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Languages convey aspectual meanings differently. Generally, there are two types of aspect: lexical aspect and grammatical aspect. Lexical aspect relates to inherent features of the predicate, whilst grammatical aspect, sometimes dubbed as viewpoint aspect, expresses the speaker’s viewpoint. Nevertheless, in traditional theoretical linguistics, these two aspectual systems are typically defined in terms of the same or similar criteria. The article discusses lexical and grammatical aspect in more detail and points out the problems that theoretical linguistics encounters when defining lexical and grammatical aspect in terms of the same holistic criterion. Importantly, the article outlines findings of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies which (possibly to the dissatisfaction of theoretical linguistics) unambiguously show that lexical and grammatical aspect are indeed inextricably linked. Perfective and imperfective aspect do model the comprehender’s understanding of the situation as complete (perfective aspect) or ongoing with all the stages, participants and locations cognitively more available to the comprehender (imperfective aspect).

This study examines the acquisition of functional morphology which overtly marks lexical aspect in Russian by adult second language (L2) learners of Turkish. Russian and Turkish are different in the ways they mark both grammatical and lexical aspects. In Russian, both grammatical and lexical (telic) aspects are marked by overt verbal morphology. In Turkish, however, while the grammatical aspect of verbs is marked by inflectional morphemes, which also express tense and/or mood (Kornfilt, 1997), lexical aspect (telicity) is marked by quantized nominal arguments combined with dynamic verbs. We tested 16 L1 Turkish/L2 Russian learners and 16 L1 Russian speakers on a Semantic Entailment (SE) task with telicity and boundedness semantic features and a Truth-Value Judgment (TVJ) task involving sentences with perfective and imperfective forms including quantity and non-quantity internal argument themes. The results of the SE task indicated that L2 Russian speakers were not as successful as L1 Russian speakers in choosing the most logical entailment to perfective sentences rather than imperceptive sentences. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant. The results of the TVJ task also indicated that L2 Russian speakers were less successful than L1 Russian speakers in matching perfective and imperfective sentences with correct pictures. These findings support the claim that adult L2 speakers have difficulty with the acquisition of functional morphology, in particular aspectual morphology and its telicity feature., Bu çalışma, Türkçeyi ileri yaşta ikinci dil (D2) olarak öğrenenler tarafından Rusçada sözcüksel görünüşü açıkça belirten işlevsel morfolojinin edinimini incelemektedir. Rusça ve Türkçe, hem dilbilgisel hem de sözcüksel görünüşü belirtme biçimleri açısından farklıdır. Rusçada hem dilbilgisel hem de sözcüksel (erekli) görünüşler, açık fiil morfolojisi ile belirtilir. Öte yandan Türkçede fiillerin dilbilgisel görünüşü, zaman ve/veya kipi de ifade eden çekim biçimbirimleriyle (Kornfilt, 1997); sözcüksel görünüş (ereklilik) ise dinamik fiillerle birlikte kullanılan nicelendirilmiş ad argümanları ile belirtilir. Ereklilik ve bağımlılık anlam özelliklerine sahip bir Anlamsal Gerektirim görevi (SET) ve miktara bağlı olan ve olmayan dahili argüman temaları içeren tamamlanmış ve tamamlanmamış formlu cümleleri kapsayan bir Doğruluk Değeri Yargısı (TVJ) görevinden oluşan bu çalışma, 16 D1 Türkçe/D2 Rusça konuşanı ile 16 D1 Rusça konuşanına uygulanmıştır. SET görevinin sonuçları, D2 Rusça konuşanlarının tamamlanmamış cümlelerden ziyade, tamamlanmış cümlelere en mantıksal gerektirmeyi seçmekte D1 Rusça konuşanları kadar başarılı olmadıklarını göstermiştir. İki grup arasındaki farklılıklar istatiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. TVJ görevinin sonuçları da D2 Rusça konuşanlarının tamamlanmış ve tamamlanmamış cümleleri doğru resimlerle eşleştirmede D1 Rusça konuşanlarından daha az başarılı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, ileri yaşta D2 konuşanlarının işlevsel morfolojinin, özellikle de görünüş morfolojisi ve onun ereklilik özelliğinin ediniminde zorlandığı iddiasını desteklemektedir.

The question of the roles of grammatical aspect and of lexical aspect for the inference of temporal relations has richly been investigated from a theoretical point of view in various fields of languages sciences. Nevertheless, previous studies do not formulate similar conclusions, and thus they trigger different predictions for experimental testing. In contrast, the role of coreference patterns did not receive as much attention as grammatical and lexical aspect have received. As such, in this study we experimentally assess the roles of grammatical aspect (perfective vs. imperfective), lexical aspect (activities vs. accomplishments) and coreference patterns (same vs. different agents) in English. By means of an annotation study, we establish that fewer chronological relations emerge in passages with the imperfective aspect and coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by the same agent). Then, by means of a temporal evaluation task, we show that synchronous relations are favoured in narrative passages that describe activities and lack of coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by different agents). To interpret the results, we suggest that the comprehenders’ inference of temporal relations is influenced on the one hand by linguistic biases and on the other hand by their expectations of coherence. We discuss the findings from a cross-linguistic perspective.

In this article we focus on the category of aspect and examine modern English grammars to see whether they give sufficient guidelines to the learner on how aspectual meanings are decoded and encoded in English. More precisely, we check whether the grammars reflect the abundant linguistic research on aspectual construal in English. Out of a number of components that play a role in the shaping of aspectual meaning, we look at the following four: lexical aspect, arguments, grammatical aspect, and tense. An overview is first made of the key theoretical findings on the impact of these four components on aspectual interpretation, followed by an analysis of the grammar content on the given components. Our conclusion is that only two comprehensive grammars we examined take into account the results of linguistic research on aspect to a certain extent and that there is a lot of room for improvement.

The purpose of this research was to describe the grammatical and lexical aspects in the lyrics of the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku by Andmesh Kamelang. The research method uses microstructural methods. The collection technique uses documentation techniques by downloading the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku via Youtube. The main instrument in this research is the researcher who is assisted by a device. Data analysis techniques by means of data reduction, data tabulation, data display, interpretation, and conclusions. Test the validity of the data using membercheck and validation from literary experts. The results showed that the grammatical and lexical aspects in the lyrics of the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku, sung by Andmesh Kamelang, present a deep meaning about the life journey of a person who is full of hard work, loyalty, and hope of love for someone he loves. Grammatical aspects and lexical aspects build up each other so that the song Jangan Rubah Takdirku becomes a song that impresses the listeners. The grammatical aspect found in the song is referencing marked by the presence of the word dia and impingement by the presence of each word. Then, the lexical aspect that was found was repetition which was marked by the presence of the words I want, in each, and I did not, and synomini was marked by the presence of the words weak and shaky.

