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IntroductionClimate change has been driving warming trends and changes in precipitation patterns and regimes throughout Europe. Future projections indicate a continuation of these trends in the next decades. This situation is challenging the sustainability of viniculture and, thus, significant efforts towards adaptation should be then carried out by local winegrowers.MethodEcological Niche Models were built, using the ensemble modelling approach, to estimate the bioclimatic suitability of four main wine-producing European countries, namely France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, in the recent past (1989–2005), for the cultivation of twelve Portuguese grape varieties. The models were then used to project the bioclimatic suitability to two future periods (2021– 2050 and 2051–2080) to better understand the potential shifts related to climate change (modeled after Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios). The models were obtained with the modeling platform BIOMOD2, using four bioclimatic indices, namely the “Huglin Index”, the “Cool Night index”, the “Growing Season Precipitation index”, and the “Temperature Range during Ripening index” as predictor variables, as well as the current locations of the chosen grape varieties in Portugal.ResultsAll models performed with high statistical accuracy (AUC > 0.9) and were able to discriminate several suitable bioclimatic areas for the different grape varieties, in and around where they are currently located but also in other parts of the study area. The distribution of the bioclimatic suitability changed, however, when looking at future projections. For both climatic scenarios, projected bioclimatic suitability suffered a considerable shift to the north of Spain and France. In some cases, bioclimatic suitability also moved towards areas of higher elevation. Portugal and Italy barely retained any of the initially projected varietal areas. These shifts were mainly due to the overall rise in thermal accumulation and lower accumulated precipitation in the southern regions projected for the future.ConclusionEnsemble models of Ecological Niche Models were shown to be valid tools for winegrowers who want to adapt to a changing climate. The long-term sustainability of viniculture in southern Europe will most likely have to go through a process of mitigation of the effects of increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation.

The work purpose was to apply the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method for ranking and selecting grapevine varieties, to assess the market demands for developing a program of setting up new plantations in a near future in Huşi Vineyard, one of the oldest vineyards of the Moldavian Hills Viticultural Region. Seven grapevine varieties of white wine (Aligoté, Băbească gri, Donaris, Ozana, Pinot gris, Riesling italian, Fetească regală) and fourteen criteria (quantitative and qualitative)were used in the AHP exercise. The analyses were carried out using the Expert Choice Desktop software. Ozana, Băbească gris and Aligoté genotypeswere selected as having the greatest potential for Huşi vineyardfrom the group of white wine genotypes taken into the study. The work can contribute to the maintaining of a durable viticulture, to quality white wines production and a more reliable future of the viticultural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We collected leaf and canopy spectroscopy data of 5 common grapevine varieties. • 16 statistical scenarios were analyzed to deduce best variety discrimination method. • Grapevine varieties were discriminated with overall accuracy of 89.8%–100%. • Optimal wavelengths and spectral indices were identified to separate the varieties. • The canopy-spectral indices-ANOVA-PCA-SVM scenario led to best discrimination. Field spectroscopy is an accurate, rapid and nondestructive technique for monitoring of agricultural plant characteristics. Among these, identification of grapevine varieties is one of the most important factors in viticulture and wine industry. This study evaluated the discriminatory ability of field hyperspectral data and statistical techniques in case of five common grapevine varieties in the western of Iran. A total of 3000 spectral samples were acquired at leaf and canopy levels. Then, in order to identify the best approach, two types of hyperspectral data (wavelengths from 350 to 2500 nm and 32 spectral indices), two data reduction methods (PLSR and ANOVA-PCA) and two classification algorithms (LDA and SVM) were applied in a total of 16 scenarios. Results showed that the grapevine varieties were discriminated with overall accuracy of 89.88%–100% in test sets. Among the data reduction methods, the combination of ANOVA and PCA yielded higher performance as opposed to PLSR. Accordingly, optimal wavelengths in discrimination of studied grapevine varieties were located in vicinity of 695, 752, 1148, 1606 nm and 582, 687, 1154, 1927 nm at leaf and canopy levels, respectively. Optimal spectral indices were R680, WI, SGB and RATIO975_2, DattA, Greenness at leaf and canopy levels, respectively. Also, the importance of spectral regions in discriminating studied grapevine varieties was ranked as near-infrared > mid-infrared and red edge region > visible. As a general conclusion, the canopy-spectral indices-ANOVA-PCA-SVM scenario discriminated the studied species most accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guignardia bidwellii or black rot of vine is one of the most dangerous diseases that occur in vineyards in the center of Transylvania. The objective of this work was the tolerance testing of varieties and clones homologated at SCDVV Blaj to the Guignardia bidwellii attack. The behavior of vine varieties to the Guignardia bidwellii fungus attack was characterized by the analysis of the severity of the symptoms according to a scale in function of the attack degree (AD). The results obtained revealed the tolerance of the tested varieties: ‘Rubin’ (AD=0.13%), ‘Amurg’ (AD=0.25%), ‘Brumariu’ (AD=0.78%), ‘Radames’ (AD=0.96%) and ‘Blasius’ (AD=0.97%), a medium tolerance presented ‘Selena’ (AD=9.28%) variety and ‘Neuburger-10 Bl’ (AD=5.04%), ‘Iordana 9-1 Bl’ (AD=6.40%), ‘Riesling de Rhin 7-2’ (AD=7.2%), ‘Sauvignon-9 Bl’ (AD=9.28%), ‘Traminer roz-60 B’ clones (AD=17.5%) and susceptibility for ‘Astra’ variety (AD=25.56%) and ‘Riesling italian-3 Bl’ (AD=22.4%), ‘Pinot gris-34 Bl’ (AD=30.60%), ‘Feteasca regala-21 Bl’ (AD=31.50%), ‘Muscat Ottonel-12Bl’ (AD=35.30%), ‘Feteasca alba-29 Bl’ clones (AD=38.40%). The results obtained regarding the behavior of grapevine in the climatic conditions specific to the studied area for the 2016-2018 period, show that the lowest values of AD were registered for the ‘Rubin’ (AD=0.13%), ‘Amurg’ (AD=0.25%), ‘Brumariu’ (AD=0.78%), ‘Radames’ (AD=0.96%) and ‘Blasius’ (AD=0.97%) varieties homologated at SCDVV Blaj. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was the application of the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for assessing and ranking seven grapevine varieties (V. vinifera L.) of wine grown in Odobeşti vineyard (Galbenă de Odobeşti, Fetească albă, Fetească regală, Aligoté, Sauvignon, Riesling italian, and Alicante Bouschet), taking into consideration the tradition of the zone. AHP is one of the most used multicriteria decision making tool. It can provide an average position of a decision of variants and criteria visualization for entering in a hierarchy. In the AHP exercise, 16 criteria having a high degree of generality, with a scale of 7 levels each have been used. Among these criteria were included: the request on the market, knowledge for recognition, and biotic and abiotic threats that can influence the crop. The analyses were obtained using the Expert Choice Desktop software (v. 11.5.1683). According to the results, the grapevine varieties selected with the highest potential for Odobeşti vineyard were Galbenă de Odobeşti, Aligoté and Fetească albă. These three varieties are zoned for the Odobeşti vineyard and capitalize very well the pedoclimatic characteristics of this grapevine growing area. Knowing that Odobeşti is one the oldest vineyards in the country and currently it is profiled on white wines production, especially, the study can contribute to the establisment of a durable viticulture, production of quality wines and a more reliable future of this viticultural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Currently, some ampelographic methods are developing in order to identify grapevine varieties. For this purpose, morpho-colorimetric parameters in leaves have been analyzed by digital imagen analysis, but