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The generating absorber design for the thermal heating system is contributed with the three-layer composition of a resonator layer using iron, the substrate part by Ferric oxide, and the design's bottom layer in Titanium respectively. The exposed absorption rates depend on the overall range of wavelength and can be identified with the best wavelength numbers (µm) of 0.37, 0.61, 0.88, and 2.11. The overall bandwidth number that we can present for the current design is 2800 nm by the wavelength separation of 0.2 and 3 µm and shows an effective percentage of 93.34%. The other two bandwidth numbers over the 2800 nm are 1500 nm (95.1%) by a wavelength separation of 1.5 and 3 µm, and 1000 nm (97.54%) with a wavelength configuration of 1.5 and 2.5 µm. With the respective presentation of the current design, the used material types and parametric rates, the analysis exploration of the changed parametric values, and the conclusion of the proposed work will be presented properly. The generated solar absorber can be used in a variety of various industrial applications of food processing, mineral processing, water desalination, and chemical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial heat converters are essential to meet the growing demand for thermal energy in industries. This demand can be met by designing solar heat absorbers which can be used as renewable energy sources for these industries. The effective solar absorber is built with the efficient three layers of top and based layer is constructed with the titanium (Ti), and the middle layer is demonstrated with the Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). The resonator (Ti) layer is in the mathematical sign divide and the proposed design can be effectively explored in the four different infrared light regions. The second layer of the GaAs layer is sandwiched between the two Ti-based and resonator layers. In this divide sign solar absorber, the proposed resulting percentage can be identified by using the four peak wavelengths in micrometers of 0.45 for λ 1, 0.8 for λ 2, 2.2 for λ 3, and 2.5 for λ 4 respectively. The resulting absorption rate can be presented in three sections of 700 nm bandwidth is above 95% in that rate and the section of 710 nm bandwidth is above 90%. The overall accepted rate from 0.2 to the highest rate of 3 µm is 2800 nm and explores the average rate of greater than 90% (90.16%). The expression of the proposed divided sign solar absorber, the building section's multistep inclusions, and the Air Mass (AM)1.5 situation in the different color sections can also be approved. The different studies of the design section can be expressed by changing the Ti-based and resonator layers, GaAs middle layer. Moreover, the amount of chemical potential and the TE and TM difference can also be analyzed with the degree changes from 0 to 50 degrees. The proposed dividend solar design can be used as a heat converter in industries as effective renewable energy such as cooling techniques, oil refining, recovery systems, air conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A super‐wideband solar energy absorber (SWBSEA) design is proposed in this research. In order to achieve high absorption in the design, a thin film of graphene is also used as a substrate coating that is exposed to the medium of air. The metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) is designed with a Ti‐SiO2‐TiN structure. The fractal interwoven shape (FIS) resonator layer is constructed of titanium material, which is based on a layer of silicon dioxide, and a ground layer of titanium nitride. The spectrum of solar radiation that is typically absorbed spans from the Ultraviolet (UV) to Mid‐infrared (MIR) range, with 92.81% average absorption. The absorption bandwidth of 0.61 µm is achieved with 96.21% average absorption. The designed solar absorber has a wide angle of incidence ranging from 0° to 80°. The design is also polarization insensitive for Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) waves. The created SWBSEA solar absorber design is extremely effective, polarization, and angle‐insensitive, and offers broadband absorptance that may be put into the solar cell as an absorber and is frequently utilized in heating, drying, and photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In solar energy systems, manufacturing solar absorbers also includes an important section. A one‐perfect design is constructed in three layers to develop a good solar absorption rate and a graphene layer is used in this developed structure. Titanium (Ti) is in the base layer, Stannic selenide (SnSe2) is in the substrate layer, and Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) is a resonator. The absorption rates can be presented between the overall wavelength range of 0.2–3 µm and divided into three segments. The absorption percentage is above 90% for 2800 nm, more than 95% is in the half region of 0.2–2 µm (1800 nm), and the perfect absorption result of 97% is between 0.2 and 1.5 µm (1300 nm), respectively. AM 1.5 section and graphene results can be calculated by using the numerical equations. To indicate the fewer and greater parameters of the present number, parameter