Language is a medium used to communicate reciprocally. At this contemporary living, it is a must that any literate has to learn more than one language so as to be able to communicate with people beyond boundaries. English is a widely used language in terms of communication between countries, cultures, races and different lingual people. It is therefore inevitable that people learn and practice it. While learning English Language people need to differentiate between learning it as a Foreign Language and learning it as a Second Language. In Kurdistan, English language is learnt as a Foreign Language. Even though English is learnt as a foreign language by Kurdish learners, they learn quickly and easily due to the existence of similarities between the two languages phonologically, syntactically, grammatically and asymmetrically. This study sets out theoretically to analyze the similarities between the two languages i.e., English and Kurdish and also identify the reason for the quick learning of the English Language by the Kurdish learners.

The song "Under the Same Sun" firstly released in 1993 is a song written by famous rock group music namely Scorpions. This group is coming from Hannover, Germany. Though renowned phenomenally as a music group with loud genre but this song is a ballad one because it really tells the story of real-life people in the war zone while citizens of the world just show a little caring concern. The song portraits a common view on the hopelessness of victimized people in war zone who need for sympathy and empathy. Otherwise, they get no positive response from other people who live in comfort. This paper is a library research with a descriptive qualitative approach to investigate the discourse analysis of a song lyric. The approach is then used to analyze the data from the song lyrics. The discourse aims at finding the discourse on its grammatical aspect, lexical aspects, situational aspect, and contextual aspect. The study’s discourse analysis on the song lyrics reveals several features. From the grammatical aspect of this song revealed the references in the form of pronoun and demonstrative, ellipsis and conjunction. While in the lexical aspects, it found only two components, namely reps and collocation. The contextual analysis showed the cultural context and the context of the situation. Meanwhile, the situational context itself is divided into physical context, epistemic context and social context.Keywords: Grammatical Aspect, Lexical Aspect, Contextual Aspect

Recent psycholinguistic research shows that grammatical aspect (imperfective, perfective) has a varying impact on language comprehension difficulty, based on the lexical aspect (activities, accomplishments) of the described event (Becker, Ferretti, & Madden-Lombardi, 2013; Yap et al., 2009). The present research examined the influence of these temporal constraints on people's ability to imagine events. Participants read cueing phrases that contained either accomplishments (build) or activities (run) that were grammatically marked as ongoing or completed (I was running/I ran). Slow cortical potentials were recorded while participants imagined events based on the phrases for 8 seconds. Results show that, for activities, participants had less difficulty imagining events cued by imperfective stimuli than by perfective stimuli. The opposite pattern was observed for accomplishments. It was also found that the first-person visual perspective was adopted more often for perfective than imperfective accomplishment stimuli, whereas no differences in visual perspective adoption were found for activity cues. This research provides neurocognitive and behavioural insight into how temporal information associated with verbs influences the cognitive effort required to imagine events as well as the phenomenological properties of the events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Previous studies have shown that the grammatical aspect of verb predicates has an effect on tense-aspect sentence processing. However, it remains unclear as to whether the interaction of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect can influence the form-meaning association in the second language (L2) tense-aspect sentence processing, especially for the learners whose native language is grammatically marked differently from their L2. This study conducts a psycholinguistic investigation to highlight how the prototypical and non-prototypical associations predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis and L2 proficiency level influence the processing of English past tense and progressive morphology by Mandarin Chinese learners at two proficiency levels and native English speakers. The results show that the prototypical associations of English tense-aspect categories predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis, such as achievement verbs with past tense and activity verbs with the progressive aspect, can engender shorter reading time than non-prototypical associations for both native speakers and second language learners. There is no significant difference between native speakers and Chinese learners of English in their processing of prototypical items, while significant differences exist in the processing of non-prototypical items. The L2 proficiency level does not have an effect on the processing of prototypes but on the processing of non-prototypes in the L2 tense-aspect marking. This study extends previous research, showing the interaction effect of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in the form-meaning association in L2 tense-aspect sentence processing.

This pilot study investigated university-level intermediate Spanish learners’ (n=16) explicit knowledge about a contrast in grammatical aspect (preterite/imperfect) after they received rule-based explicit instruction. Prior studies have found that learners’ explicit knowledge about preterite and imperfect includes partially understood rules, which can have long-lasting effects on their performance, so it is important to investigate the disconnect between what is taught and what is learned. Learners completed a cloze test and then introspected about their performance. The data were analysed qualitatively and compared to verbalisations of L1 Spanish speakers (n=6). Four main themes emerged: learners failed to learn the concept of grammatical aspect, they demonstrated confusion about lexical aspect, they attributed the difference between preterite and imperfect to a binary system of lexical aspect feature complexes based on duration of the verb/predicate, and they relied on self-developed categorical rules about adverbial markers. Suggestions for modifications to the conventional pedagogical rules are offered.

This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial “other” phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (relatedly) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related isiZulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.

The contribution deals with selected questions of the interaction between the so called “lexical aspect” (the opposition between telicity and atelicity) and the grammatical aspect (or so called “viewpoint”- aspect, i.e. the opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity) in the languages with and without the overtly encoded aspect. The striking point of the analysis is the “complexive” meaning of aspectual forms and constructions involving lexical atelicity by indicating durativity or iterativity, on the one hand, and grammatical perfectivity by indicating the complexive perspective of the verbal action on the other. This type of aspectuality was a special feature of verbal systems with the aorist category. My claim is, thus, that the contemporary English has a special grammatical form of the “complexive aorist”, i.e. the form of Present Perfect Progressive. The Slavic languages encode this function by using the – unmarked – imperfective forms of the verbs, whereas German uses special means of encoding the very same function on the whole-clause level, such as adverbials or definite vs. indefinite or zero article.

Ahmad Tohari’s short story entitled “Tinggal Matanya Berkedip-kedip” seen from social aspect depicts that authority and power of a leader supported by the power of “people live in poverty”. Without civilian’s support, a leader’s power is priceless. Cohesion in grammatical aspect such as referent, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction also appeared in the short story. The function of grammatical aspect is mainly to make the story more interesting. Cohesion in lexical aspect in the form of repetition and synonym used in the short story functions to strengthen the author’s mind which delivered.

The Bottleneck Hypothesis (Slabakova, 2008) assumes functional morphology to be a particular challenge in second language (L2) acquisition whereas acquisition of syntax and semantics to be unproblematic. I propose, following Polinsky (2011), that functional morphology can be seen as an acquisitional bottleneck for heritage language (hl) speakers as well. Russian verbal aspect is known to be problematic in bilingual Russian children (Anstatt, 2008; Gupol, 2009), in adult foreign language learners (Slabakova, 2005, Nossalik, 2009) and in Russian heritage speakers of low (Polinsky, 2008) and even near-native fluency (Laleko, 2010). This comprehension study tested fluent and literate English dominant hl speakers of Russian on their interpretation of lexical and grammatical aspect. The findings suggest that the semantics and syntax of aspect were unproblematic, but aspectual morphology played both a facilitative and a hindering role in the comprehension of aspectual distinctions. In the untimed Semantic Entailments task, where participants chose the most logical continuation of an utterance, the morphological complexity of secondary imperfectives coupled with their semantic complexity, hindered hl interpretations. In contrast, in the Stop-Making-Sense self-paced reading task, in which participants read sentences one word at a time, the idiosyncratic morphology marking lexical aspect hindered hl processing, while the regular mechanism of marking grammatical aspect facilitated it.