some environmental conditions may affect their determinations. (2) Methods: A research study was conducted to characterize leaf morpho-colorimetric parameters in five grapevine varieties growing under different plant water status and to discriminate them under these conditions. Leaves were collected in vines, and twelve leaf morpho-colorimetric and fractal dimension variables were assessed. (3) Results: Merlot presented the highest values of perimeter and area to perimeter ratio in leaves and higher leaf area than Chardonnay in both plant water conditions. Most of the leaf morpho-colorimetric variables allowed discriminating the grapevine varieties under the contrasted hydric conditions. Under non-water stress, Carmenère was not related to any measured parameters. Merlot was positively related to most of the leaf morphometric parameters, whereas Chardonnay presented the opposite behavior. RGB color system variables allowed discriminating the grapevine varieties under water stress conditions, and Sauvignon Blanc was not related to any measured parameter. Chardonnay and Pinot Noir were positively related to green color and negatively related to most of the leaf morphometric parameters, whereas Merlot showed the opposite behavior. (4) Conclusions: Leaf morpho-colorimetric and fractal dimension parameters were affected by plant water stress and more variables should be incorporated into the new ampelographic methods in order to characterize leaf morpho-colorimetric parameters of the different grapevine varieties more clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast with the general trend of producing wine from the most famous grapevine varieties, associated with the French paradigm, such as Cabernet‐Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc, and Chardonnay, there is a tendency to revalorize and preserve minority or autochthonous grapevine varieties worldwide. The South American wine region, where most of the varieties derived from varieties brought after European colonization, is not exempt from this. This has allowed new wines to be provided with distinctive identities that are markedly different from the current homogeneous wine production. Moreover, varietal homogenization increases vineyard genetic vulnerability in relation to the emergence of grapevine diseases, to which the commonly cultivated varieties are not resistant. This review summarizes the oenological potential of minority or autochthonous grapevine varieties cultivated within the South American wine region, focusing on Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify and rank the most important grapevine varieties for red and rosé wine of Huşi vineyard, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method has been used. Knowing that the vocation of Huşi vineyard is the culture of the grapevine varieties for white wine, the result of the AHP application was expected to give a scientific contribution to the viticultural market, in order to extend the growing area of some varieties, based on subjective criteria. Seven grapevine varieties (Burgund mare, Fetească neagră, Băbească neagră, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Busuioacă de Bohotin) and seventeen quantitative and qualitative criteria have been used in the AHP exercise. The analyses were carried out using the Expert Choice Desktop software package. According to the results, Busuioacă de Bohotin and Fetească neagră (considered autochthonous varieties), and Burgund mare (with high quantities of produced grapes), were selected as the most important grapevine varieties for red and rosé wine in this aria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was the identification and discrimination of 49 grapevine varieties that are cultivated in northern, western and central Greece with the use of the ampelographic description and the molecular method RAPD. The grapevine varieties were located in their cultivation centers and the studied samples were collected from productive vineyards of these regions. For the ampelographic description, 22 ampelographic characters were used following a list of descriptors developed by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), while for the molecular analysis 8 of the most polymorphic primers were used. The results showed that: (a) there is high degree of genetic heterogeneity among most of the varieties studied, (b) grapevine varieties 'Xinomavro' and 'Zalovitiko' exhibited identity with both methods used, therefore the latter constitutes a synonym/clone of the former, (c) high degree of genetic similarity was recorded between cv 'Stavroto' and 'Abelakiotiko', a result enhancing the view that they constitute biotypes/clones of an original/parent variety and originated through the accumulation of mutations, (d) a previous hypothesis is confirmed. This hypothesis states that in the vineyards of northern Greece, different varieties of Vitis vinifera L. as well as hybrids (direct producers) were imported. Names/synonyms were given to these imported varieties and hybrids related to their place of origin or the morphological traits of the grape/berries implying identity among them ('Mavroudi', 'Voulgariko', 'Voulgaroudia', 'Vapsa' etc.), while they are different varieties, (e) the combination of the ampelographic description and the molecular method RAPD is very effective in the identification and discrimination of grapevine cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the aromatic profile of red wines obtained from Rubin, Storgozia, Bouquet, Trapezitsa, Kaylashky Rubin and Pinot Noir varieties from the region of Central Northern Bulgaria. First five varieties are hybrids selected in the Institute of Viticulture and Enology (IVE). Pinot Noir was used for control. GC-FID study for determination of the aromatic profile of red wines from proposed varieties was conducted. Twenty four volatile compounds were identified: 9 esters, 8 higher alcohols, 1 aldehyde, 5 terpene alcohols. The presence of methyl alcohol in all wines were found. Its concentrations were normal for red wines. The highest total content of volatile compounds was found in the wine from Kailashky Rubin variety (693.97 mg.dm-3). The ester fraction was dominated by ethyl acetate. The highest total ester content was found in the wine from Pinot Noir variety (204.08 mg.dm-3). It was followed by the wine from Bouquet variety (195.75 mg.dm-3). Acetaldehyde was the major established aldehyde. It was found in the largest quantity in the wine from Trapezitsa variety (87.44 mg.dm-3). 2-methyl-1-butanol (active amyl alcohol) and 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol) were found in the highest content from the higher alcohols fraction. The highest total content of higher alcohols was found in the wine from Rubin variety (379.38 mg.dm-3). Five terpene alcohols were identified in the wines. Geraniol was presented in all examined wines. An extensive aromatic characterization by gas chromatographic analysis of red wines obtained from grapevine varieties selected in the Republic of Bulgaria was carried out. The research proves that the red wines obtained in the conditions of Central Northern Bulgaria were characterized by a complex aromatic composition due to the presence of different esters, higher alcohols and terpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to protect and promote the effective differentiation and rational utilization of grape germplasm resources, 34 grapevine varieties were selected from the National Germplasm Resources, Taigu Grape Nursery in China: 12 wine grapes (Group I), 14 table grapes (Group II) and 12 seedless grapes (Group III), 4 of which were in Group II, too. For the purpose of genetic characterization, 15 pairs of SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers were used. Sixty-six alleles were generated among Group I, including 64 polymorphic bands, with 1-8 alleles per locus. In Group II, a total of 54 alleles, from 1 to 8 (3.6 on average) alleles per locus, were identified. In Group III, 54 alleles with an average of 3.6 alleles per locus were identified and the percentage of polymorphic alleles was 94%. The 34 varieties clustered into two major clades in the dendrogram: V. vinifera with hybrid of V. vinifera and V. labrusca or hybrid of V. amurensisi and V. vinifera were clearly differentiated. After processing and filtering the raw data, we produced the molecular fingerprint code of each variety. These results showed that the SSR markers are useful for discrimination and analysis of genetic diversity of grapevine varieties. The SSR markers could be used to examine and distinguish the genetic resources among closely related varieties. This is also an effective tool for construction