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We are running out of crude oil resources, biodiesel is a promising alternative. However, the usage of biodiesel and its blends are associated with problems in atomization of fuel. The main reason is the high viscosity of oils extracted from green matter. The viscosity of oils is inversely proportional to temperature i.e. as temperature increases the viscosity decreases. Present study discusses the effects of preheated biodiesel and its blends on the performance and emissions of diesel engines. The supply of preheated biodiesel increases thermal efficiency (7.3%) and decreases CO, HC emissions but result in increase in NOx emissions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative and productive performance of papaya seedlings in response to different volumes of containers. The experiment was conducted in a seedling production nursery at the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Mutum - MT, using a completely randomized design with five replications, in which four sizes of polyethylene bags were tested in the production of seedlings: 10 x 16 cm, 15 x 21 cm, 17 x 27 cm and 20 x 21 The plots were composed of 3 plants. The parameters evaluated at 70 days after sowing were: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, green matter mass and percentage of dry weight of the stem, leaves and roots. The container 17 x 27 cm stood out from the other containers, except for the characteristics of the length of the stem, percentage of dry mass of the stem and leaves where it was equivalent to the container 20 x 21 cm and the percentage of dry mass where all containers were equivalent. The experiment showed that the 17 x 27 cm container is the most recommended for the cultivation of papaya seedlings cultivar Sunrise Solo.

Se evaluaron doce híbridos, con el objetivo de definir los que exhiban altos rendimientos y elevada calidad de forraje para aprovecharse en la producción ganadera, la procedencia es de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC UNAM), el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) y la colaboración de ambas instituciones, en comparación con un testigo comercial. La investigación se realizó en el ciclo primavera-verano de 2009, se establecieron experimentos, en el Centro de Enseñanza Agropecuaria de la FESC UNAM, y otro en el Campo Experimental Valle de México (CEVAMEX), del INIFAP. Cada uno de los experimentos constó de 12 tratamientos (híbridos), cuatro de la FESC, UNAM, dos de INIFAP, cinco de INIFAP – FESC UNAM y un testigo de ASGROW. Los híbridos PUMA 1163, Búho y H 48 presentaron los mayores rendimientos de materia verde (P

This paper presents the results of a study on the yields of green matter, dry matter and digestible dry matter of the whole plant of four ZP silage maize hybrids (gown in four different locations in the Republic of Serbia) and the quality of their whole-plant biomass. The results obtained indicate that the highest average yields of green matter (40.4 t·ha-1), dry matter (14.4 t·ha-1) and digestible dry matter of the whole plant (8.8 t·ha-1) were recorded in the ZP 707 hybrid at all four locations considered. The highest average content of lignocellulosic fibres was detected in the ZP 735 hybrid, which also exhibited the lowest dry matter digestibility of the whole plant (57.24%). The highest average digestibility of dry matter (61.00%) and NDF (NDFD - Neutral Detergent FibresDigestibility) (26.20%) of the whole maize plant was determined in the ZP 707 hybrid, which also had the lowest average content of all lignocellulosic fibres. Kukuruz je najvažnija krmna biljka po visini prinosa i kvalitetu biomase. Najvažniji parametri kvaliteta silažnih formi hibrida kukuruza su: prinos ukupne i svarljive suve materije, sadržaj i odnosi lignoceluloznih vlakana (NDF – vlakna nerastvorna u neutralnom deterdžentu, ADF – vlakna nerastvorna u kiselom deterdžentu i ADL – lignin nerastvorljiv u 72% rastvoru sumporne kiseline), svarljivost suve materije i svarljivost NDF (NDFD) cele biljke kukuruza. Svarljivost suve materije i NDFD daju preciznije podatke o kvalitetu biomase kukuruzne biljke za silažu. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja prinosa zelene mase, suve materije i svarljive suve materije, kao i kvalitetabiomase (sadržaj i odnosi lignoceluloznih vlakana, svarljivost suve materije i NDF) cele biljke četiri silažna ZP hibrida kukuruza gajenih na četiri različite lokacije u Republici Srbiji. Rezultati su pokazali da se prosečan sadržaj suve materije cele biljke kretao od 28,03% (ZP 735) do 35,84% (ZP 707).Najviši prosečan prinos zelene mase od 40,4 t∙ha-1, suve materije od 14,4 t·ha-1 i prinos svarljive suve materije cele kukuruzne biljke za sve četiri lokacija od 8,8 t∙ha-1 imao je hibrid ZP 707. Najviši prosečan sadržaj lignoceluloznih vlakana (NDF, ADF, hemiceluloze i celuloze) imao je hibrid ZP 735 koji je imao najnižu svarljivost suve materije cele kukuruzne biljke (57,24%). Najvišu prosečnu svarljivost suve materije (61,00%) i NDFD (26,20%) cele kukuruzne biljke imao je hibrid ZP 707 koji je imao i najniži prosečan sadržaj svih lignoceluloznih vlakana: NDF (52,85%), ADF (26,11%), ADL (3,31%), hemiceluloze (26,74%) i celuloze (22,80%).