Oral and written discourse have a textual function that contains of ideas which expressed by participants. Through discourse, community members also have the opportunity to establish communication and relationships and can interact socially and cooperate. This discourse for communication also has a close relationship with one's ability to master the four language skills. Because by mastering the four language skills and knowing the function of language, a person will easily use both oral and written discourse to communicate and interact socially. Song lyrics are one example of written discourse that generally uses beautiful and figurative language. The lyrics of the song 'Perfect' sung by Ed Sheeran and 'Marry You' sung by Bruno Mars are lyrics which also use beautiful, melancholy, sentimental, and romantic language to attract young music lovers. The lyrics of the song are one example of how written discourse can be used to communicate using seductive language with musical accompaniment and can be used as a tool to form social interactions on social media such as: facebook, twitter, radio, and television. The lyrics of the song are analyzed the content of the discourse and examined from the perspective of the songwriter's intentions, goals, and thoughts; The context and inference aspects contained in both song lyrics; Grammatical and lexical aspects to see the song's cohesion and coherence. The results of discourse analysis on grammatical and lexical aspects provide a coherent and beautiful picture of the song 'Perfect' and 'Marry You'. From the grammatical aspect, it can be seen that the reference types of the first person singular (I, speaker) and second persona reference (You, speech partner) in the two lyrics are very dominant. The lexical aspect is not very often found in the song's poetic discourse but there are full repetitions in several lines (in chorus) that show the characteristics of the two lyrics of the songs. That part is the main emphasis on the meaning and intent that the songwriters wish to convey so that the listeners of the songs are able to understand their hearts.Key Words: Oral and Written Discourse, Song Lyrics, Context and Inference Aspects, Grammatical and Lexical Aspect

Time is central to human cognition, both in terms of how we understand the world and the events that unfold around us as well as how we communicate about those events. As such, language has morphological systems, such as temporal adverbs, tense, and aspect to convey the passage of time. The current study explored the role of one such temporal marker, grammatical aspect, and its impact on how we understand the temporal boundaries between events conveyed in narratives. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read stories that contained a target event that was either conveyed with a perfective (e.g., watched a movie) or imperfective aspect (e.g., was watching a movie) and engaged in an event segmentation task. Events described in the perfective aspect were more often perceived as event boundaries than events in the imperfective aspect, however, event duration (long vs. short) did not impact this relationship in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 demonstrated that readers were sensitive to grammatical aspect and event duration in the context of a story continuation task. Overall this study demonstrates that grammatical aspect interacts with world knowledge to convey event structure information that influences how people interpret the end and beginning of events.

The aim of this article is to show that the use of Spanish grammatical aspect is biased by inherent aspect depending on the learner's first language (L1). It considers both the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (LAH; Andersen, 1986, and his followers) and the L1 Transfer Hypothesis (Izquierdo & Collins, 2008; McManus, 2015), and it compares the use of Spanish past tenses by L1 Dutch and L1 English learners at first stages of acquisition. Differences in grammatical aspect in both L1 and the second language (L2) predict that learners will have difficulties acquiring grammatical differences such as the contrast between the Preterit and the Imperfect. Recent studies claim that not all learners are biased by the traditional Vendlerian lexical aspect typology (Dominguez et al., 2013; Gonzalez, 2013), which may mean that refinement of the LAH is necessary. For our study, L1 English and Dutch learners of Spanish performed the same written production task, which involved the retelling of a story after watching a muted video. The results, based on an approximate binomial distribution analysis, show that the use of both the Preterit and the Imperfect by English‐speaking learners is biased by dynamicity contrasts. Furthermore, their overuse of Preterit to complete the written task shows L1 transfer from the English past tense, which can be uttered in perfective and imperfective contexts. On the other hand, the results of L1 Dutch speakers show that the use of Spanish grammatical aspect is biased by the terminative‐durative classification, and that they prefer the Present Perfect in perfective contexts, also showing L1 transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early research on the AspectHypothesis yielded a rigid developmental sequence for the acquisition ofgrammatical aspect, in which developing L2 learners applied morphemes to markaspect in accordance with the inherent lexical aspect of verbal prototypes. While studies from a variety of L2backgrounds have amassed evidence for this hypothesis, some recent research hasquestioned its generalizability (i.e. Comajoan, 2005; Izquierdo & Collins,2008; Liskin-Gasparro, 2000; López-Ortega, McManus, 2013; Salaberry,2011). The present analysis ofliterature reviews the key tenets of the Aspect Hypothesis in order to examinehow subsequent studies have demonstrated that L1 influence, syntacticsimilarities between L1 and L2, the role of inherent lexical aspect, and theuse of pedagogical materials in classroom-based instruction may haveimplications for its accuracy in predicting learners’ use of temporalmorphology. Such implications may affectthe degree of accuracy with which this model predicts the acquisition ofaspectual morphology in L2 learners, principally at early and advanced stagesof proficiency. Lastly, this criticalanalysis identifies potential directions for future research that wouldstrengthen or modify the recent claims that question the predictive accuracy ofthe Aspect Hypothesis.

In Late Archaic and Early Medieval Chinese aspectual distinctions are mainly expressed by aspectual adverbs. These adverbs are characterized by their close relation with the lexical aspect of the verb they modify. This paper argues for the existence of an Inner Aspect Phrase within an articulated VP (vP) in Late Archaic and Early Medieval Chinese which hosts the lexical aspect of the verb. This Inner Aspect Phrase corresponds to an Outer Aspect Phrase outside the VP, which hosts the grammatical aspect. The aspectual adverbs are analyzed as specifiers of the Outer Aspect Phrase. The correspondence of the two Aspect Phrases accounts for the close connection between aspectual adverbs and the telicity features of the verb in Late Archaic and Early Medieval Chinese. In ancient Chinese aspectual distinctions apparently have been marked by affixation. This morphological system concerns the lexical aspect, the Inner Aspect Phrase, rather than the grammatical aspect, the Outer Aspect Phrase. If this hypothesis proved to be correct, the grammatical aspect would not have been marked in the morphology of the verb at all, but purely by lexical means, i.e., by aspectual adverbs and possibly by sentence-final particles.

This paper reports a cross-linguistic study on the time course of aspectual interpretation in an aspect language (Russian) and a non-aspect language (German). In Russian, mereological semantics led us to expect incremental mismatch detection independently of the presence or absence of the verbal arguments. In German, however, mismatch effects should be delayed until the processor has encountered the complete predication. These predictions were tested in two eyetracking during reading experiments. We investigated the processing of achievement verbs modified by aspectually mismatching adverbials in Russian (Exp. 1) and German (Exp. 2) and manipulated the word order in such a way that the mismatch occurred before or after the predication was complete. The data show that Russian readers immediately noticed the mismatch independently of whether the verb preceded or followed its arguments, whereas German readers showed mismatch effects only after a complete predication. We take this as evidence for cross-lingui...

