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This study examined the effects of the misallocation of talent between the government and private enterprise sectors on innovation. By using the 2005 inter-census population survey and patent datab...

In 2014, the Chinese government adopted a version of the controversial Big Push approach to poverty reduction, and augmented this once-discredited developmental narrative by enlisting very large private enterprises to operate in the poorest regions. Not without controversies, this approach and the resources associated with it has created new state-large business relations in China. This article studies four large enterprises and examines why they participated in poverty reduction, the resulting state–business relations and the outcomes of poverty reduction. The field research was conducted in 2018 through in depth interviews with company management and site visits. The findings show that the local state became collaborators of big businesses that were endorsed by the central government. Whether these relationships become formalised will depend on the future direction of poverty reduction. This research contributes to the literature on how state–business relations may initiate economic growth.

The Management Organization Review ‘Forum on Resilience’ was kicked off by the editors’ perspective on the lingering new normal (Välikangas & Lewin, 2020). We conclude the forum by reflecting on the persisting – perhaps hopeful, perhaps disturbing – take-aways. Not surprisingly, some companies have demonstrated resilience capabilities in quickly seizing opportunities even when faced with what initially looked like the end of business. Such determined agility represented, for example, improvising an emergent-opportunity-fitting strategy or it may have been manifested by government action (e.g., China, New Zealand, and Finland). Most famously, Zoom, the by-now ubiquitous video communications company, benefited from being in the right place at the right time, but also effectively dealt with issues such as ‘zoom bombing’, a security breach, including an upgrade of its encryption. Such successful growth strategy requires being ready for an opportunity. But the backward-looking depiction of successes also highlights the absence of a developed science of organization design underlying resilience and management practices (Lewin & Välikangas, 2020). In addition, building cognitive and stakeholder preparedness, as Zhang, Dong, and Yi (2020) and Liu and Yin (2020) point out, may be important, as well as considering leadership implications discussed by Giustiniano, Cunha, Simpson, Rego, and Clegg (2020) in the context of coping with the paradoxes unleashed by resilience. Emergency management systems become sorely tested (Cai & Ye, 2020). Do we have a new buzzword for uncertain times (Cai, 2020) or something to learn from that will help in coping with future crises or understanding the renaissance of resilience? Some themes rise above others.

At present, private enterprises in Sichuan Province of China are confronted with the problem of “weak in innovation and lack of stamina”. The studies on research and development (RD secondly, CDZS Software Company Limited, a technology-intensive private enterprise in Southwest China, was selected as the research subject; thirdly, the innovation investment of CDZS Software Company Limited was studied through descriptive and statistical analysis. Finally, the basic path of technology-intensive enterprises in R&D investment is obtained through data analysis, and the feasibility of “innovation chain theory with R&D investment as the core” was verified. From a theoretical perspective, this paper contributed to the literature on “innovation chain” and “R&D investment of technology-intensive enterprises” at a micro-level. From a practical perspective, this paper provided a reference for government’s decision-making of R&D investment activities, which is helpful in terms of improving independent innovation abilities of technology-intensive private enterprises in Sichuan Province.

Eastern Africa is one of the most contested zones in the vast Indo-Pacific region. It is here that the collision of Japan’s Indo-Pacific vision and China’s Belt and Road Initiative is most apparent. This vast region stretching north from Mozambique to Djibouti is also a zone of high contestation between medium and small powers. Yet eastern Africa is often ignored and misunderstood by policymakers and scholars alike. It is within this contextual setting that the chapter describes, defines and analyzes Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision as it relates to this complex region. It finds that Tokyo’s perception of a zero-sum game of influence with its strategic competitor, China, in eastern Africa informs its renewed interest in the region. Japan’s recent engagements in states like Kenya and Mozambique differ markedly from past decades in that they increasingly rely on the actions of private enterprise. Indeed, Japanese foreign policy in the region is largely driven by Japanese businesses and consulting firms rather than Tokyo’s government ministries. Yet while an increased appetite for risk is apparent among Japanese multinational conglomerates, they continue to rely on the Japanese government for funding and loans, thus hampering their effectiveness as agents of Japanese power in the region.