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), like common vetch (V. sativa L.), is one of the most widespread cultivated forage vetches. In Russia, hairy vetch is sown both in spring and winter planting seasons. V. villosa populations may contain spring, semi-spring, semi-winter and winter biotypes. Three hairy vetch varieties (Nezhnostebelnaya, Siverskaya 2 and Ukrainka) were studied in mono- and binary agrophytocoenosis with oat, rape and barley at spring sowing under the conditions of Leningrad Province of the Russian North-West in 2010-2012. Biotype composition of vetch variety populations was determined to identify adaptive biotypes. Some biological and agronomic characters were analysed. Comparative evaluation of hairy vetch variety populations was performed to test the role of agrophytocoenosis (and its phytocomponent) as a possible factor of biotype variability in vetch varieties and their biological and agronomic characters.

The results of assessment of pea varieties in a competitive varietal test under conditions of Kirov region (Volga-Vyatka economic region) on productivity of grain, green matter and hay are presented. An object under research - 21 pea varieties of different morphotype bred in Falenki breeding station. Meteorological conditions for years of research (2014-2017) differed significantly in temperature regime and the amount of precipitation: favorable conditions for pea vegetation were in 2014 and 2015, the adverse ones - in 2016 and 2017. In group of grain-hay white-flowered plants variety Falensky yubileiny was selected. It had an average yield of grain - 4.1 t/ha, green mat ter - 34.3 t/ha, hay - 4.4 t/ha that exceeded standard variety Krasnoufimsky 93 by 0.7, 9.0 and 0.8 t/ha respectively. Among grain-hay color-flowered plants the perspective line D-24746 (productivity of grain - 4.0 t/ha; green matter - 35.3 t/ha, hay - 5.5 t/ha) exceeded standard variety Ryabchik by 0.6, 5.3 and 1.3 t/ha respectively. The varieties were defined which exceeded standards by grain productivity (Vita, D-22477, E-3542, D-22596, E-630, E-626, E-460, E-3698), green matter (E-3583, E-411, D-22596), and dry matter (E-3583). All samples had strong variation in productivity of grain, green matter and hay. Varieties with high rates of productivity elements were selected. It has been established that the majority of the studied varieties belong to middle-grain type according to the 1000-grain mass. Large-grain varieties are Vita (1000-grain mass of 264 g) and Falensky usaty (1000-grain mass of 263 g); small-grain ones are E-411 (140 g) and E-246 (136 g).

En la Región Sur del Ecuador se comparó la producción de avena (Avena sativa L.) y trigo (Triticum vulgare L.) obtenida a partir de un sistema de forraje verde hidropónico (FVH), frente al sistema de producción convencional o a campo abierto (CA). El experimento para cada sistema y cultivo se estableció bajo un diseño de bloques al azar, instalando cuatro tratamientos (dos en FVH y dos a CA), con tres repeticiones cada uno. Se evaluó la altura de la planta (AP) de cada cultivo para cada sistema productivo, mientras que para cada sistema y cultivo se determinó la producción de biomasa, la proteína cruda (PC) (p&nbsp:&lt:&nbsp:0,05) y el cociente de la relación beneficio-costo (B/C). La mayor altura se obtuvo en trigo FVH con 17,67&nbsp:cm y en avena CA con 82,78&nbsp:cm. En relación con la producción de biomasa, el trigo FVH alcanzó 23,57&nbsp:kg/m2 de materia verde (MV) o 3,10 kg/m2 de materia seca (MS): el resto de tratamientos estuvo por debajo de 13&nbsp:kg/m2 de MV (1,39&nbsp:kg/m2 de MS): el porcentaje de proteína en el trigo CA fue mayor con 19,90 %, seguido de avena CA, mientras que el trigo y la avena FVH tuvieron valores de alrededor del 10 %: en beneficio-costo, el trigo FVH obtuvo un puntaje mayor de 1,46 frente a la avena FVH (0,67), el trigo CA (0,26) y la avena CA (1,00). Por esta razón, la complementariedad de los dos sistemas de producción, especialmente en el cultivo de trigo, podría ser una opción para la alimentación animal. Pastos y forrajes

The overall purpose of the study was describing of the component morphological behaviour of the vegetal material as Tithonia diversifolia. In this case, it was used statistical criteria for modelling, where best-fit models were selected. Different linear and non-linear models were adjusted to know the variable behavior of seedling height (cm), 100 sheet weight (g MV), total weight of plant (green matter, g) and total weight of a linear meter (g green matter), which were taken during the rainy and dry seasons in the Granma province from Cuba. The data were processed in the softwares Statistical Infostat (2001) and IBM - SPSS (V22). In the rainy season, height and weight of 1 m seedlings fitted the linear model, where higher values were reached at the 18th weeks with 174.98 cm and 4927.3 g, respectively. Moreover, weight of 100 sheets MV was adjusted to the quadratic model with a value of 220.59 g at 14th weeks. On the other hand, total weight of plant continued to increase at 18th weeks, reaching 109.70 g. (este valor no coincide con lo anterior) In the dry season, the variables presented significant adjustments for the exponential model and expressed slow behavior during the first three measurements, increasing from 10th to 18th week. Where, the weight of 100 green leaves increased to values above 300 g at 18th week. Last of all, this article reports for the first time about the growth of T. diversifolia in the eastern part of Cuba.