For years, investigators have studied the use of tense by children with specific language impairment (SLI). This review article provides a summary of research on the use of other time-related grammatical forms by these children.The literature on children's use of grammatical and lexical aspect, modal verbs and temporal adverbs is reviewed. Findings from children with SLI acquiring a range of different languages are considered.Grammatical aspect and lexical aspect appear to be special weaknesses in children with SLI and problems with lexical aspect may also have an adverse effect on these children's ability to use past tense morphology. Although children with SLI are below age level in their use of modal verbs and temporal adverbs, the available evidence suggests that these weaknesses are no greater than these children's more general limitations with language.The evidence thus far indicates that time-related notions further on the morphosyntactic end of the language continuum (aspect) are more problematic for these children than those time-related notions (modals, temporal adverbs) that include a pragmatic and/or semantic component. In some languages, aspect may prove to be a useful clinical marker of this disorder.

The dissertation deals with aspect in light verb constructions in French (LVCs). Light verb predicates such as faire du doublage, faire une découverte, and donner un conseil, constitute a specific kind of verb-noun construction recognizable by two transformational tests i.e., the cancellation test and the argument co-reference test. From the aspectual point of view, there are three parameters to be recognized: the lexical aspect (states, processes, events), grammatical aspect (perfectivity, imperfectivity), and aktionsart (quantity, quality, and phase of action). Being the semantical root of LVCs, the predicative noun is a starting point for aspectual analysis, nevertheless this aspectual interpretation is drawn from the whole sentence and takes account of the whole LVC, as well as of other aspectually relevant components (aspect shifting and aspectual composition). The objective of the research is to clarify the aspectual properties of the predicative noun and examine whether and how the principle of lexical aspect shifting is applied in the context of LCVs with a focus on the role of semantics (creation, motion containing a goal destination), of the predicative noun's complement (its quantization and cumulativity), countability, and determination of the predicative noun. It is observed that countability marked by articles has a crucial effect on the interpretation of the lexical aspect and aktionsart (faire un saut - sauter une fois, faire un emballage - emballer un cadeau, *emballer une fois). The research is based upon a systematic use of real corpora contexts (InterCorp 2018, FrWac, araneum), French lexicon-grammar data (Maurice Gross and his colleagues), and native-speaker competence.

While in phonology Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) dialects preserved the phonological system of Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) virtually intact, their morphosyntax underwent far-reaching changes, which altered fundamentally the synthetic morphology of earlier Prākrits in the direction of the analytic typology of New Indo-Aryan (NIA). Speaking holistically, the “accusative alignment” of OIA (Vedic Sanskrit) was restructured as an “ergative alignment” in Western IA languages, and it is precisely during the Late MIA period (ca. 5th–12th centuries ce) when we can observe these matters in statu nascendi. There is copious literature on the origin of the ergative construction: passive-to-ergative reanalysis; the ergative hypothesis, i.e., that the passive construction of OIA was already ergative; and a compromise stance that neither the former nor the latter approach is fully adequate. In the spirit of the complementary view of these matters, more attention has to be paid to various pathways in which typological changes operated over different kinds of nominal, pronominal and verbal constituents during the crucial MIA period. (a) We shall start with the restructuring of the nominal case system in terms of the reduction of the number of cases from seven to four. This phonologically motivated process resulted ultimately in the rise of the binary distinction of the “absolutive” versus “oblique” case at the end of the MIA period). (b) The crucial role of animacy in the restructuring of the pronominal system and the rise of the “double-oblique” system in Ardha-Māgadhī and Western Apabhramśa will be explicated. (c) In the verbal system we witness complete remodeling of the aspectual system as a consequence of the loss of earlier synthetic forms expressing the perfective (Aorist) and “retrospective” (Perfect) aspect. Early Prākrits (Pāli) preserved their sigmatic Aorists (and the sigmatic Future) until late MIA centuries, while on the Iranian side the loss of the “sigmatic” aorist was accelerated in Middle Persian by the “weakening” of s > h > Ø. (d) The development and the establishment of “ergative alignment” at the end of the MIA period will be presented as a consequence of the above typological changes: the rise of the “absolutive” vs. “oblique” case system; the loss of the finite morphology of the perfective and retrospective aspect; and the recreation of the aspectual contrast of perfectivity by means of quasinominal (participial) forms. (e) Concurrently with the development toward the analyticity in grammatical aspect, we witness the evolution of lexical aspect (Aktionsart) ushering in the florescence of “serial” verbs in New Indo-Aryan. On the whole, a contingency view of alignment considers the increase in ergativity as a by-product of the restoration of the OIA aspectual triad: Imperfective–Perfective–Perfect (in morphological terms Present–Aorist–Perfect). The NIA Perfective and Perfect are aligned ergatively, while their finite OIA ancestors (Aorist and Perfect) were aligned accusatively. Detailed linguistic analysis of Middle Indo-Aryan texts offers us a unique opportunity for a deeper comprehension of the formative period of the NIA state of affairs.

This paper aims to describe any cohesion to achieve coherence and the intrinsic elements of a short story titled "Untuk Ibu" (For Mother) by Kusuma Wijayanti on Annida magazine. Discourse analysis is done through the micro structural and the practice of discourse approach. The results of the discourse analysis of the short story titled "Untuk Ibu" meet all the other good grammatical aspects of cohesion as well as lexical aspect. The presences of grammatical and lexical cohesion build up the short story into a cohesive and coherent. From grammatical aspect, the short story has person references, comparative and demonstrative reference, substitution of clausal, ellipsis, causal conjunction, and conjunctions of time addition/additives. While from the lexical aspect, it has reps anaphora and reps tautotes, synonyms of words and phrases with free morpheme synonym bound, antonyms type compound and opposition relations, collocation, hyponymy, and equivalency. The results of the analysis of the practice of discourse show that short story "Untuk Ibu" has the main theme of patience and compassion of a mother on her daughter. The main character is the mother and Ayu, some others characters are Mas Danu, Yu Yu, Supi, Mar, Parto Sopa and Lik Darmi. Plot is a mix that began with the exposure of problems in the form of regret the “I” (aku) figure against the behavior of naughty in opposition to the mother and then continued with the depiction of a cause of regret, and then ends with a meeting among the figures I (Ayu) and mother (advanced/progressive grooves). The background of the story majority happened at home (Madiun). In addition, this story has the first-person perspective I or Ayu and occurs in Javanese.

