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The practice of governing by action-driven conclusions is particularly evident in the field of climate and energy policy, in which a large number of substantial decisions, at a remarkable level of detail, are pre-set by the Council or the European Council, before they enter the formal decision-making process. The article discusses whether there are formal requirements for the adoption of Council conclusions and conclusions of the European Council, respectively. It also questions whether the practice of either body to channel a wide range of policy details through the adoption of conclusions by consensus is in line with the constitutional architecture of the Treaties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on European climate policies. It discusses the European Union (EU) and its influence as a global ecological leader and its adoption of the paquet climat-energie, or European plan on climate change, in 2009, which includes reducing 20% of greenhouse gases by 2020. It discusses norms and technological standards imposed upon manufacturers wanting to sell their products on the European market and implementations in the European carbon market based on the Kyoto protocol to determine the price of carbon dioxide emitted by industries. Further topics include the European Commission, the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Durban, South Africa, and the future of climate policies in Europe.

The article focuses on several initiatives in Europe for the sustainable improvement of food security in face of climate change. It says that Europe, as a global leader in greenhouse gas emission policy, is capable of addressing issues of food insecurity and natural resource preservation. It mentions the Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change (FACCE-JPI), joined by 21 European countries that will tackle with the said issues. It cites various factors to consider for the achievement of goals such as connecting to models of agro-ecology and socioeconomics.