El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento de materia seca y la relación de los componentes morfológicos de plantas de maíz forrajero en Tecali de Herrera, Puebla, México. Se evaluaron 10 híbridos trilineales, dos híbridos simples, un criollo y el híbrido comercial HS-2. Se sembraron en parcelas de cuatro surcos de 80 cm ancho y 40 m largo con cuatro repeticiones, depositando una semilla cada 20 cm a 7 cm de profundidad. Se fertilizó con 160-60-00 (N-P-K). Los riegos se aplicaron cada quince días. Se cosecharon 10 plantas en competencia completa en el centro de cada parcela en el estado fisiológico de 1/3 de línea de leche. Se midió el rendimiento de materia verde (RMV) y seca (RMS), altura de planta (AP), número de elotes (NE), número de hojas (NH), diámetro del tallo (DT) y las relaciones hoja:planta (H:P), tallo:planta (T:P) y elote:planta (E:P), bajo un diseño completamente al azar. El genotipo HT-1 presentó las medias más altas para las variables RMV, RMS y AP. RMV y RMS fueron influenciados por las variables AP, DT y NH al presentar correlaciones positivas cercanas a 0.50. El NE tuvo influencia en una menor T:P al presentar una correlación negativa considerable por arriba de 0.50. La T:P afectó grandemente en forma negativa a la E:P al mostrar una correlación negativa muy alta

There is the need to provide an alternative source of food for cattle impulse to evaluate the effect of different doses of humus, phytohormones, and application times in the forage production of the Arrhenatherum elatius pasture. This has already been established in edaphoclimatic conditions of the Licto sector. However, it was implemented through 18 treatments, with 3 repetitions, using a completely random block design with a factorial arrangement (3x3x2). The variables analyzed were the plant height, basal cover, aerial cover, the time of occurrence of pre-flowering, and the production of green and dry matter. According to the results, the six evaluated variables did not show statistical differences in response to the independent effect due to the application of 4, 5, and 6 t • ha -1 of humus and 250 cc • ha -1 of gibberellins, cytokinins and ethylene respectively. On the other hand, the frequency of application showed a significant behavior for the variables; plant height, air cover, the time of occurrence of preflowering, and the production of green matter in 7 days. Finally, the interaction between the factors studied in this investigation showed statistical differences with 9 days of anticipation in the occurrence of the prefloracion phase when applying 4 t • ha -1 of humus plus 250 cc • ha -1 of ethylene at 7 days of the equalization cut (H4-E-7). Thus, this is in relation to the 52 days of the treatment (H5-E-14), when placing 5 t • ha-1 of humus plus 250 cc • ha -1 of ethylene applied to the 14 days of the equalization cut. La necesidad de brindar una alternativa como fuente de alimento para el ganado impulso evaluar el efecto diferentes dosis de humus, fitohormonas y tiempos de aplicacion, en la produccion forrajera del pasto Arrhenatherum elatius cultivo ya establecido en condiciones edafoclimaticas del sector de Licto, donde se implemento la presente investigacion mediante 18 tratamientos, con 3 repeticiones, utilizando un diseno de bloques completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial: 3x3x2. Las variables analizadas fueron la altura de planta, cobertura basal, cobertura aerea, el tiempo de ocurrencia de la prefloracion, la produccion de materia verde y seca. Segun los resultados, las seis variables evaluadas, no mostraron diferencias estadisticas en respuesta al efecto independiente debido a la aplicacion de 4, 5, y 6 t·ha -1 de humus y de 250 cc·ha -1 de giberelinas, citoquininas y etileno respectivamente. En cambio la frecuencia de aplicacion, mostro un comportamiento significativo, para las variables; altura de planta, cobertura aerea, el tiempo de ocurrencia de la prefloracion y produccion de materia verde a los 7 dias. Finalmente, la interaccion entre los factores estudiados en esta investigacion, mostro diferencias estadisticas con 9 dias de anticipacion en la ocurrencia de la fase de prefloracion al aplicar 4 t·ha -1 de humus mas 250 cc·ha -1 de etileno a los 7 dias del corte de igualacion (H4-E-7), en relacion a los 52 dias del tratamiento (H5-E-14), al colocar 5 t·ha -1 de humus mas 250 cc·ha -1 de etileno aplicados a los 14 dias del corte de igualacion.

Green and dry matter production, along with grain yield and otheragronomic traits, were assessed in 44 sorghum genotypes. Two sets of genotypes were formed based on known plant height, aiming to evaluate green and dry matter production and grain yield, as well as to separate forage and grain sorghum genotypes. The evaluations were performed based on experiments with three replications, being one irrigated (drip system) in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, and the other rainfed, in Nossa Senhora da Glória, state of Sergipe, Brazil. Sowing dates were July 30, 2016, in Nossa Senhora da Glória; July 13, 2017, and October 24, 2018, in Petrolina; with 117 and 128 days from sowing to harvest, respectively. Expressive forage production was observed in genotypes EP-17 and SF-11, which exceeded 120 t ha-1. BRS 506 produced 108 t ha-1, while 13F03(1141572), P-294, P-288, 2502 x 467, BRS Ponta Negra, and SF-15 presented green matter production ranging from 94 to 98.5 t ha-1. Dry matter production was highly correlated with green matter production, and SF-11 had the best performance of 45.5 t ha-1. The observed plant height was more expressive for forage sorghum genotypes, being this trait highly correlated with the green and dry matter. The best grain yield performance reached 13.4 and 10.3 t ha-1, values observed for 9910032 and BRS Ponta Negra, respectively. The results demonstrate the full adaptability of sorghum to the semi-arid environment and the feasibility to produce roughage and grains under irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid region.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity, productive efficiency, and nutritional value of the elephant grass cultivar BRS capiacu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), managed at four regrowth ages during winter in the semiarid region of northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. A completely randomized design with the elephant grass cultivar BRS capiacu was submitted to four cut intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 days) in the winter with ten replications, for a total of 40 plots, each with a useful area of 6 × 5 m. There was a linear increase of 76.25% (P