variation sections can be presented. According to the symmetrical design of the developed structure, TE and TM results are almost identical and can be configured in color representation. The greater the amount of light intensity, the greater the number of absorption rates. The polarization can be checked between 0° and 50° changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many fields, such as environmental monitoring, food safety, and medical diagnostics, the identification of organic compounds is essential. It is crucial to create exceptionally sensitive and selective sensors for the detection of organic compounds in order to safeguard the environment and human health. Due to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics, the two-dimensional carbon substance graphene has recently attracted much attention for use in sensing applications. The purpose of this research is to create an organic material sensor made from graphene for the detection of organic substances like phenol, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, etc. Due to its high surface-to-volume ratio and potent interactions with organic molecules, graphene improves the sensor's performance while the metasurface structure enables the design of highly sensitive and selective sensing elements. The suggested sensor is highly sensitive and accurate at detecting a broad spectrum of organic molecules, making it appropriate for a number of applications. The creation of this sensor has the potential to have a substantial impact on the field of organic sensing and increase the safety of food, medicine, and the environment. The graphene metasurface organic material sensor (GMOMS) was categorized into three types denoted as GMOMS1, GMOMS2, and GMOMS3 based on the specific application of the graphene chemical potential (GCP). In GMOMS1, GCP was applied on both the CSRR and CS surfaces. In GMOMS2, GCP was applied to the CS surface and the surrounding outer region of the CSRR. In GMOMS3, GCP was applied to the CSRR and the surrounding outer region of the CSRR surface. The results show that all three designs exhibit high relative sensitivity, with the maximum values ranging from 227 GHz/RIU achieved by GMOMS1 to 4318 GHz/RIU achieved by GMOMS3. The FOM values achieved for all the designs range from 2.038 RIU−1 achieved by GMOMS2 to 31.52 RIU−1 achieved by GMOMS3, which is considered ideal in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene twistronics using multilayer graphene is presented in such a way that it provides a metamaterial effect. This manuscript also analyzes the prediction of behavior using machine learning. The metamaterial effect is achieved by twisting the graphene layers. Graphene twistronics is a new concept for changing the electrical and optical properties of bilayer graphene by applying a small angle twist between the layers. The angle twists of 5°, 10°, and 15° are analyzed for the proposed graphene twistronics design. Tuning in the absorption spectrum is achieved by applying small twists to the angles of the bilayer graphene. Results in the form of absorption, conductivity, permeability, permittivity, and impedance are presented for different twist angles. The twisted graphene layers also demonstrate negative permittivity and negative permeability, similar to metamaterials. These negative refraction properties of graphene twistronics provide flexibility and transparency, which can be applied in photovoltaic applications. Machine-learning-based regression models are used to reduce the simulation time and resources. The results show that a regression model can reliably estimate intermediate wavelength absorption values with an R2 of 0.9999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a biosensing absorber based on phase transition material is presented. Different phases of the Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) substrate have been studied for the suggested absorber with controllable characteristics. The structure has been examined to determine the infrared absorption characteristics. The detection of varying volumes of hemoglobin and urine biomolecules is studied. The graphene-GST material is utilized for spectrum tuning. The tuning for two distinct phases of GST material, amorphous GST and crystalline GST is examined. The results for aGST and cGST are reported in the form of absorption. Different amounts of hemoglobin and urine biomolecules are used to tune these two GST stages. Based on the wavelength shifts at these various concentrations, the sensitivity is computed. The highest achievable sensitivity for hemoglobin and urine biomolecules is 1500 nm/RIU and 1667 nm/RIU. The developed model is observed for various geometrical parameters and incidence angles, from which it is determined that the suggested structure is insensitive to wide angles between 0° and 60°. For urine biomolecules, the aGST design is more sensitive than the cGST design, but similar results are achieved for hemoglobin biomolecules. Experiments are conducted with Machine Learning-based regression models to minimize the simulation time and resource requirements of biosensor design. The findings of the trials indicate that a regression model can accurately estimate the absorption