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After the 1980s, discussions about innovation as a determinant of economic growth became more prevalent. According to the literature, innovation reduces transport costs, mitigates the negative effects of distance, and country-specific factors have a major impact on bilateral trade. However, the findings of the studies vary depending on the innovation indicator used and the country group studied. The effects of innovation on bilateral trade between countries are examined in this analysis for OECD countries from 1996 to 2016.The results indicate that a country's economic size, market size and demand structure, real exchange rate, and innovation in exporting countries all have a positive impact on bilateral trade. This finding illustrates the importance of policymakers who want to raise exports taking steps to promote the emergence of innovation and its economic spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the per capita GDP of the exporter country and GDP of the importer country as major positive determinants of CSGs exports in India using the gravity model of trade. Besides, it is found that India has export potential in CSGs with Russia, Switzerland, Israel, Egypt, China, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, South Korea, France, Japan, Oman, Belgium, and Malaysia. The findings suggest that India can take advantage of climate variability by exporting CSGs to the world which will contribute to its economic growth and strengthen its adaptability potential to deal with the increasingly adverse effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries in the global South, or developing and emerging economies, are experiencing rapid economic growth, and increased economic integration with other countries in the global South, including trade. Some analysts have raised concerns that such South-South trade might encourage the use of outdated conventional energy technologies, and lock developing countries into high carbon growth paths. Here, trade data from the UN Comtrade database is analyzed with a gravity model of trade. Results show that levels of clean energy technologies in South-south trade were relatively low up until the first half of the 2010's, but that these are entirely comparable to North-North or other trade flows in recent years. The analysis thus finds no evidence to support concerns that South-South trade might encourage high carbon development. South-South trade contains particularly high levels of solar PV, hydropower, and electric two-wheeler technologies, whilst exporters in the global North are more competitive in markets for wind power equipment and electric vehicles. Trade in electric vehicles is the fastest growing class of clean energy technologies, and the dominance of Northern countries in their exports may mean that South-South trade could, in the foreseeable future, once again lag behind in levels of clean energy technologies. • UN Comtrade data is used to identify shares of clean energy tech in international trade. • Trade between countries in the global South is compared with other trade flows. • South-South trade contains as much clean energy technologies as other trade flows. • South-South trade has high levels of PV, hydropower, and electric two-wheelers. • South-South trade has low levels of wind power and electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effect of income level and governance quality on inter-province migration in Vietnam using a gravity model. Consistent with previous studies on migration, we find that people tend to move from low-income provinces to high-income ones. Among the income components, wage income is the most important in pushing and pulling migrants. Higher non-farm income also attracts more immigrants. The migration flow is also associated with the quality of governance and public administration. Low public services and administrative procedures tend to push people to emigrate, while better control of corruption and more transparency and accountability tend to pull immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, trade negotiations afford both liberalism- and protectionism-oriented policies. Indeed, in recent decades, the developed countries have been actively engaged in negotiating many preferential agreements to integrate developing countries (DCs) into world trade and encourage their economic growth, but many of these schemes contrast with the complex rules, often imposed on international markets, that still are an obstacle for exporters. Their presence and related costs reduce the importance of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in increasing trade flows. This article attempts to assess the impact of preferential trade policies on trade flows controlling for different non-tariff barriers (NTBs), using a structural gravity model. The analysis uses disaggregated data, registered in the year 2017, on EU imports (defined at level HS-6 digit) from a large number of exporters (187 developed and developing countries) and also includes the intra-EU trade. Our results show robust and positive estimates for the impact of preferences on bilateral trade flows, however, higher non-tariff barriers are likely to play a role in reducing both the extensive margins of trade, and so tariff preferences alone are not sufficient to access international markets. The impact of NTBs on the intensive margin of trade is ambiguous; some measures may act as catalysts and therefore increase trade, and others may act as an additional cost of trade and thus hinder trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The tourism sector plays a crucial role in economic growth of developing countries. Tourism increases business and employment opportunities and contributes to the development of local infrastructure. The preservation of cultural heritage and the promotion of peace between nations are other benefits of this sector. The main objective of this study is the investigation of the main demand and supply factors of international tourist arrivals to Albania, given the important role of the tourism sector on the national economy. A gravity-type equation is estimated through three different estimation techniques, controlling for basic and experimental independent variables. The basic assumption of the gravity model states that bilateral flows depend on some factors related to the origin and destination countries and other factors that approximate the bilateral distance. The analysis is based on an annual dataset of international tourist arrivals to Albania from 22 origin countries over the period 2001-2018. Empirical results show a satisfactory explanatory power of the considered equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is one of the key livelihood strategies for households, especially those in low-income and middle-income regions. In this study, we investigate whether the economic level and inequality of wealth can affect inter-governorate migration in Egypt. Using gravity models and data from Population and Housing Censuses of Egypt, we are able to measure the push as well as pull effects of economic and wealth inequality levels on internal migration flows. Although there are a large number of studies on the effect of economic levels on migration, there is little if anything known about the effect of wealth inequality between the origin and destination areas on migration. We measure wealth levels using the household asset index. We find that people tend to move to governorates with high wealth levels as well as high wealth inequality. There is a positive association between wealth inequality and economic growth in Egypt. Governorates with high wealth inequality tend to experience high economic growth and therefore attract more migrants. This study's findings also suggest that unlike non-work migration, the low wealth level in origin governorates is a push factor for work migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacks et al. (2011) offer a method to measure trade costs that relies exclusively on bilateral exports and GDP statistics. They argue that the reduction in trade costs was the main driving force of trade growth during the first globalization (1870–1913), whereas economic expansion was the main driving force during the second globalization (1950–2000). This potentially major result is driven by the use of an ad hoc aggregation method of bilateral trade costs at the country and at the global levels. What Jacks et al. (2011) capture is that some pairs of countries experienced faster trade growth in the first globalization than in the second globalization. More generally, we cast doubts on the possibility to reach conclusions on aggregate costs with a method that excludes a priori changes in non-trade costs determinants of openness rates and hence can only rephrase the information contained in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides new evidence regarding the linkage between the enforcement of IPR and trade flows in ASEAN countries. Based on the analysis of a gravity model and using the categorized panel data, the study finds robust empirical results. First, reinforced IPR protection in the importing countries (non-ASEAN countries) has a positive impact on ASEAN's exports, indicating the prevalence of the market expansion effect. Stronger effects are found in the high-tech sectors such as chemicals, machinery and transport equipment. Second, increased IPR protection in the importing countries (ASEAN) has a negative effect on ASEAN's imports, exhibiting the dominance of the market power effect. Stronger effects are found in the manufactured goods, beverage and tobacco industries. Third, since the coefficient on the IPR index is positive and statistically insignificant, we conclude that stronger protection of IPRs in both the ROW and ASEAN leads to an ambiguous increase in bilateral trade between ASEAN and the ROW. This is because of the fact that the increase in ASEAN's exports due to stronger IPR protection in the ROW is partly cancelled out by the decrease in ASEAN's imports as the result of stronger IPR protection in ASEAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]