RESUMO: A cultura do painco (Panicum miliaceum L.) e uma opcao interessante tanto para a formacao de palha para cobertura do solo quanto para a producao de graos. Objetivou-se atraves da realizacao deste trabalho investigar o desenvolvimento do painco em solos onde houve a cultura de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), tanto em questao de crescimento quanto de materia verde e materia seca, alem de avaliar em solos com a predominância de quais nutrientes o painco apresenta melhor desenvolvimento. Para a realizacao deste trabalho foram coletadas dez amostras de solo no assentamento Santa Isabel, no municipio de Girau do Ponciano, as amostras foram quimicamente analisadas. O delineamento utilizado foram blocos casualizados, onde foram realizadas tres repeticoes de cada tratamento. Para analises dos resultados foi utilizado o programa de analises estatisticas SISVAR. Nos tratamentos 010, 009 e 002, obteve-se resultados positivos em questao de materia seca, atraves da analise do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade em comparacao com os demais tratamentos. Ja se tratando de materia verde, o tratamento 005, com suas devidas repeticoes, apontou resultados significativos quando comparado com os demais tratamentos. Os tratamentos 010 e 001, apresentaram resultados significantes se tratando de crescimento ao longo das sete semanas. Nota-se que o painco apresentou um desenvolvimento eficiente em questao de crescimento, materia verde e materia seca nos tratamentos onde se tinha uma maior disposicao de fosforo e potassio. Sendo que, nos tratamentos onde se tinha baixa quantidade de tais nutrientes o desenvolvimento do painco nao foi significativo. Palavras-chave: Painco (Panicum miliaceum L.), desenvolvimento, predominância de nutrientes. ABSTRACT: The cultivation of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is an interesting option both for the formation of straw for soil cover and for the production of grains. The objective of this work was to investigate the development of millet in soils where cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was grown, both in growth and in green matter and dry matter, besides evaluating soils with predominance of which nutrients the millet presents better development. For the accomplishment of this work ten soil samples were collected in the settlement Santa Isabel, in the municipality of Girau do Ponciano, the samples were chemically analyzed. The experimental design was randomized blocks, where three replicates of each treatment were performed. For analysis of the results, the statistical analysis program SISVAR was used. In the treatments 010, 009 and 002, positive results were obtained in matter of dry matter, through the analysis of the test of Tukey to 5% of probability in comparison with the other treatments. When dealing with green matter, treatment 005, with its due repetitions, showed significant results when compared to the other treatments. The treatments 010 and 001, presented significant results when dealing with growth over the seven weeks. It was observed that the millet presented an efficient development in matter of growth, green matter and dry matter in the treatments where there was a greater disposition of phosphorus and potassium. In the treatments with low amount of such nutrients, millet development was not significant. Keywords: Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), development, predominance of nutrients.

espanolSe evaluo Ulex europaeus como abono verde sobre la produccion de biomasa y proteina en acelga (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla). Los tratamientos fueron 1,6 kg de Lupinus albus; 1,6 kg de U. europaeus y un testigo absoluto. Las unidades experimentales fueron parcelas de 2 m², dispuestas en bloques completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos se sometieron a un ANDEVA y a la prueba de Tukey con 5% de significancia. Transcurridos 60 dias de la incorporacion, se establecieron plantulas de B. vulgaris var. Cicla. La produccion de biomasa y analisis proximal se evaluo a los 120 dias del establecimiento; y el analisis de suelo, a los 184 dias de la incorporacion. U. europaeus genero un 42% mas de materia verde respecto del testigo (p≤0,05), sin diferencias con lupino (p>0,05). No se encontraron diferencias (p>0,05) en la produccion de materia seca. El contenido de proteina fue 14% superior (p≤0,05) en U. europaeus y L. albus respecto del testigo. El nivel de NPK en el suelo fue mayor en U. europaeus. El aumento de materia verde y proteina en B. vulgaris var. Cicla, asi como de NPK en el suelo, avalan el uso de U. europaeus como abono verde. EnglishWe assessed the response of biomass and protein production of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla.), by using Ulex europaeus vs. Lupinus albus as green manure. Treatments were 1.6 kg of L. albus; 1.6 kg of U. europaeus and absolute control. The experimental units were 2 m² plots arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's tests at 5% significance. Plants of chard were established after 60 days of the incorporation of the green manure. Biomass production as well as proximal analysis was performed at 120 days after establishment. In addition, a soil analysis was performed at 184 after incorporation of green manure. The utilization of U. europaeus improved in 42% fresh biomass production when compared with the control (p≤0.05), however no differences were observed when it was compared with lupin (p>0.05). No differences were observed for dry matter production among the treatments (p>0.05). Water content it was 14% greater for treatments that included green manure. The levels of NPK in the soil were greater for U. europaeus treatment. The increase of green matter and protein in chard as well as the increase of NPK levels in the soil, support the use of U. europaeus as green manure.

Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the yielding reliability of serradella, field pea and yellow lupine, sown as stubble catch crop in August on a typical Alfisol . Study Design: The randomized complete block design with four replications. Place and Duration of Study: Field study was conducted in 2005–2009, at the Research Station in Mocheoek near Bydgoszcz (17 ⁰51 ′ E; 53 ⁰13 ′ N) in Midwest Poland. Methodology: The objects of the study were three leguminous plants: Serradella 'Igela', field pea 'Grapis' and yellow lupine 'Legat', grown as stubble catch crop on Alfisols formed of a sandy loam. The main studied features were yield of green matter and post harvest residues of plants. Moreover yield reliability in years for particular plants were calculated. Results: The total yield of dry biomass of plants grown as stubble catch crop ranged from 1.76

This study was conducted to test the effects of soap and branches of coconut trees on the caterpillars. Armyworms cause great economic losses to farmers of the Rio Nunez region in Guinea. They destroy culture and cause irritation to farmers. In fact, armyworms cause very serious allergic reactions on the skin of sensitive individuals. That is why efforts are often put in place to eliminate or at least reduce the adverse effects of these caterpillars. The larvae or caterpillars feed on green matter during the early stages of their development before moving on to the cultivated rice. Young larvae eat the lower epidermis of the leaves and thus protect themselves. Sometimes shoot tips are attacked thus leading to the total destruction of fields especially nurseries. These caterpillars live in colonies for 1 month before dispersing in the plains and surrounding fields. Therefore, this is the best period for fighting them. Finding effective methods to control their activities has become imperative to preserve the culture of farmers in these areas.

In the production of fermented feed, each crop can be contaminated with a variety of microorganisms that may produce natural pollutants. Biogenic amines, mycotoxins, and undesirable organic acids can decrease health feed safety. The aim of this study was to compare the counts of microorganisms, levels of biogenic amines, and the mycotoxins in forage legumes, and also to compare the occurrence of microorganisms and levels of mycotoxins in green fodder and subsequently produced silage and the influence of additives on the content of natural harmful substances in silage. The experimental plot was located in Troubsko and Vatín, in the Czech Republic. Two varieties of Medicago sativa and one variety of Trifolium pratense were compared. Green fodder and subsequently produced silage reaching up to 23% of dry matter were evaluated and prepared using a bio-enzymatic additive and a chemical additive. Green fodder of Medicago sativa was more contaminated by Enterococci than Trifolium pratense fodder. The obvious difference was determined by the quality of silage leachate. The silage prepared from Medicago sativa fodder was more contaminated with butyric acid. Fungi were present in higher counts in the anaerobic environment of green fodder and contaminated it with zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Lower counts of fungi were found in silage, although the zearalenone content did not change. Lower content of deoxynivalenol was detected in silage, compared with green fodder. Silages treated with a chemical additive were found not to contain butyric acid. Lower ethanol content was determined, and the tendency to reduce the risk of biogenic amines occurrence was evident. The additives proved to have no influence on the content of mycotoxins.

Background. This work presents the findings of research conducted in 2009–2011 aimed at an assessment of the suitability for cultivation in Poland of selected maize cultivars included in the Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species (CCA). Production-related value of the examined cultivars and fibre content determining the quality of feed produced from maize stover harvested at various development stages were assessed. Material and methods. The following two factors were examined in the experiment: A − the harvest date of maize green matter (I − tasseling stage (75% of plants at this stage), II − milk maturity stage (after three weeks), III − wax maturity stage (after another three weeks); B − cultivars with different maturity (Pyroxenia – very early, FAO 130, Codimi – early, FAO 200, Moschus – early, FAO 220, Alombo – medium early, FAO 230, Celive – medium early, FAO 245).Results. The results demonstrated that the highest fresh matter yields were obtained for cv. Alombo harvested at the stage of milk maturity and at the stage of wax maturity, and for cv. Celive harvested at the wax maturity stage. Conclusion. All of the maize cultivars had their lowest content of crude fibre and its fractions when they were harvested at the wax maturity stage.

Within the period of 2010–2011, a set of 14 Czech alfalfa cultivars was evaluated in the research locality Troubsko. On small plots and also in the individual plantations altogether 51 descriptors were evaluated. Statistical differences existing among cultivars in individual trait sunder study were analysed using the method of point and interval estimations of average values. Intraspecific variability was studied on the base of estimation of variation coefficients. A high degree of intraspecific uniformity was found in cultivars ‘Jarka’ and ‘Holyna’ while the lowest one was registered in the cultivar ‘Litava’. Green matter yields ranged from 66.3 t.ha−1 (‘Jitka’) to 77.2 t.ha−1 (‘Holyna’), hay yields from 11.71 t.ha−1 (‘Jitka’) to 15.43 t.ha−1 (‘Jarka’), and yields of seed from 0.19 t.ha−1 (‘Jitka’) to 0.35 t.ha−1 (‘Kamila’). As far as the descriptor “Alfalfa tuft dry matter” was concerned, cultivars ‘Oslava’ and ‘Holyna’ were statistically highly significantly (P < 0.01) better than than cultivars ‘Jitka’ and ‘Vlasta’. As far as the descriptor “Width of the terminal leaflet” was concerned, the cultivar ‘Palava’ was statistically highly significantly better (P < 0.01) than cultivars ‘Vlasta’, ‘Litava’, and ‘Denisa’. The existence of similarity of cultivars under study was determined by means of cluster analysis. It was found out that the highest degree of similarity existed between cultivars ‘Morava’ and ‘Niva’.

