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Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy, generally of the proximal intestine, that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals triggered by the ingestion of gluten. The incidence and frequency of CD are increasing, and it is predicted that CD affects approximately 1% of the people worldwide. The common clinical manifestations of CD are divided in two sections, including classic and non-classic symptoms that can be created in childhood and adulthood. The relationship between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria with CD is complex and multidirectional. In previous published studies, results demonstrated the triggering impact of bacteria, viruses, and parasites on initiation and development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Different studies revealed the inducing effect of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria on CD. However, increasing evidence proposes that some of these microorganisms can also play several positive roles in CD process. Although information of the pathogenesis of the CD is quickly expanding, the possible role of bacteria needs further examination. In conclusion, with respect to the possible correlation between different bacteria in CD, the current review-based study aims to discuss the possible relationship between CD and pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and to show various and significant aspects of mechanisms involved in the CD process., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Wild rats are known to carry different microorganisms and are considered a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens worldwide. The urban rats were collected from five districts of Tehran and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were isolated from fecal samples and were identified using classical biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria were determined by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, the results of which were interpreted in line with CLSI guideline. The frequency of antibiotic-resistant genes was identified using multiplex-PCR. Moreover, PCR method was used to identify the frequency of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and main categories of diarrheagenic E. coli including EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EAEC, and STEC pathotypes. A total of 100 Rattus norvegicus were trapped and fecal samples were collected. Overall, 72 fecal samples were positive for GNB. E. coli (n = 46/72) had the highest frequency among the isolated GNB. Among E. coli isolates, the highest and lowest resistance rates belonged to ampicillin (56.5%) and ceftriaxone (0%), respectively. Klebsiella spp. was 100% resistant to imipenem, and streptomycin (0%) was the most effective antimicrobial agent on Klebsiella spp. Among surveyed genes, blaTEM (95.8%) and blaaadA-1 (58.3%) had the highest frequency, while blaKPC, and blaCMY-2 were not detected among Enterobacteriaceae. Herein, O157: H7 serotype was not detected and aEPEC (87%) was the most common pathotype detected. Results suggested that rodents might be a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and rodent control along with implementation of surveillance programs should be considered as a critical priority for urban health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii resist antibiotics by different intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. This study aims to define various carbapenem-resistant mechanisms of isolated P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii from nine different provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii samples from nine provinces of Iran on a one-year time horizon were gathered. Modified Hedge Test (MHT) and Carba NP-Test were applied to the identification of producing-carbapenemase strains. The most important carbapenemase genes recognized by PCR and gene overexpression of the efflux pump were surveyed by efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) and confirmed by Real-Time PCR. Results: Twenty-one percent and 43.5% of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolates were resistant to carbapenem, respectively. MHT and Carba-NP tests identified 21% and 11% carbapenemaseproducing strains in these Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. NDM-1 was the most prevalently detected carbapenemase in P. aeruginosa; OXA-51 and OXA-23 were the most significant genes in A. baumannii. EPIs identified active efflux pumps in 20% and 28% of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, respectively. Real-time PCR confirmed gene overexpression of efflux pumps in 54% and 30% of positive EPIs in P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, respectively. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii may become multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) strains and cause a high rate of mortality and morbidity. Thus, it is of necessity to prohibit the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study evaluates the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profile of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) isolated from clinical specimens in children admitted to Mofid Children's Hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective study of the patients' clinical specimens collected from January 2013 until the end of December 2018. All specimens were evaluated to determine the presence of infection-causing agents using a BACTEC 9120 blood culture. Isolation and identification of bacterial strains were performed using conventional biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance was determined using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Results were interpreted according to CLSI and EUCAST. Results: A total of 1130 different pathogenic bacteria were detected from 14,690 different clinical specimens and the overall detection rate was 7.7% (1130/14,690). Among bacterial pathogen isolated from clinical specimens, 55% (n=622) were GNB and 45% (n=508) were GPB. The predominant GNB isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., respectively. Among GPB, CoNS was the most frequent and Enterococcus spp. was found to have low levels of resistance to linezolid. In GNB, most A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were ceftriaxone resistant. P. aeruginosa was found to have low levels of resistance to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the resistance rate among GNB and GPB associated with different infections in children is very high. These results suggest a constant screening and follow-up programs for the detection of antibiotic resistance, and it also suggests to develop antimicrobial stewardship programs in Tehran, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]