poor’. The simulation model using the classification algorithm of ANN was used to predict the concentration of groundwater quality parameters and it was observed that three ANN models values and the actual data fit well with correlation coefficient varying from 0.93 to 0.99. When the soft computing techniques can be coupled with geospatial and geostatical method to map the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality parameters.

Continuous monitoring of drinking water quality is essential in terms of the levels of heavy metals and toxic substances, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate groundwater quality in residential areas of the Rajanpur District, Pakistan. Groundwater samples (n = 200) were collected from various sites in the study area and analyzed by in situ tests (pH, EC, TDS, temperature, and turbidity), and the concentration of 32 dissolved elements and ions was also analyzed. The results showed that higher concentrations of dissolved elements are the primary reason for poor drinking water quality. A few measured parameters (TDS~992 mg L−1 and EC~1921.15 µS/cm) exceeded the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland) in most of the samples. Elements that had higher values than the allowable limits in most of the samples were calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), bicarbonates (HCO3), sulfate (SO4), chlorides (Cl), manganese (Mn), and strontium (Sr), with average values of 113 mg L−1, 223 mg L−1, 282 mg L−1, 367 mg L−1, 175 mg L−1, 69 mg L−1, and 1291 mg L−1, respectively. The measured parameters that had no significant issues in terms of drinking water quality were aluminum (Al), nitrite (NO2), phosphate (PO4), pH, and turbidity. The levels of potentially toxic elements such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) (average ~2.179 mg L−1, 1.659 mg L−1, 0.092 mg L−1, and 1.032 mg L−1, respectively) were found to be lower than the drinking water guideline values of the WHO. The statistical analysis revealed weak correlations possibly due to multiple sources and localized variations. The physicochemical analysis-based WQI values for all groundwater samples were much lower at the residential sampling locations and in industrial settings, indicating poor water quality. The elevation model indicated that as water moves in the aquifer in the general direction of west to southeast, it gets concentrated by mineral dissolution, with geogenic sources having a major impact on the hydrochemistry. Hence, regular monitoring of water quality is required through advanced technology to overcome groundwater deterioration issues. The quality of water is poor for drinking purposes and the health of the residents of the Rajanpur District may be at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater risks driven by population growth and industrialization in metropolitan cities have become a worldwide problem. Faisalabad is Pakistan's third largest city with a population of more than 2 million and is renowned for its diverse industries. Many factories in the area dump their untreated effluent into nearby drainage systems, having a direct negative effect on the marine ecosystem. This research focuses on the Madhuana drain and Khurrianwala industrial region of Faisalabad to investigate groundwater quality status. Sixty water samples from groundwater bore wells and open wells were obtained, and all these samples were subjected to lab experiments for physical and chemical analysis. Sixteen physiochemical parameters, namely, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, carbonate, Ca2+, Fe, HCO3−, Cl−, Mg2+, SO24−, As, Cr, Cu, and Mn, were examined. To provide a comprehensive picture of water quality from a human perspective, we calculated the water quality index (WQI) by integrating 16 physiochemical criteria. The results revealed that a larger proportion had poor drinking quality due to direct releases of toxins by industries. It was observed that 87% of the water samples showed an unsuitable status of groundwater for drinking purposes in terms of pH, EC, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cr. The results of this study could be used to build and construct wastewater treatment plant facilities for the Madhuana drain, reducing pollution loads on the drain and river, as well as contaminant seepage rates into groundwater. The research's resulting maps will help policymakers to manage groundwater supplies more efficiently for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is one of the important determinants of human health in many regions of Morocco. Indeed, it is one of the government's top concerns. However, slow and wrong decisions are hindering the advancement of the quality of groundwater in Morocco. The traditional monitoring methods are costly, time-consuming, and human-resource-intensive, especially in such a developing country. An exploratory study was conducted in the Jouamaa Hakama region in Morocco to test and compare groundwater quality using in situ measurements, water quality indices (WQIs), and a fuzzy logic (FL) method. The methodology followed in this study involves using and comparing four WQIs and FL based on in situ measurements at nine different wells along the Ouljat Echatt River downstream of the Chrafate wastewater treatment station. Twelve physical–chemical and bacteriological parameters: potential of hydrogen (pH), temperature (T°), turbidity (TURB), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand in five days (BOD5), suspended matter (SM), phosphate (PO43−), nitrite (N O 2 − ), nitrate (N O 3 − ), ammonium (N H 4 + ), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and fecal coliforms (FC) were measured in 2016 and 2017. The results show that all wells are of poor quality according to FL and WQIs; the Weighted Geometric WQI and Oregon WQI indicate that the groundwater is below the acceptable standard for human consumption, while the Weighted Arithmetic WQI and Logarithmic WQI indicate that the majority of wells are of good quality. These tested indices represent an excellent