Search

In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's scenario nanotechnology has great importance in all scientific and non-scientific sectors. In this study, we have synthesized magnetite nanoparticles coated by the proteins available in the Datura leaf extract through a green and eco-friendly method. From the resulting spectrum obtained on Fe3O4 for different volumes of leaf extract of Datura leaf, the surface plasmon resonance seems to be varying with the volume of capping agent. The data shows that as the volume of capping agent increases the SPR value is shifted to red-end. The Eg values increase with the increasing volume of capping agents. The evaluated band gap (Eg) values are close to semiconductors (0-3 eV). The values indicate that the formed Fe3O4 nanoparticles are marginally semiconducting. The Eg values are found to be dependent upon the volume of the capping agent. The properties of nano-sized semiconductor particles depend on particle size. Here, the absorption peaks (λmax) are consistently increased giving rise to red-shift. The value of surface plasmon resonance shift confirmed that particle size is decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles were synthesized by using piper betle leaf extract. The UV absorption spectrophotometer analysis of piper betle leaf extract and metal compounds showed absorbance spectra in the range of 300-350 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows surface Plasmon resonance of CeO2 nanoparticles at 310 nm indicating the particles are poly dispersed. The FT-IR measurements were carried out to identify the formation of Cerium oxide nanoparticles and possible molecules such as OH, C=C, C=O, and aromatic compounds. The FT-IR analysis played a vital role in displaying the nanoparticles which showed strong absorbance in the range 671.05cm-1 for Cerium oxide nanoparticles. The diffraction peaks and planes of ions are indexed. From the 'X' ray diffraction studies, the size of the Cerium oxide nanoparticles is 27 nm as calculated by using Debye Scherrer's equation. The size, shape, and structure of nanoparticles were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope which shows an almost spherical shape of nanoparticles aggregation. This Eco-Friendly synthesis method has many advantages over chemical methods because it reduces the use of toxic metals in the synthetic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological synthesis has a lot to offer in the field of eco-friendly and sustainable nanomaterial synthesis techniques which can be employed in numerous applications. The present study reports the green synthesis of polydisperse Bismuth Oxide nanorods, using Ficus benghalensis leaf extract. This is the first report for the synthesis of rod-like nanostructured Bi2O3. The synthesized nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), to study in detail their structural, morphological, compositional properties. The confirmation of the synthesis of single-phase (α − Bi2O3), crystalline bismuth oxide was obtained by X-ray diffraction, with characteristic peaks at (1,1,0) and (1,2,0). UV-Vis results showed the wide bandgap, 3.13 eV, of the synthesized BONRs. The rod-like morphology of the product was confirmed by the SEM images, along with the average diameter of the nanorods which was found to be 388 nm. The detailed analysis of FTIR spectra concluded the role of leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the green approach for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the reduction of silver nitrate by the cell-free stem and leaf aqueous extracts of Litsea glutinosa (L.glutinosa) and its potential antibacterial activity. The analytical instruments include scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of smaller, uniformly spherical AgNPs (10-40 nm). The average crystalline size of prepared AgNPs produced by L. glutinosa leaf extract was found to be 19 mm. From UV-visible spectral analysis, the maximum absorbance peak appeared at 444 nm for leaf extract AgNPs different from stem extract AgNPs (422 nm), which are found to be specific for AgNPs. The L.glutinosa stem extract-assisted AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) in comparison to Gentamycin. Hence, the AgNPs obtained by green synthesis can be therapeutically explored against bacterial infections.