of a grapevine molecular fingerprinting system. The obtained data will be useful in grape breeding in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Climate change has been driving warming trends and changes in precipitation patterns and regimes throughout Europe. Future projections indicate a continuation of these trends in the next decades. This situation is challenging the sustainability of viniculture and, thus, significant efforts towards adaptation should be then carried out by local winegrowers. Method: Ecological Niche Models were built, using the ensemble modelling approach, to estimate the bioclimatic suitability of four main wine-producing European countries, namely France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, in the recent past (1989–2005), for the cultivation of twelve Portuguese grape varieties. The models were then used to project the bioclimatic suitability to two future periods (2021– 2050 and 2051–2080) to better understand the potential shifts related to climate change (modeled after Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios). The models were obtained with the modeling platform BIOMOD2, using four bioclimatic indices, namely the “Huglin Index”, the “Cool Night index”, the “Growing Season Precipitation index”, and the “Temperature Range during Ripening index” as predictor variables, as well as the current locations of the chosen grape varieties in Portugal. Results: All models performed with high statistical accuracy (AUC > 0.9) and were able to discriminate several suitable bioclimatic areas for the different grape varieties, in and around where they are currently located but also in other parts of the study area. The distribution of the bioclimatic suitability changed, however, when looking at future projections. For both climatic scenarios, projected bioclimatic suitability suffered a considerable shift to the north of Spain and France. In some cases, bioclimatic suitability also moved towards areas of higher elevation. Portugal and Italy barely retained any of the initially projected varietal areas. These shifts were mainly due to the overall rise in thermal accumulation and lower accumulated precipitation in the southern regions projected for the future. Conclusion: Ensemble models of Ecological Niche Models were shown to be valid tools for winegrowers who want to adapt to a changing climate. The long-term sustainability of viniculture in southern Europe will most likely have to go through a process of mitigation of the effects of increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine varieties respond differentially to heat stress (HS). HS ultimately reduces the photosynthesis and respiratory performance. However, the HS effects in the leaf nuclei and mitotic cells of grapevine are barely known. This work intends to evaluate the HS effects in the leaf mitotic cell cycle and chromosomes of four wine-producing varieties: Touriga Franca (TF), Touriga Nacional (TN), Rabigato, and Viosinho. In vitro plants with 11 months were used in a stepwise acclimation and recovery (SAR) experimental setup comprising different phases: heat acclimation period (3 h—32 °C), extreme HS (1 h—42 °C), and two recovery periods (3 h—32 °C and 24 h—25 °C), and compared to control plants (maintained in vitro at 25 °C). At the end of each SAR phase, leaves were collected, fixed, and used for cell suspensions and chromosome preparations. Normal and abnormal interphase and mitotic cells were observed, scored, and statistically analyzed in all varieties and treatments (control and SAR phases). Different types of chromosomal anomalies in all mitotic phases, treatments, and varieties were found. In all varieties, the percentage of dividing cells with anomalies (%DCA) after extreme HS increased relative to control. TF and Viosinho were considered the most tolerant to HS. TF showed a gradual MI reduction from heat acclimation to HS and the lowest %DCA after HS and 24 h of recovery. Only Viosinho reached the control values after the long recovery period. Extrapolating these data to the field, we hypothesize that during consecutive hot summer days, the grapevine plants will not have time or capacity to recover from the mitotic anomalies caused by high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to advance grapevine phenological stages. After the calibration and the validation of a degree-days model, we were able to accurately simulate dates of bud-break, flowering and véraison for Riesling and Gewurztraminer, 2 winegrape varieties grown in Alsace, France. Projected daily temperatures were calculated for the local meteorological station with the ARPEGE-Climat general circulation model using 3 distinct greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Compared with its timing in 1976-2008, véraison is predicted to advance by up to 23 d and mean temperatures during the 35 d following véraison are projected to increase by more than 7°C by the end of the 21st century for both varieties. Such changes will likely have a significant impact on grape and wine quality. Using the same framework, the genetic variability of phenological parameters was explored with 120 genotypes of progeny from a Riesling x Gewurztraminer cross, along with 14 European varieties. In addition, we created a virtual late ripening genotype, derived from a cross between Riesling and Gewurztraminer. This modelled genotype was projected to undergo véraison 2 to 3 d before Muscat of Alexandria, one of the latest ripening varieties studied. Even with this virtual genotype, or with Muscat of Alexandria, grapes would ripen by the mid(fie of the 21st century under higher temperatures than in the present years. This study highlights the important changes that viticulture will likely face in a future warmer climate and emphasises the need to create very late ripening genotypes or genotypes able to produce high quality wines under elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-one grapevine varieties grown all over Greece and belonging to 'Mavroudia' group were ampelographically described and genotyped by AFLP molecular analysis in order to discriminate the varieties, synonyms, homonyms and variations of the group. In most cases, the molecular findings confirmed the results of the ampelographic description. In general, and despite the high degree of genetic similarity between certain pairs of the studied cultivars, the group of 'Mavroudia' was characterized as being heterogeneous. From the studied cultivars, 'Kountoura mavri', 'Mavro Spetson' and 'Pappoudes' showed very high degree of genetic similarity, sustaining the hypothesis that the last two are clones of the first. Grapevine cultivar 'Pappoudes' was for the first time ampelographically described and identified as being closely related to 'Kountoura mavri'. High degree of genetic similarity was observed between cultivars 'Gaidouricha' and 'Agiomavritiko', suggesting that they probably originated from the same parent variety through the accumulation of mutations. This may also be true for cultivars 'Mavrokorakas' and 'Kartsiotis'. Also, the results from the statistical analysis showed that 'Mavro Arachovis', 'Mavroudi Voulgarias' and 'Voulgaroudes', despite the relatively high genetic similarity between them, are different. The same applies for the rest of the cultivars studied, while 'Mavro Kalavriton', the most widespread variety of the 'Mavroudia' group, showed the lowest degree of genetic similarity within the all the cultivars studied. The ampelographic description in combination with the molecular method AFLP are effective for the study of the between and within genetic diversity of grapevine cultivars as well as for their identification and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylem vessels are responsible for conducting water, in a metastable state, to the transpiring leaves. As tension increases, hydraulic failure may occur. At any given tension, the resistance of the xylem vessels to cavitation depends on their morphology, of which vessels diameter has been pointed out as relevant. Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are often cultivated in Mediterranean climates and mostly under controlled water deficit conditions. Besides, a high variability in the stomatal sensitivity exists in different varieties. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (CS) is recognized as isohydric, 'Syrah'f (S) as anisohydric, and no clear information exist for 'eCarmenere' (C), an important grapevine variety for the Chilean wine industry. In the present study, xylem morpho-anatomical traits from stems in CS, S, and C, growing in a single vineyard, were analyzed, inferring their specific theoretical hydraulic conductivity. Also, the maximal hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation, the latter expressed as the xylem water potential reducing a 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity (PLC50) were assessed in stems collected from the field. Higher vessels diameter was found in S and C, followed by CS, in general ranging from 21 to 120 μm, resulting in an expected proportional theoretical hydraulic conductivity of nearly 40 to 43 kg s-1 m-1 MPa-1 in C and S, and merely 23 kg s-1 m-1 MPa-1 in C. This values were similar -but not proportionally- to maximal actual hydraulic conductivity measured in stems with median values, in average, of 28, 17, and 13 kg s-1 m-1 MPa-1 in S, C, and CS, respectively. Even though wider xylem vessels have been correlated with higher xylem vulnerability to cavitation, PLC50 was significantly higher in S (-2.3 MPa) compared to C (-1.1 MPa), and even though xylem vessels diameter were similar between S and C, C was as vulnerable as CS. We found no such tradeoff between hydraulic efficiency and vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteen Bulgarian newly bred grapevine varieties obtained by interspecific crossing were analysed through microsatellite markers in order to determine their genetic identity as well as the presence of resistance-related alleles linked toRpv3,Rpv10andRpv12loci. The levels of resistance of the investigated cultivars to downy mildew were assessed by leaf disk assay and were scored according to OIV descriptor 452. Seven isolates ofPlasmopara viticolacollected in different regions of Bulgaria were characterized and discriminated with seven microsatellite markers and were used in the assays. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in resistance to downy mildew among the analysed varieties. A clear correlation between the presence of particularRpvsand the level of resistance was determined. Five cultivars, ‘Droujba’, ‘Garant’ and ‘Plevenska rosa’ harbouringRpv3andRpv12, ‘Kajlashki rubin’ harbouringRpv12and ‘Slava’,Rpv10andRpv3, showed high level of resistance with mean OIV452 values ranging from 6.5 to 8.25 over all sevenP. viticolaisolates. The level of resistance of the remaining 14 cultivars, which carry onlyRpv3 inherited from cultivar Villard Blanc, was found to vary significantly among the isolates with mean OIV452 values between 1.75 and 4.8 over all usedP. viticolaisolates. The results obtained in this study favoured five genotypes remarkable for their high resistance to downy mildew and very good quality of grape and wine. These varieties represent a valuable material for pyramiding of resistance through marker-assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Phenolic profile of 13 grapevine varieties was determined, with respect to three different parts of berries: skin, seed and pulp. Identification and quantification of the phenols was done using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a diode array detector and a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The most abundant phenols in grape seeds were found to be flavan-3-ols, most of which are gallocatechin gallate and catechin. The skins were characterized mostly by flavonols, i.e. quercetin and myricetin. Characterization of anthocyanins in the berry skin by UHPLC coupled with Linear Trap Quadrupole and OrbiTrap mass analyzer revealed a total of twenty derivatives of malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, cyanidin, and peonidin. To the extent of our knowledge this is the first work that shows the presence of malvidin 3,5- O -dihexoside in the berry skin of ‘Merlot’, ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Shiraz’ ‘Sangiovese’, ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Prokupac’, untypical for Vitis vinifera Linneo species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavescence dorée (FD) is a threat for wine production in the vineyard landscape of Piemonte, Langhe-Roero and Monferrato, Italy. Spread of the disease is dependent on complex interactions between insect, plant and phytoplasma. In the Piemonte region, wine production is based on local cultivars. The role of six local grapevine varieties as a source of inoculum for the vector Scaphoideus titanus was investigated. FD phytoplasma (FDP) load was compared among red and white varieties with different susceptibility to FD. Laboratory-reared healthy S. titanus nymphs were caged for acquisition on infected plants to measure phytoplasma acquisition efficiency following feeding on different cultivars. FDP load for Arneis was significantly lower than for other varieties. Acquisition efficiency depended on grapevine variety and on FDP load in the source plants, and there was a positive interaction for acquisition between variety and phytoplasma load. S. titanus acquired FDP with high efficiency from the most susceptible varieties, suggesting that disease diffusion correlates more with vector acquisition efficiency than with FDP load in source grapevines. In conclusion, although acquisition efficiency depends on grapevine variety and on FDP load in the plant, even varieties supporting low FDP multiplication can be highly susceptible and good sources for vector infection, while poorly susceptible varieties may host high phytoplasma loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three red grapevine varieties, Touriga Nacional, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon, were evaluated for their susceptibility to spoilage by two strains of Brettanomyces bruxellensis during grape juice fermentation and in finished wine. B. bruxellensis ISA 2211 survived well during both alcoholic and malolactic fermentations. The 4-ethylphenol concentration at the end of malolactic fermentation was 176 µg L for T. Nacional, 190 µg L for C. Sauvignon and 149 µg L for Syrah. These levels were slightly increased during 3 months of incubation, even though no culturable cells of B. bruxellensis could be detected after malolactic fermentation. However, a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) population of 3-4 log cells mL was observed in all grape varieties when analyzed by flow cytometry. On the other hand, commercial varietal wines, inoculated with of B. bruxellensis ISA 1791, could attain levels of 6-8 log CFU mL and 4-ethylphenol reached 1750, 1512 and 2707 µg L in T. Nacional, C. Sauvignon and Syrah, respectively. Overall, the production of 4-ethylphenol was mostly dependent on the existence of growing B. bruxellensis populations, regardless of the grape variety. In finished wines, 4-ethylphenol was always produced in concentrations far above its preference threshold, indicating that T. Nacional, Syrah and C. Sauvignon are equally susceptible to the 'horse sweat' taint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, extensive agricultural losses are attributed to drought, often in combination with heat in Mediterranean climate regions, where grapevine traditionally grows. The available scenarios for climate change suggest increases in aridity in these regions. Under natural conditions plants are affected by a combination of stresses, triggering synergistic or antagonistic physiological, metabolic or transcriptomic responses unique to the combination. However the study of such stresses in a controlled environment can elucidate important mechanisms by allowing the separation of the effects of individual stresses. To gather those effects, cuttings of two grapevine varieties, Touriga Nacional ( TN) and Trincadeira ( TR), were grown under controlled conditions and subjected to three abiotic stresses (drought - WS, heat - HS and high light - LS) individually and in combination two-by-two ( WSHS, WSLS, HSLS) or all three ( WSHSLS). Photosynthesis, water status, contents of H2O2, abscisic acid and metabolites of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were measured in the leaves. Common and distinct response features were identified in the different stress combinations. Photosynthesis was not hindered in TN by LS, while even individual stresses severely affect photosynthesis in TR. Abscisic acid may be implicated in grapevine osmotic responses since it is correlated with tolerance parameters, especially in combined stresses involving drought. Overall, the responses to drought-including treatments were clearly distinct to those without drought. From the specific behaviours of the varieties, it can be concluded that TN shows a higher capacity for heat dissipation and for withstanding high light intensities, indicating better adjustment to warm conditions, provided that water supply is plentiful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The identification of different grapevine varieties, currently