Located in the northern part of the Pingtung Plain of southern Taiwan, the town of Meinong is surrounded by Jade Mountain Range in the northeast, Laonong River in the south. After a period of land management and social operation in the Qing Dynasty, Hakka ethnic groups kept traditional lifestyle in Meinong. In the Qing Dynasty, the settlement development of Meinong was mainly distributed in the northern as a result of Laonong River usually flooded and deposited to alluvial fans with gravel and developed hardly in the southern. Until the Japanese colonization period, the Japanese government and the private enterprise begun to develop the alluvial fan. This study has two mainly purposes to analyze. First, the cooperation relationship between private enterprise and government. Second, the social operation and interaction between the original residents and immigrants in Meinong by the new developments that through existing research, literature review, field study and mapping.In 1908, the Japanese government constructed Shihzihtou Irrigation System to irrigate a new reclamation site in the south of Meinong and set up a dike to block flood on the right bank of the Laonong River. In 1909, the Governor's House gave the permission to the private enterprise—Sanwu Company—to develope the NanLong farm. The NanLong farm attracted the nearby Hoklo ethnic group, the Hakka group of the northern Taiwan and the families of the old tribes of Meinong came here for reclamation. The NanLong farm is alluvial soil of sandstone and shale, so it is conducive to agricultural development. It mainly grows the second-phase rice, sucrose, banana and miscellaneous grain crops. The NanLong farm controlled as a committee, representatives were from the settlements of new reclamation site and farm manager who was councilman. That built up a local society center on the NanLong farm, it was different from Meinong was mainly distributed in the northern that was center on the town office. Through state resources supported the private enterprise and private enterprise provided job opportunities for immigranst, the south of Meinong became liveable, culturally inclusive and sustainable landscapes from a alluvial fans with gravel.

This article explores community in contemporary South Korea's commercially saturated urban environments by investigating a recent government-run city improvement project in which the entanglement of institutional power and local commercial forces created a peculiar form of community that is fragmentary and heterogeneous rather than organic and harmonious. The case study involves an attempt by the city government in Gunpo City, South Korea, to collaborate with private enterprise to regulate the dense signage on one specific commercial building, Kwangrim Plaza. The meetings and conversations between the government officials in charge of regulating urban signage and the plaza's forty-five shopkeepers were recorded in a four-part documentary series that was televised on the Seoul Broadcasting System in 2007. The documentary was intended to exemplify the government's effectiveness as well as civic participation in producing an attractive cityscape. Though the film emphasizes reconciliation and synthesis following the shopkeepers' strenuous objections to the renovation project, its scenes reveal a series of conflicts and disagreements among shopkeepers and between shopkeepers and government officials. Though the narrative of the film treats those conflicts as temporary obstacles to the inevitable achievement of this ambitious project, the author argues that interruptions, suspensions, and instances of dissensus in the smooth narrative are the critical moments in which a sense of community manifests itself in everyday urban life.

Since the early 1990s, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA), a new environmental management accounting techniques which began from Germany, has been deeply practiced and developed in Japan. According to years of private enterprise and government practice and theoretical research, co-published a guidebook of MFCA in 2007, which also known as the first guidebook in the world.

Frank Chodorov (1887–1966) was Nock’s protege, and also a magazine writer. While Chodorov’s libertarian political philosophy resembled Nock’s in most areas, Chodorov was optimistic about the superiority of private enterprise in education. This, I argue, owes to the influence of the libertarian economist Ludwig von Mises, who stressed the importance of consumer sovereignty and suggested that economists should celebrate markets ability to satisfy consumer preferences rather than opine one what consumers should prefer. Chodorov ideally preferred no role for government in education, but compromised to support the minimal government function of giving individuals tax deductions/credits for money spent purchasing private education.