Background Morphosyntax has been well researched in specific language impairment (SLI) and there is general agreement that children with SLI have particular difficulties with tense-marking. Less well researched is the role that aspect plays in the difficulties found in tense-marking, especially as tense and aspect are often confounded in English. Initial investigation of the understanding of aspect in preschool children with SLI suggests that they are less sensitive to aspect and its interaction with tense than typically developing (TD) children. It is unclear, however, what is the developmental trajectory of their understanding of aspect and its interaction with tense and whether these difficulties are still found in older children and adolescents with SLI. Aims To investigate comprehension of the grammatical aspect contrast between completed events using the simple past tense -ed/irregular (perfective grammatical aspect) and ongoing events using the past progressive (imperfective grammatical aspect). The role of lexical aspect was also investigated through the balanced use of verbs that were inherently telic (i.e. have a natural end-point) and verbs that required the addition of prepositional phrase for a telic interpretation when used in the perfective aspect condition. Methods & Procedures A sentence–picture matching task was administered to 10 participants with SLI (aged 12;10–16;8 years) and 30 language ability matched TD children who were split into three groups (mean ages: 5;10, 7;4 and 9;2). Outcomes & Results Adult-like performance was found by all groups on the perfective aspect condition, but only by the oldest group of TD children on the imperfective aspect condition. The performance of the group with SLI was consistent with their much younger language ability matched TD children in their understanding of the progressive -ing when used to describe ongoing events that have taken place in the past. The lexical aspect of the telicity of the verbs was not found to have any significant effect on performance. Conclusions & Implications Although further investigation of the understanding of aspect (both comprehension and production) is needed, the results have implications for therapy. The past progressive -ing construction is important, particularly for providing context and background information in narratives, but it is not explicitly taught in schools. Therefore, some focus on the temporal nature of tense-marking in therapy may be beneficial to individuals with SLI in understanding the temporal nature of events and how aspect interacts with tense.

In studies based on the theme of languages in/of contact, the process of language acquisition is treated as a relative process, which involves many factors determined by the context of acquisition and of topical and dynamic uses of languages in different communicative environments. In these studies it is possible to identify that next to sociolinguistic and sociocultural factors, other factors established by structural and conceptual dimensions also emanate as relevant to the process of acquisition and use of languages. In this project we united the paradigm of the Sociolinguistics to the paradigm of the Contrastive Linguistics (Kontrastive Linguistik), more precisely of the Contrastive Grammar, in interaction with the Contrastive Culture (Kulturkontrastive Grammatik). The object of our study is the form and the functionality of verbal forms in German and Portuguese. The aim of this study is to identify and to analyze the choice of verbal forms in translations of contemporary literary texts in the pair of languages selected based on the alternation of these forms in the interaction of Tense, Mood and Aspect, with special attention to the verbal aspect and the distinction between grammatical aspect (Aspekt) and lexical aspect (Aktionsart).

Two empirical studies – a verb elicitation experiment and a collostructional analysis – were conducted to investigate the Mandarin LVS construction with respect to the lexical semantics of the verb and its collocation with grammatical aspect. Converging evidence from both studies indicates strong schematicity and productivity in the verb category of the LVS construction. Although most exemplars fall into a few major lexical semantic clusters, there are more low-frequency marginal exemplars than previously recognized, reinforcing the constructional schema in an essentially radial category. In addition to the lexical semantic regularity of the verb slot, both studies showed the existence of high-frequency tokens with prototype status. As far as grammatical aspect is concerned, the converging evidence indicates that the LVS category is compatible not only with the durative aspect, but also with the perfective as well as the resultative and directional lexical aspect. The attraction of grammatical aspect to the verb of LVS is graded rather than absolute, with some mutual selection patterns more typical than others. The two grammatical aspects as marked by the durative -zhe and the perfective -le are non-interchangeable.

This paper debates the linguistic representation of aspect based on a double language acquisition study case with data on the association of lexical and grammatical aspect. Its main objective is to evaluate the primacy of aspect hypothesis, according to which tense-aspect markers are limited to some lexical aspect classes of verbs. In order to do so, it tests the hypothesis that, in the language acquisition process, the association between lexical and grammatical aspect is anchored on the relationship between telicity and perfectivity. Based on data analysis, the primacy of aspect hypothesis could not be completely refuted. However, considering different theoretical proposals on the semantic properties of the VP, we refute the hypothesis that primacy of aspect is anchored in the relationship between telicity and perfectivity, considering different proposals of semantic aspectual classification. We also demonstrate through data analysis the appropriateness of the proposal of telicity as being concerned with the internal syntax of the VP. Finally, we argue that there would be no compositional reading of aspect in the initial stages of language acquisition. Este trabalho se propõe a refletir sobre a representação linguística de aspecto a partir de um estudo de caso duplo, com dados de aquisição da linguagem sobre a associação entre aspecto lexical e aspecto gramatical. Seu objetivo principal é avaliar a hipótese da primazia do aspecto, segundo a qual a marcação de tempo-aspecto seria limitada pelo aspecto lexical dos verbos. Para tanto, coloca-se à prova a hipótese de que, no processo de aquisição de aspecto, a associação entre aspecto lexical e aspecto gramatical se baseia na relação entre telicidade e perfectividade. A partir da análise dos dados, a hipótese da primazia do aspecto não pôde ser refutada completamente. Todavia, abarcando diferentes propostas teóricas sobre as propriedades semânticas do VP (sintagma verbal), refuta-se a hipótese de que a primazia do aspecto estaria ancorada na relação entre telicidade e perfectividade. Demonstra-se, ainda, a compatibilidade dos dados com a proposta de telicidade dizer respeito à sintaxe interna ao VP. Por fim, argumenta-se que não haveria leitura composicional de aspecto nas etapas iniciais de aquisição.

This study aims to comparatively examine features of tense, aspect and narrative structure in oral narratives of Turkish L1 learners of French as a foreign language and native speakers of French. The sample of the study included 93 students enrolling in first, second, third and fourth years of French Language Teaching Department at çukurova University as well as 16 native speakers of French. Participants were first asked to watch French dubbed versions of Lion King and A Christmas Carol, both Walt Disney productions, then to orally retell these movies. Data were analyzed in terms of the aspect and discourse hypotheses. Results indicated that both students and native speakers of French highly structured their oral narratives by présent. Oral narratives with high use of présent indicate that students began to dispose of the effects of both narrative structure and inherent semantic properties of verbs. However, students did not have same levels of getting rid of the effects of narrative structure and lexical aspect. Namely, junior and senior students found to be more influenced by narrative structure and lexical aspect compared with freshman and sophomore ones.

L’objectiu d’aquest treball és caracteritzar la perífrasi de l’espanyol i de l’italià des del punt de vista de l’aspecte gramatical i de l’aspecte lèxic o Aktionsart. Desenvoluparem aquesta caracterització en el marc d’altres perífrasis verbals de gerundi amb auxiliar de moviment en les dues llengües, concretament, , i . Com demostrarem, totes aquestes perífrasis manifesten una gran proximitat tant aspectual com accional. Quant a l’aspecte lèxic, desenvoluparem una descripció de les perífrasis en trets accionals. Demostrarem que manté major proximitat respecte a la perífrasi de la que manté respecte al seu equivalent formal , tot i que l’auxiliar té el mateix origen. The aim of this work is to characterize the Spanish verbal periphrasis and the Italian from the point of view of both grammatical and lexical aspect, or Aktionsart. We will develop this characterization in the context of other verbal gerund periphrases with a motion auxiliary in both languages, namely: , and . These periphrases show the same kind of aspectual and actional behavior. Regarding lexical aspect, we will develop a description of the periphrases in actional features. We will show that is closer to than to its formal equivalent , despite the same origin of the auxiliary.