tool to support decision making and can be highly helpful in monitoring groundwater quality in vulnerable areas such as the Jouamaa Hakama region in the north of Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, water quality indices (WQIs) are beneficial for evaluating groundwater and surface water quality. The Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) was combined with the parametric values given by Directive 98/83/EC to investigate the possible suitability of groundwater resources for human consumption on Rhodes Island. Chloride (Cl−), pH, calcium (Ca2+), electrical conductivity (CND), carbonate (CO32−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulfate (SO42−), sodium (Na+),nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), ammonium (NH4+), and phosphate (PO43−) were included in the dataset applied in this study. Statistical analysis, GIS database, and WQI estimation were successfully used to evaluate the groundwater resources of the study area. All studied groundwater parameters have mean and median values lower than the corresponding parametric values established by Directive 98/83/EC. The high CND values (up to 2730 μs cm−1) in groundwater collected from Rhodes' coastal aquifers indicate a direct relationship with seawater intrusion. CCME-WQI classifies the groundwater samples for most monitoring stations on Rhodes aquifers as "excellent", Class 5, for 2019 and 2020. The findings of this study may be helpful for scientists and stakeholders monitoring the study area and applying measures to protect the groundwater resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater stands as a unique source of water supply in Kabul city, Afghanistan. In this investigation, 35 samples of groundwater were comprehensively analyzed to determine its hydrogeochemical characterizations, quality, water types, and its acceptability as drinking sources. A portable digital multiparameter instrument (LAB MAN Scientific instrument) was used to measure the total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), and electrical conductivity (EC). Total hardness, chloride, and bicarbonate were examined via a titrimetric approach. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were measured with a flame photometer. Fluoride was determined by using a digital portable multiparameter. UV–VIS spectrophotometers were employed to count sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The distribution pattern of measured parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in groundwater were spatially modeled utilizing the ArcGIS tool. The findings provide insight into the main anions and cations, which are found in ascending sequence F < NO3 < SO4 < Cl < HCO3 and K < Ca < Na < Mg, respectively. Based on the measurements of ion concentrations, bicarbonate (71.4%), chloride (14.28%), nitrate (2.85%), magnesium (80%), sodium (82.85%), calcium (5.71%), and potassium (17.14%) were all determined to be over the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of drinking water. Using the Piper trilinear diagram, two significant hydrochemical facies (CaNaHCO3 and NaHCO3) were discovered. Based on the mathematical model of WQI outputs, 88.57% of the research region has excellent to good water, whereas 11.43% has poor to very poor water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the most important component for human survival and often the most misused one. The present study deals with the assessment of groundwater quality of Tosham block, Bhiwani District, Haryana, India, and its nearby villages. A total of 23 samples were collected from different groundwater sources and were analysed for 16 different physico-chemical parameters. Correlation coefficients were calculated to identify highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. It provides an excellent tool for the prediction of parameter values within the reasonable rank of exactness. A strong correlation was observed between total hardness, magnesium and total dissolved solids, especially between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The obtained results were compared with Indian Standard Drinking water specifications IS: 10500-2012. Concentration of total hardness, iron and chloride was found above the permissible limit in all the samples. Multivariate statistical techniques, namely cluster analysis and principal component analysis, were used to find the relationship between studied parameters. Water quality index (WQI) was also calculated. The WQI of groundwater samples ranged from 125 to 556. The water quality index revealed that out of 23 samples, 13 were found to have poor water quality and 6 samples were of very poor water quality. High value of WQI was found mainly from total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, Mg, Cl and Fe. Groundwater analysis of the studied water samples indicated that there is a need to treat the water before its use for drinking and other domestic activities. Necessary precautions should be taken to prevent the groundwater from being contaminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to assess the water quality of Valley Duhok as a water source for drinking livestock and poultry in the region. Seventy-two water samples were collected from six sites in the valley to conduct physicochemical and biological tests, and the sub-index model (WQI) was applied to assess water quality. The results of the water quality index indicated that the water of Duhok Dam Lake (site N1) was of good quality for drinking livestock and poultry, while the rest of the sites on the valley were in the category of water very poor for drinking animals, with WQI values ranging from (204-286). This deterioration in water quality is a result of the relative increase in the three parameters of most of the studied properties, especially dissolved oxygen, organic load, and phosphate ions, to reach the values for the quality rating (Qi) and Sub-Index (Sbi)to (500 and 56.8), (1026 and 117) and (958 and 87.1) consecutively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]