The present work focuses on the green synthesis of Ag-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ag@GCN) for photocatalytic activities, which can contribute to a more sustainable environment. The leaf extract of the Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) plant was used to prepare the silver nanoparticles, as the plant extract serves as a stabilizing and capping agent in producing silver nanoparticles. Both Ag nanoparticles and urea-derived GCN were synthesized by thermal polymerization. The Ag-doped GCN nanocomposites were synthesized using various millimolar concentrations of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with a fixed amount of GCN. The green nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized by calcinating leaf extract at about 550 °C. They were then characterized for surface morphology by SEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental composition by XRD, Fourier-dispersive infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Thermal stability and estimation of the Ag content in GCN were done through thermogravimetric analysis. The prepared series of nanocomposites (Ag-doped GCN 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.5 mM, 2.0 mM) were used to study the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rose bengal (RB) and xylenol orange (XO) dyes. The degradation efficiency of dyes gets enhanced due to the doping of Ag nanoparticles into GCN. The efficiency increased from 54 to 76% and 15 to 36% in the case of RB and XO dyes, respectively. The apparent rate constant value increased up to 2.5 times in the case of the Ag-doped GCN (1.5 mM) nanocomposite in comparison to GCN. The result obtained from the study confirmed that Ag-doped GCN (1.5 mM) could act as a potential photocatalyst for wastewater remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malus sylvestris L. (LE1), Pinus sylvestris L. (LE2), and Sorbus aucuparia L. (LE3) leaves' extracts were used for the synthesis of silver (Ag) nanocomposites containing different amounts of silver chloride (AgCl), silver metal (Ag met), and silver phosphate (Ag 3 PO 4). These nanocomposites were capped with the organic functional groups in the leaf extract. Notably, the nanocomposites caused biphasic cytotoxic response on cells; first attributed to the inhibition of cell growth and second to cell death. The nanocomposites were biocompatible with normal embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells in the cytotoxic range for cancer cells. ▪ [25(±1) °C synthesis] nanocomposites exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards HeLa (lethal concentration- LC 50 value of 11.4 μg mL−1) and A549 (LC 50 value of 14.7 μg mL−1) after 24-h incubation and its efficiency was shown also for the more resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, however, their respective LC 50 values were larger. For the HeLa cell line, this designed ▪ nanocomposite exhibited an LC 50 value similar to the effective concentration (EC 50) value of Cisplatin and about 3 times larger than Doxorubicin. ▪ nanocomposite contained Ag 3 PO 4 in the composite and P on the surface, higher AgCl content, smaller crystallite size of all nanoparticle phases, and carbon-rich oxygen-deficient surface compared to all other nanocomposites. [Display omitted] • Malus sylvestris , Pinus sylvestris , and Sorbus aucuparia leaves were used for green synthesis of silver nanocomposites. • Dose dependent biphasic cell death observed for silver nanocomposites • Nanocomposites synthesized using Pinus sylvestris leaves were most cytotoxic to cancer cells. • Size and surface composition of nanocomposites affected their cytotoxicity towards normal and cancerous cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, green synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were prepared by bioreduction of metallic salts with Cymbopogan citratus plant extract. Biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were characterized using diverse techniques such as FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDX analyses. UV-visible spectra for green-synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were in the range between 300 to 350 nm, which confirmed the formation of stable monometallic and bimetallic NPs. The average particle size of CoNPs calculated by XRD analysis was found to be 22.77 nm and that of Co-Zn BMNPs was 14.8 nm. Different functional groups in the Cymbopogan citratus plant extract, which served as a reducing and stabilizing agent for NPs, were identified by FTIR spectra. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were used in the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and dye degradation activity. Green-synthesized cobalt monometallic NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with the scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Green synthesized cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. Different parameters such as the effect of temperature, pH, and dye concentration on adsorbent doses were analyzed and optimized. The best dye removal percentage was obtained with Co-Zn BMNPs compared with CoNPs. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs did not display good anti-inflammatory activity because of the presence of secondary metabolites which inhibited them to react with proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic, magnetic and antimicrobial properties of barium zirconate (BaZrO3) perovskite green synthesized using Plectranthus amboinicus (P. amboinicus) and Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) leaf extracts has been summarized here. Confirmation of cubic structure with (1 1 0) preferential growth has been arrived from the XRD studies. The occupancy of magnetic metal ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ on the octahedral A and B sites makes P. amboinicus and O. sanctum leaf extract–mediated BaZrO3 paramagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. Antimicrobial studies performed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria justifies that the green synthesized samples exhibited good inhibition on its growth. Photocatalytic activity of the green synthesized BaZrO3 nanoparticles was explored by Congo red dye degradation under ultra-violet illumination. Increased degradation efficiency and photostability were realised for O. sanctum leaf extract–mediated BaZrO3. The obtained results infer that the O. sanctum leaf extract–mediated BaZrO3 perovskite is well suited for soft magnetic materials, biological and catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green and convenient pathway of preparing iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) with pomegranate leaf (PG) extract for highly effective removal of malachite green (MG) was proposed under ambient conditions. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results show that their surfaces are capped and stabilized by PG extract with amorphous nature and without any detection of zero-valent iron. The size and surface valence state of FeNPs are the key factors that affect the MG removal efficiency. As the reagent volume ratio of PG extract to FeCl3 increases greater than 1, the cross-linked FeNPs become more obvious, having a homogeneous distribution with the size range from 30 to 40 nm, and show an increasing ratio of Fe(II)/Fe(III), which is in proportion to the degradation efficiency of MG, reaching higher than 95% in only 2 min by using 50 mg Fe/L FeNPs and 200 mg/L MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the most frequent causes of mortality around the world. Immune suppression, radio toxicity, effects on normal cells, and the high cost mask the benefits of currently available treatments. To tackle these limiting factors, alternative strategies need to be explored. Cost-effective green synthesis of nanoparticles may provide an alternative for cancer therapy. The silver nanoparticles were prepared from the freshly isolated leaf extracts of six varieties of Peach plant (Prunus persica/PP), namely, Wild type, Earligrande, NJC84, Golden, Carmon, Indian Blood. The PP leaf extract was used as a reducing agent to reduce silver nitrate and act as a capping and stabilizing agent to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at room temp in dark. Reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was confirmed by change in the color of the solution from green to dark brown. UV–visible spectroscopy was also used to monitor the quantitative formation of silver nanoparticles. Characterization of the nanoparticles including functional groups, crystallite structure, and morphological structure and size were investigated using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM, respectively. Cytotoxicity effect of the crude extracts of PP leaves and its synthesized AgNPs was studied separately on MC3T3 normal pre-osteoblast cell line. The results showed that the crude extract and AgNPs enhanced the growth of MC3T3 cells. The anti-cancer potential of the crude extract and AgNPs was studied against the cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa cells) and HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line). The AgNPs showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. Inhibition of cancer cells was dependent on AgNPs concentration. While nanoparticles synthesized from Indian Blood, Wild type and Carmon leaf extracts demonstrated significantly higher inhibiting potential to the cancer cell lines in comparison to control. The present findings suggest that the AgNPs synthesized from PP extracts are effective against the cancer cells while at the same time non-toxic to the normal non-cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles is becoming a more common method for producing nanoparticles with a diameter of 1–100 nm that may be employed in a variety of medical applications. The antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata) leaf extract against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is investigated in this study. Green AgNP synthesis is safe, cost-effective, and ecologically friendly. The biosynthesized AgNPs were studied using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The AgNPs were virtually spherical, with an average size of 25–30 nm, according to TEM observations. Biochemical and molecular identification were used to isolate multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa from the hospital's drainage water. The antibacterial potential of AgNPs against P. aeruginosa is determined using the agar diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles produced from Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata) leaf extract were shown to be effective in inhibiting four strains of P. aeruginosa. According to the agar disc diffusion method, AgNPs had the largest inhibition zone of 17.67 ± 0.577 mm, while aqueous extract had 5.67 ± 0.5777 mm, indicating that AgNPs had antibacterial activity. This study on AgNPs might assist with managing multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria and be a possible source of medicinal application due to its potential antibacterial effect.

An eco-friendly biogenic method for the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) using phytochemically rich Berberis pachyacantha leaf extract (BPL) was established. To achieve this purpose, 80 mL of BPL extract was used as a suitable reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of NiONPs. The synthesis of BPL-based nickel oxide nanoparticles (BPL@NiONPs) was confirmed using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques: UV Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Spectroscopically, BPL-NiONPs was found with a pure elemental composition (oxygen and nickel), average size (22.53 nm) and rhombohedral structure with multiple functional groups (-OH group and Ni-O formation) on their surface. In the next step, the BPL extract and BPL@NiONPs were further investigated for various biological activities. As compared to BPL extract, BPL@NiONPs exhibited strong biological activities. BPL@NiONPs showed remarkable antioxidant activities in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (76.08%) and total antioxidant capacity (68.74%). Antibacterial action was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (19.67 mm) at 500 µg/mL. While antifungal potentials were shown against Alternaria alternata (81.25%), Fusarium oxysporum (42.86%) and Aspergillus niger (42%) at 1000 µg/mL. Similarly, dose-dependent cytotoxicity response was confirmed against brine shrimp with IC50 value (45.08 µg/mL). Additionally, BPL@NiONPs exhibited stimulatory efficacy by enhancing seed germination rate at low concentrations (31.25 and 62.5 µg/mL). In conclusion, this study depicted that BPL extract has important phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant activities, which successfully reduced and stabilized the BPL@NiONPs. The overall result of this study suggested that BPL@NiONPs could be used as nanomedicines and nanofertilizers in biomedical and agrarian fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are currently used for cancer theranostics in the clinical field. Among nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attract much attention due to their usability and high performance in imaging techniques. The wide availability of biological precursors used in plant-based synthesized AuNPs allows for the development of large-scale production in a greener manner. Conventional cancer therapies, such as surgery and chemotherapy, have significant limitations and frequently fail to produce satisfying results. AuNPs have a prolonged circulation time, allow easy modification with ligands detected via cancer cell surface receptors, and increase uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis. To exploit these unique features, studies have been carried out on the use of AuNPs as contrast agents for X-ray-based imaging techniques (i.e., computed tomography). As nanocarriers, AuNPs synthesized by nontoxic and biocompatible plants to deliver therapeutic biomolecules could be a significant stride forward in the effective treatment of various cancers. Fluorescent-plant-based markers, including AuNPs, fabricated using Medicago sativa, Olax Scandens, H. ambavilla, and H. lanceolatum, have been used in detecting cancers. Moreover, green synthesized AuNPs using various extracts have been applied for the treatment of different types of solid tumors. However, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs primarily depends on their size, surface reactivity, and surface area. In this review, the benefits of plant-based materials in cancer therapy are firstly explained. Then, considering the valuable position of AuNPs in medicine, the application of AuNPs in cancer therapy and detection is highlighted with an emphasis on limitations faced by the application of such NPs in drug delivery platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical investigation on the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs synthesized from green and phytogenic method using plants and various plant parts have been compiled. In this review, different plant extraction methods, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, effects of plant extract on the physical, chemical, and optical properties of green synthesized ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs also have been compiled and discussed. Effect of several parameters on the size, morphology, and optical band gap energy of metal oxide have been explored. Moreover, the role of solvents has been found important and discussed. Extract composition i.e. phytochemicals also found to affect the morphology and size of the synthesized ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs. It was found that, there is no universal extraction method that is ideal and extraction techniques is unique to the plant type, plant parts, and solvent used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) synthesized using a simple, fast, and environmentally acceptable green approach. Gundelia Tournefortii Extract, an aqueous plant extract, was used for the first time in green synthesis to prepare nanoparticles as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. Such biomolecules as flavonoids, alkaloids, and antioxidants are found in the aqueous leaf extract, and their presence has been determined to have an important role in the synthesis of Fe3O4-NPs. The techniques used in this analysis include Fourier Transform Infrared, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The Vibrating Sample Magnetometer demonstrated that the samples were superparamagnetic, with a magnetization value of 48.6 emu/g. The prepared nanoparticle was applied to remove Chrystal Violet (CV), Malachite Green(MG), and Safranin (S) dyes from prepared aqueous solutions with the adsorption capacity of 13.9, 15.6, and 14.4 mg/g respectively.

This paper reports the photoconductive and antimicrobial properties of SnS2–CdO and SnS2-NiO nanocomposites green synthesized using Psidium guajava leaf extract. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the SnS2–CdO nanocomposite exhibits hexagonal SnS2 and cubic CdO diffraction peaks; whereas the SnS2–NiO nanocomposite exhibits hexagonal SnS2 and cubic NiO diffraction peaks. SEM image of the bio-synthesized SnS2–CdO nanocomposite confirmed nanoneedles with grains being well distributed. Regular shaped grains with decreased sizes were observed for the SnS2–NiO nanocomposite. Nanosized grains were observed from the TEM images. The existence of elements Sn, S, Cd, O in SnS2–CdO nanocomposite; Sn, S, Ni, O in SnS2–NiO nanocomposite was confirmed from the EDX and XPS spectra. Increased photosensitivity value was realized for the SnS2–CdO nanocomposite. Both the composites showed good fungal inhibition property against Aspergillus terreus fungi not only by the physical, chemical and biological processes but also owing to phyto-constituents in the leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, green synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were prepared by bioreduction of metallic salts with Cymbopogan citratus plant extract. Biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were characterized using diverse techniques such as FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDX analyses. UV-visible spectra for green-synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were in the range between 300 to 350 nm, which confirmed the formation of stable monometallic and bimetallic NPs. The average particle size of CoNPs calculated by XRD analysis was found to be 22.77 nm and that of Co-Zn BMNPs was 14.8 nm. Different functional groups in the Cymbopogan citratus plant extract, which served as a reducing and stabilizing agent for NPs, were identified by FTIR spectra. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were used in the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and dye degradation activity. Green-synthesized cobalt monometallic NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with the scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Green synthesized cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. Different parameters such as the effect of temperature, pH, and dye concentration on adsorbent doses were analyzed and optimized. The best dye removal percentage was obtained with Co-Zn BMNPs compared with CoNPs. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs did not display good anti-inflammatory activity because of the presence of secondary metabolites which inhibited them to react with proteins.