attended using visual ampelometry, DNA analysis and very recently, by hyperspectral analysis under laboratory conditions, is an issue of great importance in the wine industry. This work presents support vector machine and artificial neural network’s modelling for grapevine varietal classification from in-field leaf spectroscopy. Modelling was attempted at two scales: site-specific and a global scale. Spectral measurements were obtained on the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range between 1600 to 2400 nm under field conditions in a non-destructive way using a portable spectrophotometer. For the site specific approach, spectra were collected from the adaxial side of 400 individual leaves of 20 grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties one week after veraison. For the global model, two additional sets of spectra were collected one week before harvest from two different vineyards in another vintage, each one consisting on 48 measurement from individual leaves of six varieties. Several combinations of spectra scatter correction and smoothing filtering were studied. For the training of the models, support vector machines and artificial neural networks were employed using the pre-processed spectra as input and the varieties as the classes of the models. The results from the pre-processing study showed that there was no influence whether using scatter correction or not. Also, a second-degree derivative with a window size of 5 Savitzky-Golay filtering yielded the highest outcomes. For the site-specific model, with 20 classes, the best results from the classifiers thrown an overall score of 87.25% of correctly classified samples. These results were compared under the same conditions with a model trained using partial least squares discriminant analysis, which showed a worse performance in every case. For the global model, a 6-class dataset involving samples from three different vineyards, two years and leaves monitored at post-veraison and harvest was also built up, reaching a 77.08% of correctly classified samples. The outcomes obtained demonstrate the capability of using a reliable method for fast, in-field, non-destructive grapevine varietal classification that could be very useful in viticulture and wine industry, either global or site-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work consists in the morphological characterization of eight Pisco grapes varieties "Torontel, Italia, Mollar, Quebranta, Negra criolla, Albilla, Moscatel and Uvina" cultivated in the CITEagroindustrial, based on the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) list of descriptors for vine varieties and Vitis species, version 2009. Some ampelographic characters such as berry color and shape during the phenological stage are general knowledge, however the 56 descriptors in different phenological stages highlight differences. Therefore, the description of the varieties provides a greater precision to the characterization and serves as a guide to the producers of Pisco and producers of grapes, for a simple and correct identification of their plants in the field, avoiding the confusion that currently exists in the Identification of the different varieties, such as homonymy and incorrect identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the wine companies focus on minor traditional Greek grapevine cultivars. The polyclonal synthesis and the significant number of synonyms of these old varieties make the selection of the representative sample difficult, even in ampelographic collections. The aim of this study was the identification and discrimination of twenty minor wine grape varieties using the combination of the ampelographic description and the molecular method AFLP. The results from the statistical analysis showed that there is genetic variation of different intensity depending on their origin. More specifically, the degree of genetic similarity was higher between the cultivars Fokiano, Armeletoussa and Giouroukiko, sustaining the hypothesis that the last two are clones of the first, while Ericaras has lower genetic similarity compared to them, and must be considered as different cultivar. The same applies for the cultivars Serifiotiko, Atsala and Asproudi Spetson which could be clones of Stavrochiotiko, Rompola and Asproudi Mykinon, respectively. The high degree of genetic similarity detected for the cultivars Xeromachairouda, Syriki, Eftakoilo, Karystino and Ladikino suggests their common origin. The rest of the cultivars of the group of Asproudia are closely related but different, while the relatively low degree of genetic similarity does not support the hypothesis that Kokkinorompola is a mutation of Rompola. The ampelographic description in combination with the molecular method AFLP are effective for the study of the between and within genetic diversity of grapevine cultivars as well as for their identification and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data of long years of research on agrobiological and technological characteristics of some of the basic and most common for Bulgaria local vine varieties are presented in the study. The economic characteristics of three white and four red local wine-yielding vine varieties are described. It was found that these varieties are distinguished by very high actual fertility and productivity, relatively constant across the years. According to the mechanical analysis of the studied vine varieties, they were typically wine-yielding, with specific characteristics of cluster and berry, suitable for the production of quality red and white wines and different wine-based products. These varieties have excellent adaptive potential for the soil and climatic conditions in the Republic of Bulgaria and are suitable to be cultivated in the typical for each of them vine-growing regions of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding technologies exploiting marker-assisted selection have accelerated the selection of new cross-bred pathogen-resistant grapevine varieties. Several genotypes have been patented and admitted to cultivation; however, while their tolerance to fungal diseases has been the object of several in vitro and field studies, their productive and fruit composition traits during ripening are still poorly explored, especially in warm sites. In this study, five white pathogen-resistant varieties (PRV) listed as UD 80-100, Soreli, UD 30-080, Sauvignon Rytos, Sauvignon Kretos were tested over two consecutive seasons in a site with a seasonal heat accumulation of about 2000 growing degree days (GDDs), and their performances were compared to two Vitis vinifera L. traditional varieties, Ortrugo and Sauvignon Blanc. Berries were weekly sampled from pre-veraison until harvest to determine total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) dynamics. All tested PRV exhibited an earlier onset of veraison and a faster sugar accumulation, as compared to Ortrugo and Sauvignon Blanc, especially in 2019. At harvest, Sauvignon Blanc was the cultivar showing the highest titratable acidity (8.8 g/L). Ortrugo and PRV showed very low TA (about 4.7 g/L), with the exception of Sauvignon Rytos (6.5 g/L). However, data disclose that Sauvignon Rytos higher acidity at harvest relies on higher tartrate (+1.1 to +2.2 g/L, as compared to other PRV), whereas in Sauvignon Blanc, high TA at harvest is due to either tartaric (+1 g/L, compared to PRV) and malic (+2.5 g/L, compared to PRV) acid retention. Overall, Sauvignon Rytos is the most suited PRV to be grown in a warm climate, where retaining adequate acidity at harvest is crucial to produce high-quality white wines. Nevertheless, canopy and ripening management strategies must be significantly adjusted, as compared to the standard practice employed for the parental Sauvignon Blanc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on stomatal control between two grapevine varieties (Vitis viniferaL. cvs Sabatiano and Mavrodafni) differing in their ability for drought adaptation was conducted using 3-year-old own-rooted plants. The plants were subjected to prolonged drought stress by withholding irrigation water. The relationship between predawn water potential and maximum stomatal conductance indicated significant differences in stomatal sensitivity to drought between the two varieties. Stomatal closure occurred at higher values of predawn water potential in Sabatiano compared with Mavrodafni. No significant differences were found in plant hydraulic conductance and osmotic potential at full turgor (π100) between the two varieties. Leaf and root ABA concentrations increased more rapidly in Mavrodafni compared with Sabatiano at the beginning of the drought period. Furthermore, Mavrodafni