values for intermediate wavelengths with an R2 score of 0.9999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is an essential renewable energy source among all the other renewable energy sources. It is possible to improve the efficiency of the solar energy absorber by increasing the solar energy absorber's capacity for absorption, which can help in building better solar-based renewable energy devices. The need of covering the whole solar spectrum led us to design this T-shaped metasurface solar absorber which is based on graphene material. The T-shaped absorber gives 90, 88 and 57% absorption in the visible, infrared and UV regions, respectively. This symmetrical structure is also periodic with respect to x-axis and y-axis. This solar absorber demonstrates better efficiency compared to many other existing solar absorbers. The solar absorber is also compared with two other square-1 and square-2 designs to show the improvement in solar energy absorption. The parametric optimization method is applied to optimize the design. The parameters, such as the length and width of the substrate and the thicknesses of the T-shaped metasurface and substrate, are varied to find out the optimized design for maximum solar energy absorption. The optimized parameters obtained from the optimization are 1000, 2500, 3000 and 3000 nm, for resonator thickness, substrate thickness, substrate length and substrate width, respectively. The design results for graphene material and its potential variation are also observed. The design also shows good absorption for a wide-angle of incidence of about 0 to 50°. The increased efficiency of this design can be applied in future solar absorber devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is the energy for future generations as it is clean and widely available. The solar absorber is a sustainable energy source that converts solar energy into heat energy. The structural optimization is analyzed to enhance the absorption of the multilayer design. The proposed efficient solar absorber is made of a multilayer plus-shaped resonator supported by a SiO2 substrate with a graphene spacer. The multilayer approach is utilized to enhance the absorption of the overall structure. The absorption of the multilayer solar absorber design is presented with AM 1.5 response observing the amount of energy absorbed from solar radiation. The different structural parameters are optimized to obtain the efficiency plus-shaped absorber design. The results of a different angle of incidence clearly show that the absorber is giving high absorption over a wide-angle range. The design results are also being analyzed with other similar works to show the improvement. The proposed absorber with high efficiency will be a good choice for solar thermal energy conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal ion contamination of water supplies has significantly increased during the last century due to advances in industry and technology. Therefore, a lot of effort was put into developing chemical and physical methods for detecting and tracking the presence of these potentially harmful solutions. Despite their comparatively high sensitivity and low detection limits, these methods are hindered by complex instrumentation and tedious, expensive, and difficult chemical processes. Therefore, in this study, we present a straightforward and effective sensing method based on the graphene metasurface for detecting several classes of heavy metal ions. A graphene-metasurface-inspired optical sensor with a glass substrate is developed that can detect Cu2+ and Mg2+ with a sensitivity of 113.92 GHz/RIU and 113.9 GHz/RIU, respectively. In addition to that, the linear fitting curve for both the metal ions is established, and R2 score of 0.9997 and 0.9982 is achieved, respectively. Furthermore, the lowest value of the figure of merit (FOM) of 2.98 RIU−1 and the maximum Quality factor (Q factor) of 11.22 is obtained. The proposed structure also exhibited a low detection limit as well as a resolution of 0.52 RIU and 78.14 THz, respectively. As a result of these findings, a simple and accurate tool for detecting water contamination with heavy metals and aqueous solutions with relatively high performance is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, piezoresistive properties of graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites are investigated, characterized, and compared. Sandwich-type composite piezoresistive pressure-sensitive sensors (Ag/Graphene-MWCNT/Ag) with the same diameters, but different fabrication pressures and thicknesses were fabricated using the mortar and pestle/hydraulic press technique. To produce low-electrical-resistance contacts, both sides of the composite sensors were painted with silver (Ag) paste. All the sensors showed reductions in the direct current (DC) resistance 'R' with an increment in external uniaxial applied pressure. However, it was observed that higher fabrication pressure led to a lower resistance value of the composite, while the thicker samples give lower electrical conductivity and higher resistance than the thinner samples. The experimental data for all composite pressure sensors were in excellent agreement with