An eco-friendly biogenic method for the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) using phytochemically rich Berberis pachyacantha leaf extract (BPL) was established. To achieve this purpose, 80 mL of BPL extract was used as a suitable reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of NiONPs. The synthesis of BPL-based nickel oxide nanoparticles (BPL@NiONPs) was confirmed using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques: UV Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Spectroscopically, BPL-NiONPs was found with a pure elemental composition (oxygen and nickel), average size (22.53 nm) and rhombohedral structure with multiple functional groups (-OH group and Ni-O formation) on their surface. In the next step, the BPL extract and BPL@NiONPs were further investigated for various biological activities. As compared to BPL extract, BPL@NiONPs exhibited strong biological activities. BPL@NiONPs showed remarkable antioxidant activities in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (76.08%) and total antioxidant capacity (68.74%). Antibacterial action was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (19.67 mm) at 500 µg/mL. While antifungal potentials were shown against Alternaria alternata (81.25%), Fusarium oxysporum (42.86%) and Aspergillus niger (42%) at 1000 µg/mL. Similarly, dose-dependent cytotoxicity response was confirmed against brine shrimp with IC50 value (45.08 µg/mL). Additionally, BPL@NiONPs exhibited stimulatory efficacy by enhancing seed germination rate at low concentrations (31.25 and 62.5 µg/mL). In conclusion, this study depicted that BPL extract has important phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant activities, which successfully reduced and stabilized the BPL@NiONPs. The overall result of this study suggested that BPL@NiONPs could be used as nanomedicines and nanofertilizers in biomedical and agrarian fields.

Nanoparticles are currently used for cancer theranostics in the clinical field. Among nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attract much attention due to their usability and high performance in imaging techniques. The wide availability of biological precursors used in plant-based synthesized AuNPs allows for the development of large-scale production in a greener manner. Conventional cancer therapies, such as surgery and chemotherapy, have significant limitations and frequently fail to produce satisfying results. AuNPs have a prolonged circulation time, allow easy modification with ligands detected via cancer cell surface receptors, and increase uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis. To exploit these unique features, studies have been carried out on the use of AuNPs as contrast agents for X-ray-based imaging techniques (i.e., computed tomography). As nanocarriers, AuNPs synthesized by nontoxic and biocompatible plants to deliver therapeutic biomolecules could be a significant stride forward in the effective treatment of various cancers. Fluorescent-plant-based markers, including AuNPs, fabricated using Medicago sativa, Olax Scandens, H. ambavilla, and H. lanceolatum, have been used in detecting cancers. Moreover, green synthesized AuNPs using various extracts have been applied for the treatment of different types of solid tumors. However, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs primarily depends on their size, surface reactivity, and surface area. In this review, the benefits of plant-based materials in cancer therapy are firstly explained. Then, considering the valuable position of AuNPs in medicine, the application of AuNPs in cancer therapy and detection is highlighted with an emphasis on limitations faced by the application of such NPs in drug delivery platforms.