This study investigates the production of perfective and imperfective aspect in Greek by Greek-German and Greek-English bilingual children. Participants produced retellings of narratives (ENNI, Schneider et al. 2006), which were then coded for the use of grammatical aspect, perfective and imperfective, as well as for lexical and grammatical aspect combinations. Ninety children, 8 to 12 years old, participated in the study: thirty Greek-German bilinguals, thirty Greek-English bilinguals and thirty Greek monolinguals. Although German and English differ in the linguistic expression of aspect in that German lacks morphological aspect, while English marks the +/-progressive distinction, our results reveal that the two bilingual groups did not differ in their preference for perfective aspect. Perfective aspect was also preferred by the Greek monolingual children. Nevertheless, monolingual and Greek-German bilingual children produced fewer perfective verbs compared to the Greek-English children. Finally, all three groups preferred to use perfective aspect with accomplishment/achievement predicates, whereas a difference between the three groups is found in the use of imperfective aspect with stative, activity and semelfactive predicates. This provides partial support to theories which argue for lexical aspect guiding morphological aspect marking in developing grammars.

The temporality of a given situation ‘out there in the world’ can be described in many ways. Tense and aspect offer the essential parameters. Lexical aspect characterizes event descriptions; a situation with a sleeping child can be referred to as a state of affairs (be asleep) or as a happening (sleep, wake up). Grammatical aspect imposes a perspective by focusing a particular time slice of a situation, such as the ongoing process (the baby was sleeping, mom was waking up the baby), the event as a whole (the baby slept, mom woke up the baby), or the resulting state (the baby has slept, mom has woken the baby up). Tense locates a situation at a certain time (was sleeping, is sleeping, will sleep). Temporality is thus determined by the three grammatical notions of lexical aspect, grammatical aspect and tense. Tense anchors the time of an event vis-a-vis a reference time, often the moment of speech. Aspect imposes one or more layers of temporal structure on the event time thus defining its temporal properties. Lexical aspect (also called “situation type”, “inner aspect”, “Aktionsart”) characterizes the temporal contour, while grammatical aspect (or “viewpoint aspect”) determines the temporal viewpoint on the run-time of the event. The grammatical expression of aspect varies enormously: while there are languages with one, a few or many types of aspectual markers, other languages have no dedicated aspect markers whatsoever. In some languages tense and aspect morphology is conflated. This crosslinguistic variation makes aspect an interesting domain of linguistic investigation and a wide variety of acquisition studies have investigated aspect development in children, raising questions about its universal versus language-specific properties. In this chapter I review the acquisition literature of lexical and grammatical aspect; tense is beyond its scope. Section 2 summarizes the fundamental generalizations and linguistic analyses of the two types of aspect, and presents the cross-linguistic variation in aspect expression which leads to issues of learnability. Section 3 presents the acquisition literature for lexical aspect, and section 4 does the same for grammatical aspect. Section 5 draws conclusions about the coverage of aspect acquisition research to date and presents an outlook on novel directions of research.

Thinking and speaking about events is a process tightly connected with time perception. We can express when an event has occurred with respect to other events, whether it was a durative or a one-time event, whether it was an ongoing or already finished event, etc. Every human language has its own way and extent to which this complex temporal structure of experienced events is expressed. Upon hearing a story we construct a mental representation of the communicated event (e.g. Givón 1992). Some studies show that this construction already evolves during online processing, thanks to instantly accessible language processing cues (Altman and Kamide 1999, Ferretti, McRae and Hatherell 2001, McRae, Ferretti and Amyote 1997). These cues are employed to capture the intricate temporal structure of the story, for instance. They arise from the interplay of the three basic linguistic components (structure, meaning and function) and as such are consistent with a constructional view of language (e.g. Fillmore 1988). Even subtle changes of any of the linguistic cues may lead to a different mental representation. Examples of the sources of grammatical markers and lexical categories from which the linguistic cues arise are grammatical and lexical aspect. In the linguistic field, a lot of attention has been paid to analyses of how those sources of temporal cues function within a language system. However, there is a lack of empirical data on how grammatical and lexical aspect interact, and what the effects of such an interaction are. The present study aims to investigate the link between the complex system of temporal cues and sensorimotor representation in Czech speakers, with specific focus on grammatical verb aspect and so-called event telicity, i.e. lexical aspect, all of which will be further described below.

Discourse analysis gives attention to the language in the text and context together in a communication. Discourse analysis does not only look at the structure of sentences but also meaning as an important element. Therefore, the interpretation of meaning is not only done in the statement in the text, but also the analysis of the hidden meaning. The surface structure in discourse is called grammatical aspect, while the internal structure is called the lexical aspect. In detail, the grammatical aspects of discourse include: reference, recovery, percolation, and sequence, while the lexical aspects of discourse include: repetition, synonyms, collocation, hyponym, antonyms, and equivalence. The text that became the subject of the analysis was short stories and narrative text in the “Buku Teks Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII SMP Kurikulum 2013 ” . Based on the results of the study, there are two parts of the grammatical aspects that are dominant, namely the reference and the conjunction. Lexically, this research found some lexical devices, they are repetition, synonym, antonym and collocation. The dominant device in emergence is repetition. There are two dominant repetitions, namely epizeuksis and anaphora repetition. After those two types of repetitions, the repetition appears frequently is noun repetition. Besides, the emergence of the second lexical aspect is collocation. Antonym and synonyms are in the third rank in the frequency of emergence after collocation. Each of these discourse cohesion devices forms a unified of whole and coherent discourse.

As part of a larger project into the acquisition of tense-aspect marking in Korean, this paper reports the findings of a piece of experimental research looking into “when” and “how” second language learners of Korean develop use of the progressive marker “ko issta”. The paper sets out to test the claims made by the aspect hypothesis (Shirai 1991, Andersen & Shirai 1996) regarding acquisition of progressive marking; namely that (1) progressive marking is acquired first on activity verbs and later on accomplishment and achievement verbs and that (2) learners do not commit "errors" of using progressive marking with state verbs. However, we acknowledge several problems in applying these claims to Korean: (1) since “-ko issta” can be more easily omitted with activity verbs than with other verb types, it appears questionable that progressive marking is acquired primarily with activity verbs in the case of Korean; (2) in contradiction to claims that learners do not “mis-use” progressive marking with state verbs, Korean “-ko issta” frequently occurs with a category of such verbs (cognitive/emotive) verbs in native speaker talk and (3) Korean verbs of wearing may operate both as accomplishment and as achievement verbs, resulting in dual readings when used with progressive marking. Data was collected through a cloze-style test sat by 40 learners of Korean (20 at elementary level and 20 at advanced level) and retrospective interviews. Analysis of the results can be summarized as follows: (1) contrary to the claims of the aspect hypothesis, progressive marking in L2 Korean occurs first on accomplishment rather than activity verbs, (2) Korean L2 learners acquire progressive marking on cognitive-emotive verbs at a late stage and struggle to fully grasp the meaning even at advanced levels, (3) with verbs of wearing, learners acquire the “accomplishment” reading first and the “achievement” meaning later. We conclude the paper by discussing the implications of this research for Korean language education and by making concrete recommendations as to how teaching of this important point of tense-aspect can be improved.

