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Agronomic management and environment affect malting barley yield and quality. The objective of this study was to determine optimum agronomic practices (cultivar, fertilization, and seeding rate) for yield and quality of malting barley. A study was conducted during 2012–2014 in the region of Požarevac, southeastern Serbia, to evaluate the weather-dependent effect of seeding rate (S1=350, S2=450 and S3=550 seeds m–2) and nitrogen fertilization rate (N1=45, N2=75, N3=95 and N4=135 kg N ha–1) on the yield and quality of spring malting barley cultivars ('Novosadski 448', 'Novosadski 456', 'Dunavac' and 'Jadran'). Increasing seeding rate had a significantly negative effect on the quality, whereas the effect on yield was dependent upon weather during the growing season. Grain yield and grain protein content significantly increased with an increase in nitrogen rate up to 135 kg N ha–1. The optimum nitrogen rate for the average thousand-kernel weight and percentage of kernels ≥ 2.5 mm in all years was 75 kg N ha–1, and for test weight 105 kg N ha–1. Germinative energy depended on genotype and weather conditions, whereas seeding and nitrogen rates had a significant effect only during the first year. Results indicated that seeding rates above 350 seeds m–2 and nitrogen rates above 75 kg N ha–1 led to substantial grain quality deterioration in barley cultivars. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Efficient fertilizer management in maize production is based on supplying adequate amounts of nutrients for optimum economic yield, while minimizing losses to the environment. Exploiting genotypic differences in fertilizers use is required for achieving nutrient-use efficiency and higher yield. This two-year field study was designed to evaluate the influence of different fertilizer combinations on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake patterns, and yield in novel maize hybrids. Four divergent maize hybrids NS 4023, NS 6010, NS 6030 and NS 640 were grown under eight NPK combinations: 1: P60K60; 2: P60K60 N-min (spring); 3: P60K60 + N40autumn Nmin (spring); 4: P60K60 +/- N-60spring; 5: P60K60 N-100spring; 6: P60K60 N-40autumn N-60spring Zn; 7: P60K60 +/- N-40autumn N-80spring Zn; 8: P60K60 + N-160spring + Zn in both years of study. Different NPK combinations significantly improved NPK contents in leaves and grains along with substantial increase in 1000-grain weight, grain yield, grain protein contents and net returns of all tested hybrids; however, hybrids behaved differently in this regard. The highest N content in maize leaves was found in NS 4023 (2.39%), potassium in NS 6030 and NS 6010 (1.73%). Fertilizer combinations with N addition in autumn and spring + Zn, fertilization based on N correction in spring, showed positive effects on N content in grain and leaves; however P contents in leaves were not affected with fertilization systems. Moreover, P and K concentrations in leaves and grains decreased, which may be associated to better efficiency of maize hybrids. The highest yield was obtained with P60K60 + N-40 autumn + N-60 spring Zn followed by fertilizer combinations, P601(60 N40 autumn + N-80 spring Zn and P60K60 + N-40 autumn + N-min spring. The highest net benefit of 2091.6 and 2043.9 $ ha(-1) was obtained in treatments: P60K60 +N-40 (autumn) + N-60 Zn-spring and P60K60 N - (40 autumn) + N-min (spring). In conclusion, the amount and timings of nutrients application significantly affect the yield and could help in determination of genotype potential. Moreover, the treatment combination, P60K60 + N-40 (autumn )+ N-60 (spring) Zn harvested maximum maize yield along with highest net benefits and benefit: cost ratio.

A comparative study on the grain yield and yield components of six winter barley cultivars and lines was conducted at an experimental farm of the Small Grains Research Centre in Kragujevac over a three-year period. The analysis included stem height, spike number per m2, kernel number per spike and grain yield. The smallest and greatest plant heights were found with the K-10-85 line and cv. NS- 293, respectively, regardless of the year of observation. A considerably lower stem height, as compared to the standard cultivar, was observed in genotypes NS-331, K-10-85 and ZA-88. Plant height and grain yield were substantially affected by environmental conditions during the observation period. These traits were also considerably affected by the genotype-year interaction. Spike number per m2 and kernel number per spike were significantly affected by year, the differences between the cultivars and lines observed in this study were not significant, and moreover, no important effects of the genotype-year interaction were registered. There were significant differences in grain yield between the genotypes studied, the highest and lowest being obtained by K-10-85 and KG-8/4, respectively. U trogodišnjem periodu obavljena su uporedna sortna ispitivanja komponenti prinosa i prinosa zrna šest ozimih sorti i linija jecma na imanju Centra za strna žita u Kragujevcu. Analizirana je visina stabla, broj klasova po m2, broj zrna po klasu i prinos zrna. Bez obzira na godinu ispitivanja najmanju visinu biljke imala je linija K-10- 85, a najvecu sorta NS-293. Znacajno nižu visinu stabla u odnosu na sortu standard imali su genotipovi NS-331, K-10-85 i ZA-88. Uslovi uspevanja u posmatranim godinama imali su znacajan uticaj na visinu biljke i visinu prinosa. Za data svojstva javio se i znacajan interakcijski efekat izmedu genotipa i godine. Na broj klasova po m2 i broj zrna po klasu znacajno je uticala godina, a razlike izmedu sorti i linija nisu znacajne i nije bilo znacajnih efelkata u interakciji genotip-godina. Genotipovi su se znacajno razlikovali u visini prinosa, tako da je najveci prinos imala linija K-10-85, a najmanji KG-8/4.