Following Poland access to European Union, cultivation and processing of fibrous hemp has been subjected to subsidies and legal regulations of the EU. The criterion for the subsidy is the content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) below 0.2% in dry green matter. The control of THC content in fibrous hemp is a responsibility of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA). The control of THC content in 2004–2011 has been carried out by the Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants based on agreements signed with ARMA. Controls covered at least 20% of hemp area eligible for direct payments to agricultural land. The results showed that the THC content in hemp was below the 0.2% for any of selected hemp producer.

espanolSe evaluaron extractos de la fraccion aerea y radicular de Ulex europaeus L., obtenidos mediante extraccion acuosa y metanolica aplicados a plantulas de aji (Capsicum annuum L.) en condiciones de laboratorio. Los tratamientos fueron seis dosis (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 y 320 mg kg¹) de raiz acuoso (Ra), raiz metanolico (Rm), parte aerea acuoso (Ha) y parte aerea metanolico (Hm), y como testigos cafeina (C) y agua destilada (A), con seis repeticiones. Su efecto se evaluo en la produccion de materia verde (MV) y en materia seca (MS) de plantulas de C. annuum. El extracto Ra obtuvo el valor mas alto en produccion de MS (g), mientras que en contenido de MV (g) ambos extractos presentaron mayor rendimiento que el testigo. Por otro lado, las dosis mas altas del extracto Ra obtuvieron los mejores resultados en MV y en MS. Todas las dosis presentaron mejores resultados que el testigo; en tanto Rm concentro los valores mas altos de produccion en dosis bajas. En cuanto a los extractos de parte aerea se observo que ambos tuvieron efectos sobre la produccion de MV y MS, siendo significativamente mayor al testigo. En cuanto a las dosis, 80 y 160 mg kg1 obtuvieron los mejores resultados en MV. En dosis altas del extracto Hm se observo un incremento de la MV respecto al testigo, no asi de la MS. Finalmente, es posible afirmar que es factible utilizar extractos de U. europaeus para incrementar la produccion de MV y MS en C. annuum. EnglishUnder laboratory conditions, aerial and root extracts of Ulex europaeus L., obtained by methanol and aqueous extraction, used in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv) seedlings, were assessed. The treatments used were 6 doses (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg kg-1) of each type of extract: aqueous root (Ra), methanol root (Rm), aqueous aerial (Ha) and methanol aerial (Hm), and caffeine (C) and distilled water (A) as controls; with 6 replications. The effect of the extracts on the production of green matter (GM) and dry matter (DM) of C. annuum seedlings was assessed. The Ra extract obtained the highest rate in DM production (g), while in GM content (g) both extracts showed a higher yield compared to control. On the other hand, the highest Ra extract doses obtained the best results in GM and DM. All doses showed better results than controls; Rm showed the highest yield rates with the lowest doses. Regarding aerial extracts, it was observed that both had effects on GM and DM production, being significant higher than controls. 80 and 160 mg kg' doses showed the best results in GM. In high doses ofHm extract, an increase in GM was observed compared to control; but in DM, it was not. Therefore, feasibility of using U. europaeus extracts to increase GM and DM production in C. annuum can be ensured.

Se evaluaron extractos de la fracción aérea y radicular de Ulex europaeus L., obtenidos mediante extracción acuosa y metanólica aplicados a plántulas de ají (Capsicum annuum L.) en condiciones de laboratorio. Los tratamientos fueron seis dosis (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 y 320 mg kg¹) de raíz acuoso (Ra), raíz metanólico (Rm), parte aérea acuoso (Ha) y parte aérea metanólico (Hm), y como testigos cafeína (C) y agua destilada (A), con seis repeticiones. Su efecto se evaluó en la producción de materia verde (MV) y en materia seca (MS) de plántulas de C. annuum. El extracto Ra obtuvo el valor más alto en producción de MS (g), mientras que en contenido de MV (g) ambos extractos presentaron mayor rendimiento que el testigo. Por otro lado, las dosis más altas del extracto Ra obtuvieron los mejores resultados en MV y en MS. Todas las dosis presentaron mejores resultados que el testigo; en tanto Rm concentró los valores más altos de producción en dosis bajas. En cuanto a los extractos de parte aérea se observó que ambos tuvieron efectos sobre la producción de MV y MS, siendo significativamente mayor al testigo. En cuanto a las dosis, 80 y 160 mg kg1 obtuvieron los mejores resultados en MV. En dosis altas del extracto Hm se observó un incremento de la MV respecto al testigo, no así de la MS. Finalmente, es posible afirmar que es factible utilizar extractos de U. europaeus para incrementar la producción de MV y MS en C. annuum. Under laboratory conditions, aerial and root extracts of Ulex europaeus L., obtained by methanol and aqueous extraction, used in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv) seedlings, were assessed. The treatments used were 6 doses (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg kg-1) of each type of extract: aqueous root (Ra), methanol root (Rm), aqueous aerial (Ha) and methanol aerial (Hm), and caffeine (C) and distilled water (A) as controls; with 6 replications. The effect of the extracts on the production of green matter (GM) and dry matter (DM) of C. annuum seedlings was assessed. The Ra extract obtained the highest rate in DM production (g), while in GM content (g) both extracts showed a higher yield compared to control. On the other hand, the highest Ra extract doses obtained the best results in GM and DM. All doses showed better results than controls; Rm showed the highest yield rates with the lowest doses. Regarding aerial extracts, it was observed that both had effects on GM and DM production, being significant higher than controls. 80 and 160 mg kg' doses showed the best results in GM. In high doses ofHm extract, an increase in GM was observed compared to control; but in DM, it was not. Therefore, feasibility of using U. europaeus extracts to increase GM and DM production in C. annuum can be ensured.