Through various review proceedings, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office may reconsider its decision to grant a patent application and may rescind a patent that it concludes was awarded erroneously. Such patents — ones that never should have been granted — can have significant obstructive effects on private enterprise and government programs alike. The question presented in this case asks whether federal agencies, like private parties, can ask the Patent Office to review potentially invalid patents. The answer must be yes.

In the modern conditions clustering concept became one of the most popular modern trends, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan has one of the most successful experience of cluster policy. It has a great variety of different forms of clusters in its regions: technology parks, industrial parks, science parks and others. Nowadays, Japanese government provided a number of Business Startup Support Programs for supporting innovation sectors in Japanese regions. This measure became one of the most successful in regional development. Japan is actively implementing a number of programs for development of scientific and technological cooperation with private enterprise and science centers. Nowadays, clustering also became one of the main sphere of New Economic Growth Strategy of Japan.

Private enterprises play an important role in the economic development of many countries in the world, including Vietnam. In particular, the state management of private enterprises in Vietnam plays an important role in the development of private enterprises in three aspects: promoting private enterprise development; ensure a fair and healthy competitive environment; state manages private enterprises according to the market principle. The state management of private enterprises in Vietnam is of special interest to the Government, which is reflected in the policies, laws, institutions, and support for the development of private enterprises. Analysis of the state management of private enterprises in the market economy in Vietnam helps assess the effectiveness of management measures while pointing out the limitations that need to be overcome so that the state management in this field will be more effective.

Based on data of Chinese Private Enterprises Survey (CPES) from 2006-2014, this paper uses OLS model and other empirical methods to estimate the impacts of political connections on private enterprise performance in China, as well as heterogeneous effects and mediating effects of different types of political connections on tax burden and non-productive activities expense. The results show that, political connections contribute significantly to private enterprises. Compared with previous political connections, like working experiences in state-owned enterprises and government-affiliated institutions, current political connections, like deputies to the NPC or members of CPPCC, have played better and further roles in enterprise performance. Tax burden and non-productive activities expense have a mediation effect in the relationship between political connections and enterprise performance. This study replenishes new evidence to describe how political connections affect private enterprise performance in China, and partly explains why private enterprises are keen on setting up political connections, which may provide valuable tips to foster a new type of cordial and clean relationship between government and business in China.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has, as of this writing, infected at least 200 countries and killed more than 33 000 people.1 Owing to frequent business dealings and being only 81 miles from mainland China, Taiwan was previously considered to be a hot spot for COVID-19. However, thus far, Taiwan has had 306 confirmed cases and ranked 73rd on the list of infected areas. With its previous experience of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, rapid response and quick implementation between government and private enterprise, Taiwan has been able to prevent a large-scale epidemic.2 On 20 January 2020, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced the activation of the Central Epidemic Command Center for COVID-19 and set up reporting criteria for real-time PCR tests.3 However, …

There is no enterprise operating solely based on market rules, just as there is no completely free market. The institutional constraints the market is subject to are also the institutional environment enterprises must face. This is not only true for Western capitalist countries, but also holds true for enterprises under the Chinese market economy system. Compared with state-owned enterprises and collectively-owned enterprises, private enterprises are more market-oriented, but it does not mean that private enterprises can operate spontaneously in the market without being subject to government intervention and regulation.

In 1809 Nicolas Appert received a prize from the French Government for the invention of a thermal method of food preservation which made perishable goods stable when stored without refrigeration, thus making a new type of rations available for use to French troops in the field. Appert invested the prize money in the first food canning factory in the world. In the early 1950s only token support had been given by the United States (US) Government to food irradiation research and, as late as 1951, the Department of Agriculture and the Army Quartermaster Corps had refused fiscal assistance to the Electronized Chemical Corp., contending that private enterprise should pay for commercial development. Members of the US Congress became interested in the food irradiation program and on March 31 and April 1, 1954, a public hearing was held by the Subcommittee on Atomic Energy, on the use of isotopes in agriculture.