It is well known that silver nanoparticles are a good candidate to be antifungal agent against wide range of plant pathogenic fungi. The objective of this work is to examine the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Aizoon canariense L. aqueous fresh leaf extract as antifungal agent. The formation of AgNPs from leaf extracts are confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-visible), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The AgNPs from fresh cold and hot water extracts of A. canariense leaf exhibited highest absorption at 444 and 426 nm, respectively, through ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has verified the transformation of Ag+ ions to AgNPs owing to the reduction by capping material of aqueous plant extract. The X-RD pattern revealed the presence of crystalline having size ranging from 12.95 to 10.83 nm for cold and hot aqueous extract, respectively, based on FWHM of the diffraction peaks. SEM showed that the synthesized AgNPs are semi spherical with an average size between (42 and 183 nm) for NPs from cold water and (29 and 138 nm) for NPs from hot water extracts based on SMILEVIEW software. The synthesized silver nanoparticles from hot water extract showed higher antifungal action than cold water extract in the range between 10.17 and 19.85% against Alternaria alternate, Drechslera halodes, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Penicillium expansum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, and Macrophomina phaseolina. These findings may suggest A. canariense aqueous fresh leaf extract could be applied as a natural solution for biosynthesizing AgNPs as eco-friendly antifungal drug against plant pathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of plant extract of Syzygium cumini and their silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against the poultry pathogens. The plant extract was prepared in methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n‐hexane. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extract of S. cumini have medicinally important phytochemical constituents. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesised by using an extract of S. cumini. Synthesised AgNPs were confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible, and scanning electron microscopy. A surface plasmon resonance peak in absorption spectra showed absorption at 419 nm. The synthesised nanoparticles were found spherical in shape with the diameter range of 30–120 nm. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract and AgNPs was checked against the poultry bacterial pathogens by the agar well diffusion method. The authors' findings revealed that the crude extract and AgNPs have promising activities against all the test pathogens. It is concluded that the bioactive compounds from the extract of S. cumini and extract‐mediated AgNPs can be significantly used as an alternate poultry medicine to replace the available antibiotics, which have adverse side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles from the leaves of Tridax procumbens and develop its topical gels using chitosan to investigate the wound healing efficacy concomitant with the histopathological study. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by reacting silver nitrate (0.3 M) with leaf extract and characterized by particle analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, and TGA. The results revealed formed AgNPs were nano-sized (138 ± 2.1 nm), monodispersed (PDI: 0.460 ± 0.3), inter-particle repulsion (zeta: −20.4 ± 5.20 mV), stabilized, crystalline and, spherical with size ranging from 80–100 nm as per SEM micro photos. The BET analysis of AgNPs presents the surface area (12.861 m2/g), pore volume (0.037 cc/g), and pore radius (24.50 nm).TGA results show a loss of 13.39% up to 300 °C. The topical formulation was developed by loading AgNPs in chitosan-based gels, evaluated by pH, thermal cycling, centrifugal, and spreadability tests. AgNPs chitosan gels results showed skin compatibility, higher stability, and spreading ability. The maximum antibacterial zone of inhibition was found to be 25 ± 0.98 mm for bacillus subtitles and 30 ± 1.99 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. Nanosilver-containing gel also showed excellent compatibility with erythrocytes. Excision wound model was used to assess the wound healing property of the developed AgNP gels, the results of which indicated a significantly progressive healing process in test-group of animals treated with chitosan-based gels containing AgNPs. A histopathological study further confirmed the almost normal skin structure of treated animal tissue compared to standard and negative control. Thus, green synthesized AgNPs loaded chitosan-based topical gel can potentially be used for wound healing application.

In this work, biosynthesis potentials of Dracocephalum kotschyi leaf extract for the production of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) were studied, and the biological (catalytic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer) activities of studied AuNPs were evaluated. Different analytical techniques including UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the characterization of AuNPs. Moreover, Different testing methods were used for evaluating biological activities of biosynthesized AuNPs. The formation of AuNPs was confirmed by color change and UV–visible spectroscopic analysis. Field emission (FE)‐SEM and TEM images were used to characterize phytosynthesized AuNPs which were predominantly spherical in shape with size in the range of 5–21 nm. These spherical NPs were found to be 39.79 ± 5 nm in size as determined by dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer. XRD pattern confirms the crystalline nature of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The phytoconstituents involved in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles have been identified using FTIR spectra. The phytosynthesized AuNPs showed effective antioxidant, antibacterial and catalytic reduction activities. Furthermore, they have inhibited H1229 and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. These results have supported that D. kotschyi leaf extract was very efficient for the synthesis of AuNPs, and synthesized NPs showed enhanced biological activities which make them suitable for biomedical applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 621–630, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, leaf-extract mediated green synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles is gaining much popularity as it is cost effective and an eco-friendly alternative to chemically synthesized zero-valent iron. The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles obtained from various leaf extracts viz. eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus ), mango ( Mangifera indica ), jamun ( Syzygium cumini ) and guava ( Psidium guajava ). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized on the basis of size distribution, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffractometer. This study further investigates the potential of these nanoparticles for oxidation of arsenite (1000 µg/L) at various pH (3, 7 and 9). Results indicate that green nanoparticles synthesized from guava leaves were capable of oxidising As(III) to As(V) at all investigated pH values, the kinetics of which varied depending on the pH. As(III) oxidation kinetic model fitted well to first order with K obs values of 0.3444 s −1 , 0.0482 s −1 and 0.0155 s −1 for pH 3, 7 and 9 respectively. This study provides a novel mechanism for oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, thus providing an effective and sustainable solution for remediation of toxic trivalent arsenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report new, eco‐friendly and green method for the synthesis of sulphur nanoparticles using sodium polysulphide in the presence of leaf extracts of four different medicinal plants, which can be used for treatment of bacterial infections. Sodium polysulphide and acidic solution (H2 SO4) in the presence of plant leaf extract developed the yellowish precipitate in solution, which indicated the formation of sulphur nanoparticles. UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis of reaction mixture showed absorbance spectra in the range of 292–296 nm, which is supposed to be specific for sulphur nanoparticles. Zeta potential study of sulphur nanoparticles synthesized from Catharanthus roseus showed more stability when compared with other medicinal plants. Sulphur nanoparticles synthesized from C. roseus were further characterized by XRD analysis, FTIR analysis, and TEM analysis. The biogenic sulphur nanoparticles were spherical, polydispersed with particle size of 70–80 nm. Evaluation of antibacterial study revealed that synthesized sulphur nanoparticles exhibited better bactericidal efficacy against common pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg/ml with significant activity used in combination with antibiotic. It can be concluded that the synthesized sulphur nanoparticles can be used as antibacterial agents after thorough experimental trials in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, different plant materials are utilized to bio-synthesize nanoparticles by using green technology mainly due to having no harmful chemicals. Although much research has been placed on the bio-based materials for the synthesis of the nanoparticles, there is a need to explore different perspectives and in detail process conditions with characterizations. This study dealt with the synthesis of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly technique by aqueous ferric chloride hexa-hydrate and ferrous chloride tetra hydrate with 2/1 molar ratio and sodium hydroxide using leaf water extracts, which act as an efficient stabilizer and capping agent simultaneously. For this purpose, the leaves of Platanus Orientalis L. plant were used. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this plant was used to synthesize the magnetite nanoparticles. One of the most important techniques to understand the hydrodynamic radius on an ensemble average size of the nanoparticles is zetasizer technique. It was demonstrated that the size of the synthesized nanoparticles was around 34.72 ± 6.77 nm. In addition, several complementary analytical techniques were employed to characterize the magnetite nanoparticles including zeta potential measurements, TEM, UV-Vis, FTIR, TGA, and XRD methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports biologically oriented process for green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by using eco-friendly and non-toxic Aloe vera leaf extract. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that synthesized CuO nanoparticles are in monoclinic phase with average particle size of 20 nm. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized CuO nanoparticles was tested against three bacterial fish pathogens 'viz:' Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Flavobacterium branchiophilum, which are responsible for causing severe infectious diseases in fishes. CuO NPs exhibits enhanced antibacterial activity against all the fish pathogens even at lower concentrations, i.e. above 20 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized by Lantana camara leaf extract through simple green route and evaluated their antibacterial and catalytic activities. The leaf extract (LE) itself acts as both reducing and stabilizing agent at once for desired nanoparticle synthesis. The colorless reaction mixture turns to yellowish brown attesting the AgNPs formation and displayed UV–Vis absorption spectra. Structural analysis confirms the crystalline nature and formation of fcc structured metallic silver with majority (1 1 1) facets. Morphological studies elicit the formation of almost spherical shaped nanoparticles and as AgNO 3 concentration is increased, there is an increment in the particle size. The FTIR analysis evidences the presence of various functional groups of biomolecules of LE is responsible for stabilization of AgNPs. Zeta potential measurement attests the higher stability of synthesized AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited good antibacterial activity when tested against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. using standard Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay. Furthermore, they showed good catalytic activity on the reduction of methylene blue by L. camara extract which is monitored and confirmed by the UV–Vis spectrophotometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have investigated on Lantana camara mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different leaf extract (LE) quantity for the evaluation of efficient bactericidal activity. The AgNPs were prepared by simple, capable, eco-friendly and biosynthesis method using L. camara LE. This