also exhibited significantly higher xylem pH values as well as higher stomatal sensitivity to ABA and pH increase compared with Sabatiano. Results suggest that these two grapevine varieties might have evolved different strategies in order to adapt under drought conditions. In particular, the greater ability for drought adaptation in Sabatiano might be attributed to the more efficient regulation of stomatal closure. In contrast, chemical signalling in Mavrodafni seems to be the main mechanism for drought adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi may be influenced by leaf morphology, with different behaviors according to the vine varieties, and little is known on the preference of predators of the family Phytoseiidae. The aim of this study was to evaluate the abundance of Phytoseiid species on different white and red grape varieties according to morphological leaf characteristics and sampling sites. Samplings were conducted between July and September 2017 in the northwestern region of Portugal in the Subregion of Lima at three sites: Escola Superior Agrária (ESA), Estação Vitivinícola Amândio Galhano (EVAG), and Casa de Barreiros (CBAR). Five white grape varieties and five red varieties were sampled at each site, where 50 leaves/grapevine were collected. A total of 7301 mites were sampled, belonging to seven species. The most abundant species were Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri (95%), Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) exhilaratus (3.3%) and Amblyseius andersoni (1,4%). The site with the highest abundance was ESA (57%), followed by EVAG (30%) and CBAR (13%). In this study there were significant differences in mite density in most varieties when they were compared between sampling sites. However, some phytoseiid species were influenced by leaf pilosity. Typhlodromus. (T.) pyri preferred leaves with more trichomes, cottony, while A. andersoni and T. (T.) exhilaratus with fewer trichomes or glabrous. The influence of cultivar leaf pilosity on the abundance of phytoseiid species can be an important factor for effective biological control in the field, since this influence can be used in decision making for control of phytophagous mites. • Five white grape varieties and five red varieties were sampled at each site. • The most abundant species were Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri and Typhlodromus (T.) exhilaratus. • The white grape varieties with the highest abundance were Arinto and Loureiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low bud fertility index is frequently observed in different grapevine varieties grown in high altitude of Santa Catarina Sate; in many cases less than one cluster per bud is observed. The objective of this study was to assess bud fertility of twenty six Vitis vinifera L. varieties and from this information, to recommend the method of pruning more suitable for these varieties in high altitude conditions. The grapevine canes and buds were collected from production vineyards located in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina State, in two consecutive vintages. Fifteen cane cuttings containing 10 nodes per variety were collected to determine bud fertility and placed in a growth chamber with controlled relative humidity, light, temperature. After budbreak, buds were classified as fertile or non-fertile according to the presence or absence of the inflorescence. The bud fertility varies according to the variety and its position in the cane. Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tinta Roriz and Tinta Caiada, which present higher fertility in basal buds, are recommended for short or long pruning. The varieties Chardonnay, Manzoni Bianco, Sauvignon Blanc, Sangiovese, Pinot Gris, Tempranillo, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Montepulciano, and Touriga Nacional should be pruned preferentially in long pruning. While the varieties Viognier, Glera (Prosecco), Fiano, Garganega, Vermentino, Nebbiolo, Teroldego, Rebo, Canaiolo Nero and Touriga Francesa must be pruned exclusively with long pruning in order to ensure adequate cluster production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on functional leaf treats and the diurnal dynamics of photosynthetic processes was conducted on 2-year-old potted plants of two grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties (Aleatico, ALE, and Trebbiano giallo, TRE), exposed under controlled conditions to realistic concentrations of the pollutant gas ozone (80 ppb for 5 h day-1, 8:00–13:00 h, + 40 ppb for 5 h day-1, 13:00–18:00 h). At constitutive levels, the morphological functional traits of TRE improved leaf resistance to gas exchange, suggesting that TRE is characterized by a potential high degree of tolerance to ozone. At the end of the treatment, both varieties showed typical visible injuries on fully expanded leaves and a marked alteration in the diurnal pattern of photosynthetic activity. This was mainly due to a decreased stomatal conductance (-27 and -29% in ALE and TRE, in terms of daily values in comparison to controls) and to a reduced mesophyllic functioning (+33 and +16% of the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration). Although the genotypic variability of grape regulates the response to oxidative stress, similar detoxification processes were activated, such as an increased content of total carotenoids (+64 and +30%, in ALE and TRE), enhanced efficiency of thermal energy dissipation within photosystem II (+32 and +20%) closely correlated with the increased de-epoxidation index (+26 and +22%) and variations in content of some osmolytes. In summary, we can conclude that: the daily photosynthetic performance of grapevine leaves was affected by a realistic exposure to ozone. In addition, the gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements revealed a different quali-quantitative response in the two varieties. The genotypic variability of V. vinifera and the functional leaf traits would seem to regulate the acclimatory response to oxidative stress and the degree of tolerance to ozone. Similar photoprotective mechanisms were activated in the two varieties, though to a different extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstitution of European vineyards after the phylloxera outbreak was performed with few high-aptitude varieties. In Navarre (Spain), the variety used was mainly ‘Garnacha’, though the inclusion of a small number of plants of different varieties traditionally grown in this area within each vineyard was relatively frequent. In this context, in 2008 and 2009, a systematic survey was performed on the oldest vineyards (>50 years) from Navarre in order to gather the intravarietal diversity that could be found within ‘Garnacha’ in the region, but subsequent field observation showed 197 plants to be different from ‘Garnacha’. The aim of this study was to identify the varieties corresponding to those plants. Molecular profiles were determined using 25 SSR markers, and 33 varieties were identified: 28 of them after comparisons with national and international databases and the remaining five through other sources. Slight differences in SSR allele length were found in some of the plants identified as ‘Mazuelo’, ‘Rojal’, ‘Miguel de Arco’ and ‘Tortozona Tinta’. In addition, polymorphisms involving the appearance of a third allele were found in some plants identified as ‘Viura’, ‘Mandón’, Mazuelo’ and ‘Morate’. This study shows that an important biodiversity reservoir still remains within old vineyards and, therefore, systematic surveys on them could allow gathering the varietal richness that still can be found in the region. Additionally, somatic variation at SSR loci has been shown to occur in several grape varieties, especially in the ancient ones where the likelihood that mutations are accumulated and fixed is higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal characterization of spatial variability in water requirements across and within vineyards could assist the viticulturist to fine-tune irrigation management for quality optimization. Remotely sensed crop water stress index (CWSI) is related to crop water status, but it is not known how applicable it is to different grape varieties at different times of the season. This study focused on the determination of the lower and upper baselines for calculating CWSI for the Chardonnay, Pinot-noir, Syrah and Tempranillo varieties at different phenological stages. Baselines were determined based on canopy temperatures measured with infrared temperature sensors placed on top of well-watered grapevines in 2011. Results indicated that non-water-stressed baselines differed depending on variety and