This article refutes the claim (Swift and Bohnemeyer 2004) that viewpoint aspect in Inuktitut is determined wholly by telicity. We claim that, in fact, Inuktitut lacks default viewpoint aspect altogether. This article follows Cowper (2005) and Kyriakaki (2006) in assuming that viewpoint aspect can be encoded with the morphosyntactic features Interval (imperfective aspect) and Moment (perfective aspect), which are possible dependents of the feature Event. We show that, while English has two past tense constructions, one of which is infelicitous with states because it spells out Interval, the dependent feature of Event, Inuktitut has only one. There is no tense construction in Inuktitut that is felicitous only with events, indicating that there is none that spells out a dependent of the feature Event. Other tests for perfectivity and imperfectivity prove inconclusive in Inuktitut; there is no evidence of a feature Interval or Moment. Thus, we conclude that no such feature exists. Therefore, all Inuktitut clauses are neither perfective nor imperfective, but simply unmarked with respect to viewpoint aspect. We further show that the locus of all aspectual variation in Inuktitut is little v, and that this variation relates to lexical aspect only, not viewpoint aspect.

Both children and adults tend to produce predicates with lexical aspect, grammatical aspect and tense in particular prototypical combinations. While it has been argued that these prototypes constitute the linguistic knowledge that children have of tense, others argue that they are independent dimensions of knowledge, even in child language, and that the prototypical groupings of these dimensions in child language fall together for non-linguistic cognitive reasons. Recent studies of child Spanish suggest non-adult-like use of verb finiteness. In light of these facts, we seek to determine whether Spanish-speaking children are also delayed in their comprehension of prototypical tense and aspect combinations. Twenty-three Spanish-speaking children (mean age = 3;10) from Mexico City were given a comprehension task and scored on their ability to select a picture corresponding to different tense-aspect combinations. Children were largely able to successfully interpret tense and aspect information as it was conveyed in the adult-like cues.

This study focuses on a number of grammatical and lexical aspect termsand their Turkish counterparts. Key terms are briefl y defi ned and thechoice of various terms is justifi ed. In addition, some Turkish translationsare suggested for those aspectual terms that have not yet been introducedinto the Turkish aspectual terminology.Key words: grammatical aspect, lexical aspect, aspectual termsBu çalışmada çağdaş kuramlar çerçevesinde incelenmiş temel görünüşkavramları ele alınarak tanımlanmakta ve Türkçe’de henüz yerleşmiş birkarşılığı bulunmayanlara yeni terim önerileri getirilmektedir.Anahtar sözcükler: görünüş, kılınış, görünüş terimleri

This thesis deals with the group of Latin iterative verbs, i.e. the group that is formally marked with the iterative suffix -t. It deals with the question what was the actual meaning of the iterative suffix -t in classical Latin as reference literature says that in some cases the meaning of iterative verbs in classical Latin was the same as that of the base verb and there are iterative verbs whose base verbs are not attested at all. Also, only iterative verbs often passed into Romance languages. Another question this thesis deals with is the relationship of iterative verbs as a group set off on the basis of the category of aktionsart as it is understood in the Czech linguistic tradition and the categories that are generally referred to as aspect (grammatical aspect, lexical aspect). In this case, the selected method is a corpus-based quantitative method called the "behavioural profiles". In our case, the corpus is limited to selected prosaic works of the classical Latin period of approximately the 1st century b.C. to the 1st century AD. In its first part, the analysis is based on studying the occurrences of selected iterative verb - base verb pairs in the above mentioned corpus, especially focused on the frequency of occurrence, valence and classification of predicates into Vendler's classes,...

It has been claimed that there is a universal interaction between grammatical aspect and the inherent lexical aspect of verbs. In other words, in many languages of the world, a given grammatical aspect co-occurs naturally with some verb types but not with others. This chapter tests this claim with Brunei Malay and with children acquiring Brunei Malay as their L1 to determine whether or not the lexical aspect of verbs affects the comprehension of grammatical aspect. Although Brunei Malay is a language that does not have a grammaticalised system for marking tense, it has aspect markers available to its speakers. We identified five markers available in Brunei Malay namely sudah, baru, lakat, masih and tangah, and we tested children's comprehension of these aspect markers using sentence-to-picture matching exercises, and we looked specifically at the interaction of these aspect markers and the lexical aspect of the verbs. The participants were 108 children aged 3, 4 and 5. The findings suggest that the semantic features of verbs (like telicity or durativity) affect children’s comprehension of aspect markers and may be used to provide support for the Aspect Hypothesis.

This paper stems from a broader research project entitled Analog-based Modelling of Meaning Representations in English (Skrzypczak 2006), and aims to present grammatical aspect and lexical aspect as two modes of encoding the temporal profiles within the conceptualisation of processes (terminologically, in Langackerian sense, imperfective and perfective processes, otherwise, variously labelled as stative and dynamic verbs, i. e. states vs. discrete ‘unitary’ events and nondiscrete ‘unbounded’ processes). It is assumed that aspect in both cases – as a process-profiling category – is analogous to the profiling of things and atemporal relations (in the sense of Langacker 1987, 1990, 2000), given the maximisation of the temporal domain in the characterisation of processes (perfective and imperfective, hence: dynamic and stative), and minimalisation of the temporal domain during the conceptualisation of things (conceptually independent entities) and atemporal relations (conceptually dependent atemporal configurations). The analogy between nouns and verbs in terms of ‘granularity’ has been so far variously addressed by Langacker (1990), Jackendoff (1991) and Talmy (2001), and also constitutes the core assumption in my research on topological modelling.

Taking the two-component theory of aspect, where Smith (1991) distinguishes grammatical aspect ((im)perfectivity) from lexical...