the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is speedily developinga grave and life-foreboding illness. It touches 415 million people global and is a primary reason of death amid those matured 20 to 59. It is indispensable to acquire a quick recognition, precise, and sensitive glucose device. In this present research study, we demonstrated highly effective surface plasmon resonance sensors made of graphene, silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), and prism (BK7) layers. The findings demonstrate the extremely high sensitivity of the suggested sensors. In addition, the Ag, Ni, and WS2 layer thicknesses have been fine-tuned to attain optimal device functioning. The optimal thicknesses of Ag, Ni, and WS2 for the SPR sensor are 80 nm, 10 nm, and 1.6 nm, respectively. This yields the best results. Finally, an investigation is conducted into the suggested sensor’s sensitivity in a biomedical setting and found sensitivity is 280.49461 deg/RIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We built the solar design in plus-shaped and four rectangles are surrounded at the corner. Chromium (Cr) is used as the top resonator as well as the back reflector and the Indium antimonide (InSb) is used as the substrate layer. The proposed absorber can harvest between 0.2 μm and 3 μm of radiation. To show the absorptance exactly, the six peak wavelengths have been mentioned. The solar absorption can provide above 90% in 2800 nm bandwidth and 95% with 400 nm and 800 nm respectively. The average solar absorptance for all regions is 93.1%. The parameter variation can be studied by changing the thickness of the ground, substrate, and resonator layers. Moreover, the width of the ground plane and chemical potential can be changed. Angle varying from 0 to 80°, Transverse Electric (TE) and also Transverse Magnetic (TM) sections have been presented. The electric field intensity situation for solar absorptance has been also included. The comparison between absorptance of the developed structure and previous works are compared in Table 1. The current solar absorber can provide in many applications of optical and electronic devices such as antenna-coupled infrared detector fabrication, optoelectronic devices, and photo-electric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of Refractive Index Sensor with Improved Sensitivity using Titanium Dioxide, Graphene, and Antimonene Grating: Pseudomonas bacteria Detection. • The sensor design consists of two silvers (Ag), a Titanium dioxide (TiO 2), graphene, and an affinity layer with antimonene grating placed over a BK7 coupling prism based on the Kretschmann configuration. • The principle of attenuated total reflection (ATR) is used to investigate the performance of our proposed SPR-based biosensor. • A comparative analysis is made between the proposed and the existing structures. The sensitivity, quality factor, and detection accuracy parameters 370.8 RIU−1, 137.843 (1/RIU), and 0.371747−1 are achieved. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor is proposed to detect Pseudomonas bacteria. The sensor design consists of two silvers (Ag), a Titanium dioxide (TiO 2), graphene, and an affinity layer with antimonene grating placed over a BK7 coupling prism based on the Kretschmann configuration. The principle of attenuated total reflection (ATR) is used to investigate the performance of our proposed SPR based biosensor. The sensor's performance parameters, such as sensitivity, detection accuracy, and quality factor, have been evaluated numerically and then analyzed. Inclusion of the TiO 2 and affinity layers improves the suggested structure's efficacy in detecting Pseudomonas bacteria. A comparative analysis is made between the proposed and the existing structures. The sensitivity, quality factor, and detection accuracy parameters 370. 8 ° (R I U) - 1 , 137.843 (1 / R I U) , and 0.371747 degree - 1 are achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed a novel approach to detect COVID-19 by detecting the ethyl butanoate which high volume ratio is present in the exhaled breath of a COVID-19 infected person. We have employed a refractive index sensor (RIS) with the help of a metasurface-based slotted T-shape perfect absorber that can detect ethyl butanoate present in exhaled breath of COVID-19 infected person with high sensitivity and in-process SARS-CoV-2. The optimized structure of the sensor is obtained by varying several structure parameters including structure length and thickness, slotted T-shape resonator length, width, and thickness. Sensor's performance is evaluated based on numerous factors comprising of sensitivity, Q factor, detection limit, a figure of merit (FOM), detection accuracy, and other performance defining parameters. The proposed slotted T-shape RIS achieved the largest sensitivity of 2500 nm/RIU, Q factor of 131.06, a FOM of 131.58 RIU−1, detection limit of 0.0224 RIU. [Display omitted] • A novel approach of COVID-19 detection through dry exhaled breath is proposed. • A graphene metasurface based sensor is proposed. • Highest sensitivity of 2500 nm/RIU, Q factor of 131.06, and FOM of 131.58 RIU−1 is achieved. • Proposed sensor has the detection limit of 0.0224 RIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]