phenological stage. During 2011, an aircraft equipped with a thermal camera flew over the vineyards on six particular days throughout the season at 150 m altitude above ground level. At the same time, leaf water potential ( Ψ) was measured for each variety. Variety and phenological stage affected the relationship between remotely sensed CWSI and Ψ, with phenology having greater influence on the observed measurements than on variety. For instance, the one-to-one relationship between estimated and measured Ψ had R of 0.634 and 0.729 for variety and phenology, respectively. The baselines and estimations of Ψ were validated in different vineyards of the same region and in a different season (2013) using the same methodology as in 2011. Data obtained in 2013 were in agreement with observations during 2011. It is concluded that the use of CWSI for assessing vineyard water status requires calibration to account for the effects, primarily of phenological stage, but also, of variety. Once calibrated, this can be successfully applied to other vineyards and seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic changes, characterized by extreme meteorological conditions, influence especially growth and development of plants. The meteorological factors act restrictively on their biological cycle as well as on their productive potential. Referring to the grapevine, air temperature is the key factor that limits the areas where grapes can be cultivated, the beginning and the development of the vegetation phases, the production quantity as well as its quality. The research was focused on the effects of the meteorological conditions of 2011 on the plants' water regime at the following grapevine varieties Fetească albă, Fetească regală, Riesling italian and Băbească gri cultivated in Iasi and Bujorul vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic variability and population structure of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) variants were updated by examining the diversity within the viral coat protein (CP) gene among 174 isolates belonging to a collection of Vitis vinifera representing most of the Portuguese varieties. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of five well-defined clusters. Three of these correspond to previously defined groups, another corresponds to variants from Chile for which only one sequence has been previously identified, and an additional new group includes only Portuguese variants. A typing tool based on asymmetric PCR-ELISA (APET) was developed within the frame of this population structure. This tool was used to assess the prevalence of each phylogenetic group among the infected grapevine varieties. Although most of the isolates harbour variants from groups 1 and 2, variants from the remaining three groups exist in a number of varieties, reinforcing the notion that they are genuine genomic variants and are not isolated, atypical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity of a plant to take up chemical elements is measured as the ratio of the element concentration in the plant and its concentration in the soil. This ratio is called the bioaccumulation index (BAC). The choice of rootstock and variety can differentially affect nutrient uptake of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.). Generally, only slight differences can be observed in the accumulation of N, P, and Zn. In contrast, wide variations are found in the absorption of K, Ca, Mg, and Cl. While studies on plant nutrients and major elements have been carried out in vineyards, very few references concern the trace-element concentrations in leaves. In the study described here, five varieties (Airén, Cencibel, Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay) grown on a Calcisol Petric or Typic Calcixerept (typical of La Mancha) were compared in terms of leaf trace-element concentrations. A total of three samples (20 healthy and completely developed leaves from the middle part of the shoot) were collected from three different plants of the same variety. Leaves were dried, milled, and x-ray fluorescence analysis was performed. It was found that the variety of grapevine influences the uptake of four of the major elements: Al (low in Garnacha, [0.4 ± 0.2] g kg-1), Ca (high in Cencibel, [32.6 ± 8.1] g kg-1), P (low in Airén, [0.9 ± 0.4] g kg-1) and K, which showed significant differences in almost all of the varieties (from [4.7 ± 1.8] g kg-1 in Cencibel to [8.0 ± 10.1] g kg-1 in Chardonnay). No statistically significant varietal differences were found for trace elements. The only exception was La, which was present at higher levels in the variety Cencibel ([7.5 ± 0.3] mg kg-1). This finding allows to assess the geochemical fingerprinting of calcareous soils regardless of the grapevine variety studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A method is presented for grapevine variety identification based on spectroscopy. [•] The method combines hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares regression. [•] Classification results using dummy variables are provided. [•] Validation results employing a test set are provided. [•] Discrimination of more than three varieties is not considered or mentioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: ‘Ribolla Gialla’ is a very old grape variety cultivated today in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region in north-eastern Italy. The historical reputation of this variety in central Eastern Europe was strongly related to the vast distribution of the Venetian Republic markets. In the 1960s, the interest of Italian winegrowers in ‘Ribolla Gialla’ decreased and it was replaced by international varieties. Despite historical documents reporting the longstanding tradition of ‘Ribolla Gialla’ cultivation and winemaking in Friuli Venezia Giulia, the origin of this variety is still questionable. The aims of this work were to study the genetic identity of ‘Ribolla Gialla’ and to investigate the possible genetic relationships with ‘Rebula’ and ‘Robola’ that have been traditionally cultivated in other European Countries (Goriška brda in Slovenia and Kefalonia Island in Greece). For this purpose, 35 SSR loci were analyzed to fingerprint 19 accessions with denominations or morphologies that are similar to ‘Ribolla Gialla’. The Italian ‘Ribolla Gialla’ accessions (#5) and the Slovenian ‘Rebula’ accessions (#2) revealed identical genotypes in all 35 analyzed SSR markers, and can therefore be confirmed as synonyms. The group of Greek ‘Robola’ accessions resulted as the most heterogeneous, showing several distinct allelic profiles. By phylogenetic analysis, two ‘Robola’ accessions were clustered with ‘Ribolla Gialla’ (or ‘Rebula’), and parentage analysis strongly suggested a full-siblings relationship between ‘Ribolla Gialla’ and ‘Robola’. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The genetic determinism of developmental stages in grapevine was studied in the progeny of a cross between grapevine cultivars Riesling and Gewurztraminer by combining ecophysiological modelling, genetic analysis and data mining of the grapevine whole genome sequence. The dates of three phenological stages, budbreak, flowering and veraison, were recorded during four successive years for 120 genotypes in the vineyard. The phenotypic data analysed were the duration of three periods expressed in thermal time (degree-days): 15 February to budbreak (Bud), budbreak to flowering (Flo) and flowering to veraison (Ver). Parental and consensus genetic maps were built using 153 microsatellite markers on 188 individuals. Six independent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for the three phases. They were located on chromosomes 4 and 19 for Bud, chromosomes 7 and 14 for Flo and chromosomes 16 and 18 for Ver. Interactions were detected between loci and also between alleles at the same locus. Using the available grapevine whole-genome sequences, candidate genes underlying the QTLs were identified. VvFT, on chromosome 7, and a CONSTANS-like gene, on chromosome 14, were found to colocalise with the QTLs for flowering time. Genes related to the abscisic acid response and to sugar metabolism were detected within the confidence intervals of QTLs for veraison time. Their possible roles in the developmental process are discussed. These results raise new hypotheses for a better understanding of the physiological processes governing grapevine phenology and provide a framework for breeding new varieties adapted to the future predicted climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Albania the virus diseases of Leafroll and Rugose Wood caused by Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus complex (GLRaV1-7) and the Grapevine