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The purpose of this article is to meditate about the importance reached by the engagement between Persia and a considerable fraction of Greece, at the early 5th century BC. The importance of this struggle is made obvious by two fundamental aspects: regarding stresses the Greeks' identity as free individual radically different from an enslaved barbarian world, and because it leads to a major transformation in the sources which, from Herodotus on, witness the birth of Historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]