Trifolium: T. pratense L., T. repens L., T. hybridum L., T. pannonicum Jack. и T. montanum L. Свака врста је била заступљена са већим бројем самониклих популација (минимално 5), различитог географског порекла унутар простора Републике Србије. Праћено је десет морфолошких параметара на појединачним биљкама које су узгајане у пољским условима. Састав суве материје утврђен је из просечног узорка Weende системом анализе. Анатомске карактеристике листа одређиване су анализом трајних препарата попречних пресека средње лиске тролиска (5 понављања по популацији). Садржај секундарних метаболита утврђен је применом спектрофотометријске методе (укупни феноли, флавоноиди и антиоксидативна активност), као и HPLC методом (изофлавони: даидзеин, генистеин, биоханин А и формононетин). Сви подаци обрађени су у програму Статистика 10 (StatSoft). Утврђено је постојање варијабилности проучаваног материјала. Разлике су се јавиле по свим групама особина, између врста, али и унутар врста (разлике између популација). Упоредном анализом је показано да је највиши просечан принос зелене масе по биљци (820 g) као и највећи број изданака (73.3) у двогодишњем истраживању дала је шведска детелина (T. hybridum); док су најмање вредности испољене код T. montanum (зелена маса – 55.07 g и 12.2 изданка). Ово су и најваријабилније особине, јер коефицијент варијације показује нашири опсег вредности. Шведска детелина (T. hybridum) се такође одликује највећим бројем интернодија (6.76 просек за две године) и највећим бројем бочних грана (6.55 просек за две године). Принос зелене масе опада из године у годину код црвене (T. pratense) и шведске детелине (T. hybridum), док код осталих врста расте или нема статистички значајних промена, што је случај са T. montanum... Morphological, anatomical and chemical traits of five species of the genus Trifolium were studied. Researched species included: T. pratense L., T. repens L., T. hybridum L., T. pannonicum Jack., and T. montanum L. In the experimental study, each species was represented by a high number of wild population (at least 5) of a different geographical origin within the area of the Republic of Serbia. Ten morphological parameters were studied on individual plants grown in the field conditions. The composition of dry matter was determined from the average sample by Weende analysis system. Leaf anatomical traits were studied by analzses of the cross section of middle leaflet of trifoliate leaves (5 repetitions per population). The content of secondary metabolites was determined by spectrophotometry (total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity) and HPLC (isoflavones: daidzein, genistein, biohanin A and formononetin). All data were processed in the computer program Statistika 10 (StatSoft). It was determined that there is expressed variability in the studied material. There were differences in all groups of traits, both inter- and intra-species (differences between populations). The comparative analysis showed that the highest average yield of green mass per plant (820 g) as well as the largest number of tillers (73.3), in the two-year study, was obtained in the Swedish clover (T. hybridum), while T. montanum exhibited the lowest values (weight was 55.07 g and the number of tillers was 12.2). These were the most variable traits upon the coefficients of variation. Alsike clover (T. hybridum) was characterized by the highest number of internodes (6.76 average for two years) and the highest number of side branches (6.55 average for two years). Yield of green mass decreased from year to year in the red clover (T. pratense) and alsike clover (T. hybridum), while in the other studied species it increased or had no statistically significant change such in the case of T. montanum. The biggest differences in the yield were found in T. pannonicum (average change in 2011. was 292%)...

The aim of this study was to examine the degree of variability in morphological and agronomic characteristics of 20 Lotus corniculatus L. local genotypes, and also to set aside germplasm that will be used as a source of genetic basis for improvement of the studied properties. In poor quality soils, L. corniculatus L. plays an important role providing protein component in animal feeds. The importance of L. corniculatus L. in livestock development at hilly-mountainous areas is enormous. This study presents productive characteristics of 20 L. corniculatus L. genotypes selected from local populations in the previous period of selection. Significant differences were observed for most of the monitored parameters. The studied genotypes showed the greatest variability in green matter yield (CV 49, 58), number of pods per plant (CV 26, 27) and seed yield (CV 34, 31). To determine the significance of differences between the genotypes and their ranking for the level of significance, Duncan's multiple range test was used. Based on the results of Duncan's multiple range test and analysis of the significance of differences between genotypes, it was ascertained that genotypes G1, G3, G15 and G17 are the basis for the creation of synthetic variety with good production properties. Keywords : Lotus corniculatus L., genotype, variability African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(35), pp. 5423-5426

The evaluation of Chenopodium quinoa cultivation effects in Poland has been compared with European research results. It was found that the conditions in Europe are favorable to Chenopodium quinoa cultivation. Poland has the mean length of the vegetation period. The maximum value of this trait was found in Sweden. The conditions in Bydgoszcz (Poland) are very favorable to the cultivation for green matter and favorable as far as the seed yield is concerned. The most favorable seed yield was recorded in Greece.

Based on the evaluation of selected varieties of Chenopodium quinoa, their requirements were identified; it was shown which varieties demonstrated the best effects in what conditions. It was found that the best varieties for Europe's conditions were E-DK-4-PQCIP and RU-5-PQCIP. E-DK-4-PQCIP variety showed the best effects under the conditions of cluster II which included e.g. Bydgoszcz (Poland) and cluster IV which included Southern European countries (Greece and Italy), while the best effects found in RU-5-PQCIP variety were identified in cluster I which included Sweden. E-DK-4-PQCIP variety in cluster II showed a very high yield of green matter and a mean seed yield, and in cluster IV - a very high seed yield and a high yield of green matter.