method allowed the synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the formation of metallic silver and elucidates the surface state composition of AgNPs. UV–vis spectra of AgNPs and visual perception of brownish yellow color from colorless reaction mixture confirmed the AgNP formation. Involvement of functional groups of L. camara leaf extract in the reduction and capping process of nanoparticles was well displayed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Decrement of particle size with an increment of leaf extract volume was evident in AFM, TEM images and also through a blue shift in the UV–vis spectra. The rate of formation and size of AgNPs were dependent on LE quantity. Meanwhile, these AgNPs exhibited effective antibacterial activity with the decrement of particle size against all tested bacterial cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BaZrO 3 perovskite is green synthesized using M. oleifera leaf extract. • The green synthesized BaZrO 3 exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity. • A maximum degradation efficiency of 84.1% was realized by the green synthesized catalyst. • Z-scan studies confirmed that the defocusing nature of the green synthesized BaZrO 3. In this paper, BaZrO 3 was chemically synthesized using liquid NH 3 as precipitating agent and green synthesized using Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaf extract without the addition of liquid NH 3. X-ray diffractograms confirmed the cubic nature of the samples with. (1 1 0) preferential growth. XPS studies ascertain the existence of Ba, Zr and O in the green synthesized sample. Decreased band gap was observed for the green synthesized sample. Ba-O stretching vibrations were observed respectively at 480 and 487 cm−1 for the chemically synthesized and green synthesized samples. The green synthesized BaZrO 3 exhibits better degradation efficiency of 84.1% after 90 min against CR dye. The green synthesized BaZrO 3 nanoparticles exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against E. coli and A. terreus. The third order nonlinear absorption coefficient and susceptibility values of the green synthesized BaZrO 3 were found to be equal to 3.05 × 10−6 cm/W and 4.67 × 10−8 esu, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many methods of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by reducing Ag ions using aqueous/organic extracts of various plants have been reported in the past, but the methods are rather slow. In this investigation, silver nanoparticles were quickly synthesized from aqueous silver nitrate through a simple method using leaf extract of a plant- Cynodon dactylon which served as reducing agent, while sunlight acted as a catalyst. The formation of Ag-NPs was indicated by gradual change in colour and pH and confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The Ag-NPs showed a surface plasmon resonance at 451 nm. Based on the decrease in pH, a possible mechanism of the synthesis of Ag-NPs involving hydroxyl (OH) ions of polyphenols of the leaf extract is postulated. Ag-NPs having (111) and (200) crystal lattices were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the spherical nature of the Ag-NPs, while transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were polydispersed with a size range of 8-10 nm. The synthesized Ag-NPs also demonstrated their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple synthesis of size-controlled silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extract at room temperature is described in this report. The reaction of AgNO3with the leaf extract ofAzadirachta indicain different concentrations and different reaction pH yields silver nanoparticles with control over size and distribution. The sizes of the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles were in the range between 10 to 63 nm and the size of nanoparticles were attributed to the concentration of leaf extract and pH of the reaction solution. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles showed an excellent level of stability in water, and the nanoparticles formed in solution between pH 7 and pH 10.5 were not only stable in water, but also in NaCl solution and in different pH. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Metal nanostructures have unusual physicochemical properties and biological activities compared to their bulk parent materials. Thus in recent years a number of physical, chemical and biological techniques were applied for the development of metal nanoparticles (NP). Here we have synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs) by using leaves extracts of Rosa rugosa. Surface plasmon resonance spectra for silver and gold are obtained at 451 and 578nm with brown yellow and pink-red color, respectively. AgNPs and AuNPs vary in size according to different leaves extract and metal concentration used for the synthesis. Different instrumental techniques were applied to characterize the synthesized AgNPs and AuNPs viz. UV–vis, TEM, XRD, FTIR, Zetasizer and EDX. The synthesized NPs were mostly spherical (in case of AgNPs) with some triangular and hexagonal (especially in case of AuNPs) in shapes with an average size of 12 and 11nm for AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • NiO-CdO and NiO-CuO nanocomposites were green synthesized. • Comparison has been performed on their photocatalytic and third order NLO properties. • NiO-CuO nanocomposite seems to be highly polarized than the NiO-CdO nanocomposite. A comparative study has been performed in this paper on the photocatalytic activity and third order NLO properties of NiO-CdO and NiO-CuO nanocomposites green synthesized using Psidium guajava leaf extract. Under visible light illumination for about 90 min, the NiO-CdO nanocomposite degraded 86 % and the NiO-CuO nanocomposite degraded 91.5% of rhodamine B dye. Decreased crystallite size, larger specific surface area, enhanced visible light absorbing ability, least band gap value and greater dispersibility of CuO are responsible for the better degradation ability of the NiO-CuO nanocomposite than the NiO-CdO nanocomposite. The occurrence of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) effect from the Z-scan studies confirmed that both the composites are well suited for nonlinear optical and photonic devices. The high value of NLO susceptibility possessed makes the NiO-CuO nanocomposite highly polarized than the NiO-CdO nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]