viruses A-F (GVA, B, D, E, F), respectively, were reported to have the highest incidence among other virus diseases tested. The viruses pertaining to these complexes are transmitted by grafting, insect vectors or both. This research aimed at understanding their current status and potential by analyzing the incidence of the causative agents of leafroll and rugose wood diseases by ELISA and identifying their known Pseudococcidae vectors based on morphological keys. Results showed that leafroll disease complex is predominant with the causal agent GLRaV-3 being the most prevalent virus within the complex, followed by GLRaV-7, 1 and 2 in decreasing order. In the rugose wood disease complex, the causal agent GVA had the highest incidence, while GVB was found sporadically. Out of all viruses tested GVA had the highest incidence with 47.7% of positive samples. Within the known potential vectors of leafroll and rugose wood complex Planococcus ficus and Pseudococcus maritimus were identified. The results showed that both virus complexes are present together with some of their potential vectors which presume that epidemiological conditions are met to satisfy spread of these viral diseases in native Albanian grapevines varieties and nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grapevine varietal classification is an important plant phenotyping issue for grape growing and wine industry. This task has been achieved from destructive techniques like classic ampelography and DNA analysis under laboratory conditions. This work displays a new approach for the classification of a high number of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties under field conditions using on-the-go hyperspectral imaging and different machine learning algorithms. On-the-go imaging was performed under natural illumination using a hyperspectral camera mounted on an all-terrain vehicle at 5 km/h. Spectra were acquired over two different leaf phenological stages on the canopy of 30 different varieties on a commercial vineyard located in La Rioja, Spain. A total of 1,200 spectral samples were generated. Support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptrons, MLP) were used for the development of a large number of models, testing different algorithm parameters and spectral pre-processing techniques. Both classifiers yielded notable performance values and were able to train models with recall F1 scores and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve marks up to 0.99 for 5-fold cross validation. Statistical analyses supported that the best SVM kernel was linear and the best activation function for MLP was the hyperbolic tangent function. The prediction performance for individual varieties of MLP ranged from 0.94 to 0.99, displaying low levels of variability. In the case of SVM, slightly higher differences were obtained, ranging from 0.83 to 0.97 for individual varieties. These results support the possibility of deploying an on-the-go hyperspectral imaging system in the field capable of successfully classifying leaves from different grapevine varieties. This technology could thus be considered as a new useful non-destructive tool for plant phenotyping under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The accumulated chilling units required to break latency were similar at the two viticultural Designation of Origin areas with around 700 C.H. • To complete the Ripening of the berries, the thermal requirements necessary were greater than 5,000 GDD, reaching higher values at the Ribeiro DO. • The Godello variety is the better adapted to the Ribeiro DO, whereas the Mencía variety is better adapted to the Ribeira Sacra DO. The phenological behaviour of the autochthonous Godello and Mencía grape varieties in two Denominación de Origen wine regions (DO Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra) of northwest Spain, each with different bioclimatic characteristics, was assessed. Godello is grown in both regions, while the Mencía variety is mostly cultivated in the Ribeira Sacra DO. The study traced the vegetative grapevine cycle during 2016, 2017 and 2018, using the scale proposed by the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie). The duration of the Godello vegetative cycle was longer in Ribeiro (an average of 188 days over the three years) than in Ribeira Sacra (176 days). The Mencía variety exhibited minor differences comparing the two vineyards analysed in Ribeira Sacra (177 days on average in Doade vs. 175 days in Souto Chao). Study of the thermal requirements from phase 03 (end of bud swelling) to phase 89 (berries ripe for harvest) enables an explanation to be given for the differences in the duration of each phenological phase for both varieties, and a decision to be made as to which is the most suitable variety for each zone, something that will have an impact on production improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Viticulture & Enology / Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lime-induced chlorosis (LIC) is an important abiotic constraint affecting the growth and yield of grapevines growing in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region, and the sensory properties of the produced wine. In the work presented herein, the impact of LIC on the nutritional status and chlorophyll content was assessed for eleven varieties and a clone (Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Parraleta, Moristel, Aglianico, Macabeo, Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling), grafted to the same rootstock (1103 Paulsen). Macro- and micronutrient contents were determined in the fruit set and veraison stages by petiole analyses, while chlorophyll content in young leaves was monitored by SPAD. Significant differences were detected amongst varieties for all nutrients (including Fe), and inverse relationships between Fe and P contents in the petiole and chlorophyll concentration in the young leaves were found. Regarding LIC resistance, the Fe and chlorophyll contents suggest that Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Aglianico varieties would show the best performance, while Sauvignon would be the least tolerant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monitoring of new grapevine varieties with superior agrobiological and technological characteristics, in relation to the evolution of the climatic factors, represents an important and continuous objective of the worldwide viticultural research and breeding programs. Observations and determinations of the current study were performed on 11 new table grapes varieties created in Romania, growing in the Ampelographic collection of the University of Life Sciences Iasi, north-eastern area of Romania. The grapevine varieties were evaluated under the morpho-structural aspect, regarding the leaf area, the average weight of the grapes, the number and weight of the berries, rachis weight, the number and weight of the seeds, the weight of the skin and pulp, calculating the main technological indices. From a biochemical point of view, the content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves, the concentration of soluble dry solids and titratable acidity of the grapes were determined in the climatic condition of the Copou - Iasi vineyard. Therefore, the monitoring of genetic resources provides useful data for grape producers and researchers regarding the integration of new table grape varieties into the viticultural ecosystems, evaluating their yield and quality in correlation with the evolution and influence of the climatic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of the genetic diversity within ancient grapevine varieties, which are rarely grown nowadays and are subject to genetic erosion, is extremely important in guaranteeing future utilization. This article studies the use of unreplicated trials as a way of preserving the genetic variability of those varieties and quantifying their intravarietal diversity as the raw material for future selections. Through simulation, several experimental situations were generated, varying the numbers of test and check treatments and the type of experimental design associated with the check treatments (augmented randomized complete block design and alpha-alpha design). The quality of the estimates of genotypic variance increased with the increase of the number of genotypes in the conservation collection and with the frequencies of plots with check genotypes. A greater precision was achieved in the quantification of the genetic diversity of ancient grapevine varieties when collections of over 250 genotypes and a minimum of 33 % of plots containing check genotypes were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]