RESUMO - Avaliar as caracteristicas agronomicas e produtivas de hibridos de milho foi o objetivo deste trabalho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repeticoes, sendo os tratamentos compostos por quatro hibridos de milho Agroeste: AS 1551 Convencional, AS 1551 PRO 2, AS 1656 PRO 3 e AS 1596 PROX. Foram avaliadas as caracteristicas morfometricas da planta, a participacao dos componentes estruturais no material ensilado e o potencial produtivo dos hibridos. O hibrido AS 1596 PROX apresentou maior numero de folhas totais e senescentes, alem de apresentar maior altura da planta e da insercao da espiga. As maiores participacoes de colmo (37,42%) e folha (16,25%) no material ensilado foram obtidas no hibrido AS 1656 PRO 3. Os hibridos AS 1551 Convencional e AS 1551 PRO 2 apresentaram maiores participacoes de espiga (52,42% e 50,01%) e de graos no material ensilado (32,74% e 32,88%). As produtividades foram semelhantes, com valores de 37.662,3 a 45.093,0 kg/ha de materia verde e de 14.404,7 a 16.421,6 kg/ha de materia seca. O desempenho produtivo dos hibridos foi satisfatorio, e a escolha deles vai depender do objetivo de cada propriedade, na busca de maiores beneficios e facilidades de manejo. Palavras-chave: Zea mays , componentes estruturais, graos, materia seca, diâmetro de colmo. PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SILAGE USING THE WHOLE PLANT ABSTRACT - The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and productive characteristics of maize hybrids. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were composed of four Agroeste maize hybrids: AS 1551 Conventional, AS 1551 PRO 2, AS 1656 PRO 3 and AS 1596 PROX. The morphometric characteristics of the plant, the participation of the structural components in the ensiled material and the productive potential of the hybrids were evaluated. The AS 1596 PROX hybrid presented a higher number of total and senescent leaves, besides showing higher plant height and spike insertion. The highest stakes (37.42%) and leaf (16.25%) in the ensiled material were obtained in the hybrid AS 1656 PRO 3. The hybrids AS 1551 Conventional and AS 1551 PRO 2 showed greater spike (52.42 % and 50.01%) and grains (32.74% and 32.88%) participation in the ensiled material. The yields were similar with values from 37,662.3 to 45,093.0 kg/ha of green matter and from 14,404.7 to 16,421.6 kg/ha of dry matter. The productive performance of the hybrids was satisfactory, and their choice will depend on the objective of each property, in the search for greater benefits and management facilities. Keywords: Zea mays, structural components, grains, dry matter, stem diameter.

A ensilagem de plantas é prática comum no Brasil, onde se busca o armazenamento de alimentos com altos teores de energia, provenientes de plantas forrageiras para utilização em períodos de escassez. A obtenção de silagem de boa qualidade começa com a uniformidade de processamento das culturas pelas máquinas ensiladoras. Assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar a uniformidade de tamanho do picado de milho e sorgo forrageiro processado por colhedora de forragem, avaliando a metodologia para a determinação granulométrica das partículas e definindo a melhor regulagem para o uso da colhedora. Foram avaliadas duas regulagens da colhedora para tamanhos de corte entre 4 e 22 mm, sobre as culturas de milho e sorgo forrageiro. Foi determinado que a regulagem de corte para 4 mm demonstrou maior uniformidade de picado em relação à regulagem de 22 mm, valores de concentração de partículas de 63,2% e 44,6% para as regulagens, respectivamente, na faixa recomendada. Assim, a regulagem para 4 mm deve ser a recomendada para o processamento de culturas de sorgo forrageiro e milho, com uso da colhedora testada. A metodologia utilizada para a determinação da uniformidade de picado permitiu avaliação com rapidez, eficiência e simplicidade. The process of plants ensilage is a common practice in Brazil which provides the housing of animal feeds with high level of energy through plants to use in periods of shortage. To obtain silage with good quality it is needed a uniformity during the harvesting of plants by forage harvesters. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the uniformity of pricked corn and sorghum harvested by forage harvester, by assessing the methodology proposed to determine the sizes of the plant particles and to define the best adjustment for using the harvester. It was evaluated two adjustments for size cutting, 4 and 22 mm, on corn and sorghum harvesting. The adjustment of 4 mm showed a larger uniformity of pricked than the adjustment of 22 mm, medium values of 63.2% and 44.6%, respectively, in the recommended range. Thereby, the adjustment to 4 mm should be used to corn and sorghum ensilage with the evaluated harvester. The method used for determining the pricked uniformity allowed the evaluation with fastness, efficiency and simplicity.

It is well known that in its first year of vegetation, alfalfa has a slower growth rate and that this is an inconvenient in obtaining economic productions of green matter. Another negative aspect comes from the fact that because of the slow growth rate, alfalfa cannot cover the land efficiently; therefore it cannot compete with weeds, which can diminish the yield even more. Starting from these statements, we tested the possibility of cultivating alfalfa under a protective plant – Alexandrine clover – in addition with orchard grass (knowing the fact that Alexandrine clover ensures the highest yields at 1st and 2nd cut) in order to increase hay production in the 1st year of cultivation of alfalfa.