This paper investigates the linguistic representation of tense and aspect upon a longitudinal case study of the initial stages of the acquisition process, based onspontaneous and semi-spontaneous speech data. We test the hypothesis that (A) when acquired, tense and aspect morphemes reflect only lexical aspect features, inherent to the verb, and that (B) tense and aspect features occupy distinct syntactic heads in the syntactic structure of a sentence. The results indicated that the past perfective morpheme is associated to the lexical aspect achievement, when acquired, at one-word stage, being also associated to accomplishments and activities at multiple-combination stage; the present tense and non-progressive continuous imperfective aspect morpheme is associated to the lexical aspect state, when acquired, at one-word stage; and the present tense and progressive continuous imperfective aspect morpheme is associated to the lexical aspect activity, when acquired, at 24 (twenty-four) months, during two-word stage, being also associated to accomplishments at 25 (twenty-five) months. So, hypothesis A was not refuted, because, when acquired, the perfective, non-progressive and progressive continuous imperfective morphemes reflected punctuality, state or duration features of the lexical aspect, respectively. To account for the association between the imperfective and accomplishments, at two-word stage, we propose that the semantic property telicity is underspecified during one and two-word stages, which is contrary to Li and Shirai (2000)´s proposal that this feature entails the association to the perfective. We defend that the Verkuyl (2002)’s proposal of aspectual classification, favouring aspectual composition over the ontological classification of Vendler (1967), appeared to be more adequate to data treatment. So, we propose one single feature of verb aspectuality, that, at one-word stage, indicates, in a restrictive form, state transition and, at two-word stage, begins to also indicate dynamic progress and non-state. In an analysis of the different verbal forms produced by the child, we verified the association of different morphemes to the same verb, plus syntactic representations indicating verbal movement or feature checking, as evidence of the fact that gerundive forms present grammatical aspect feature-checking and, at the multiple-combination stage, periphrastic forms (“to be” +-ing) present Aspect and Tense feature-checking. So, hypothesis B was not refuted. Thereby, we support the dissociation between Tense and Aspect, based on the existence of an AspP node, dominated by TP. The distinguishing feature of this study is its reliability upon the fact that these records represent, indeed, the initial productions of tense and aspect and it highlights the importance of an analysis not restricted to verifying the associations between lexical aspect and tense/aspect morphology, including the scrutiny of the language acquisition stages and the emergence of other syntactic elements and verbal movements, in order to validate the proposals regarding the functional layer of syntactic structure. Este trabalho investiga a representação linguística de Tempo e Aspecto a partir de umestudo de caso, de caráter longitudinal, dos estágios iniciais do processo de aquisição,com base em dados de produção espontânea e semiespontânea. Colocamos à prova as hipóteses de que (A) os morfemas de tempo e aspecto, ao emergirem, refletem apenas os traços de aspecto lexical, inerentes ao verbo, e (B) os traços de tempo e aspecto ocupam nódulos sintáticos distintos na estrutura sintática sentencial. Os resultados indicaram que o morfema de passado perfectivo se associa ao aspecto lexical culminação, ao emergir, no estágio de uma palavra, passando a se associar, também, a processo culminado e atividade no estágio de combinações múltiplas; o morfema de presente imperfectivo contínuo não progressivo, ao emergir, no estágio de uma palavra, associou-se ao aspecto lexical estado; e o morfema de presente imperfectivo contínuo progressivo, ao emergir, aos 24 (vinte e quatro) meses, durante o estágio de duas palavras, associou-se ao aspecto lexical atividade, passando a se associar, também, a processo culminado, aos 25 (vinte e cinco) meses. Logo, a hipótese A não foi refutada, pois, ao emergir, os morfemas de perfectivo, imperfectivo contínuo não progressivo e progressivo refletiam, respectivamente, os traços de pontualidade, estado ou duratividade do aspecto lexical. Para dar conta da associaçãodo imperfectivo ao processo culminado, no estágio de duas palavras, propomos que a propriedade semântica telicidade é subespecificada nos estágios iniciais, de uma e duas palavras, indo de encontro à proposta de Li e Shirai (2000), de que esse traço ocasiona associação ao perfectivo. Defendemos que a proposta de classificação aspectual de Verkuyl (2002), privilegiando a composicionalidade aspectual, em detrimento da classificação ontológica de Vendler (1967), mostrou-se mais adequada para o tratamento dos dados. Assim, propomos um único traço de aspectualidade para o verbo, que, no estágio de uma palavra, indica, de forma restrita, transição de estado, e, no estágio de duas palavras, passa a indicar, também, progresso dinâmico e não estatividade. Numa análise das diferentes formas verbais produzidas pela criança, verificamos a associação de morfemas diferentes a um mesmo verbo, além de representações sintáticas indicativas de movimento verbal ou checagem de traços, evidenciando que, no estágio de duas palavras, as formas gerundivas apresentam checagem de traços de aspecto gramatical, e, no estágio de combinações múltiplas, a forma perifrástica (“ser +-ndo”) apresenta checagem de traços de Tempo e Aspecto. Logo, a hipótese B não foi refutada. Defendemos, então, a dissociação entre Tempo e Aspecto, a partir da existência de um nódulo AspP, dominado por TP. Este estudo tem como diferencial a credibilidade de que os registros representam, de fato, as produções iniciais de Tempo e Aspecto e destaca a importância de uma análise que não se restrinja a verificar as associações entre o aspecto lexical e a morfologia de tempo e aspecto, incluindo o exame dos estágios de aquisição da linguagem e da emergência de outros elementos sintáticos e movimentos verbais, para validação das propostas acerca da camada funcional da estrutura sintática.

Participants were six Cantonese-speaking 5-year-old children with SLI and six 3-year-old typically developing children, individually matched on MLU (TD-MLU). Their use of the perfective aspect marker zo2 was examined in 900-utterance conversational language samples. Group differences in the token frequency of zo2 and the percentage of occurrence of zo2 in all predicate tokens were not significant. The two groups also used zo2 with a similar number of different predicates, and in a comparable percentage of predicate types. Even though the interaction effect of interest, that is between group and semantic class types (telic vs. atelic verbs) on the use of zo2 was not statistically significant, a child-by-child analysis revealed a trend that children with SLI are restricted in their use of this marker with telic verbs, and not as likely to extend its use with atelic verbs. Further investigation of aspectual markings in children with SLI is implicated in this study.

Le is a functional morpheme in Mandarin, which can appear in two places, immediately after the verb (verb-le) or in a sentence-final position (sentence-le). Traditionally, verb-le is often referred to as a perfective aspect marker denoting completion, while sentence-le is generally considered as a sentence final particle which signals a change-of-state meaning. Based on Smith’s aspect theory, which calls the grammatical aspect the viewpoint aspect and the lexical aspect the situation aspect, this paper argues that both les are perfective aspect markers derived from one super-le. Besides, it also compares le with guo, which is another post-verbal perfective aspect marker whose aspectual status has been well-established in the literature, and points out that guo differs from verb-le in that it always denotes the completion of event. It is further argued that the reason why le conveys distinct meanings lies in its position in the sentence. And thus, the conclusion is drawn as: although verb-le and sentence-le denote different meanings, they are essentially the same in terms of the three following aspects: (1) Both of them are perfective aspect viewpoint markers. (2) They have the same temporal interpretations. (3) They show the same variance from guo. Therefore, there is just one le which is a perfective aspect marker. If it is placed after the verb, it will have the terminative reading. If it is in the sentence-final position, it will form a Perfect and have a change-of-state reading. Given such difference, a syntactic representation of le in the clausal structure is proposed, in which verb-le is generated in the AspP lower within vP while sentence-le resides in the AspP adjoined to TP. The reason why guo cannot occur with verb-le is the different aspectual meanings they convey. Guo is concerned with the experience the subject has while sentence-le is about the state change.