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With the adoption of the Foreign State Immunity Law in September 2023, China officially switches from absolute State immunity to restrictive State immunity. This paper analyses selected provisions of the new law which are likely to cause problems in practice. In addition, the paper also reflects upon the marginal position of Chinese courts in immunity cases in the past and the implication of the new law under the principle of "One Country, Two Systems". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the need of applying new standards for prosecutorial accountability in issues related to absolute immunity. Topics discussed include the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1871; ways in which Federal employees are liable for violations of civil rights under Supreme Court precedent; and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the case "Harlow v. Fitzgerald" in which the court recognized a blanket qualified immunity defence that applies to all government officials.

The article discusses the law of foreign sovereign immunity in the U.S. and analyzes the role of legal enforcement in the sovereign debt markets. It reflects on the abandoning of the doctrine of absolute immunity by the U.S. and examines court cases by private claimants against foreign governments. It explains the effect of debt litigation on ongoing sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone.

The article describes the structure of self-regulatory organizations (SROs) and examines the absolute legal immunity granted to SROs such as Financial Industry Regulatory Authority in the U.S. It discusses the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit case Standard Investment Chartered Inc. v. National Association of Securities Dealers in which the court held that alleged fraud claims against defendant National Association cannot be proceeded as it had sovereign immunity against lawsuits.