We reject the theory of market failure, according to which some items are “public goods” which either cannot be produced by private enterprise at all or, if so, then too little. Basic research and terraforming are supposed to be examples of this critique of the free-enterprise system, and we find both wanting. Terraforming, in particular, might well be one way in which Mars will become habitable. So it is very important from our point of view, to demonstrate that this could be accomplished without any “aid” from government.

This article aimed to investigate problems relating to medical tourism based on a review of medical tourism reports and statistics in the global healthcare industry. To be a leading nation in the global healthcare industry, the needs and culture of many peoples, including Muslims, should be considered. Qualified medical services by JCI certification, including nutrition services, will provide opportunities to participate in the international and Asia medical tourism markets. In this article, the definitions of medical tourism, medical service, Halal and Haram, nutrition service for inbound Muslim patients, and Halal food supply in Korea were examined for medical service improvement. Mutual assistance between the government and private enterprise, sharing of medical service information, and construction of a cooperative network system are needed and should be supported by the government.

Our introduction argues the importance of infrastructure—both the concept and the thing it denotes—to twenty-first-century critical and literary theory. Infrastructures are big, expensive technological undertakings that trouble the distinction between private and public ownership because they both draw on and contribute to the public good in ways that go beyond the limits of purely private enterprise. Examples include a CEO’s attempt to commodify water and a South African grassroots organization’s unconditional demand for government provision of basic services like water and electricity. The final section offers synopses of each of the essays in the volume.

A robust literature has demonstrated that de jure regulatory barriers to entry deter firm formation. This paper identifies the discretion available to government officials in tollbooth positions to establish barriers to entry as a de facto policy barrier which is an important source of uncertainty for Chinese entrepreneurs. Defining discretion as the share of provincial government revenue deriving from discretionary charges levied by government departments, I estimate the impact of discretion on the formation of Chinese domestic private enterprises. I find that a 1% decrease in discretion is associated with an additional private enterprise for every 10,000 provincial residents.

Private enterprise carries out the complex operations of cross-border logistics that are the lifeblood of global supply chains. Yet, the efficiency of these activities depends on government agencies that provide the logistics infrastructure for global trade. Thus, public–private partnerships (PPPs) play an important role in facilitating improvements in cross-border logistics. While private enterprise and the public sector are key stakeholders in the quality of cross-border logistics, research that examines PPPs in logistics management is relatively sparse. To address this gap, the current study aims to develop empirically based theoretical insights into the nature and role of PPPs in the context of cross-border logistics. The study employs a grounded-theory analysis of case study data collected at the U.S./Canadian border. Findings show that private enterprise collaborative capability and public interagency cooperation determine the performance of PPPs which, in turn, influence the quality of cross-border logistics.

After consolidating his new government once becoming president in 2008, Raul Castro made a series of unprecedented moves in late 2010 to encourage the re-emergence of private self-employment (known as trabajo por cuenta propia or cuentapropismo)—explicitly reversing Fidel Castro’s policy that, according to Raul’s own bold assessment, had “stigmatized” and even “demonized” it (Castro Ruz 2010b). Subsequently, the number of legally allowed private occupations grew from 178 to 201, and the number of Cuba’s cuentapropistas (self-employed workers or micro-entrepreneurs) more than tripled, from less than 150,000 in 2010 to more than a half-million by mid 2015. Additionally, hundreds of new nonagricultural cooperatives have been authorized to operate since their legalization in 2012. Moreover, on December 17, 2014, as part of a momentous diplomatic thaw between Washington and Havana, the Obama Administration announced a new policy of engagement targeted explicitly at “empowering” Cuba’s new class of private entrepreneurs by allowing US companies to trade with “the emerging Cuban private sector.”1

In September 2010 and February 2011, the Canterbury region was rocked by a series of earthquakes. The success or otherwise, of a recovery from a crisis can be found in the perceptions of stakeholders. Many different stakeholders exist, including different levels of Government, bureaucratic institutions and state institutions, private enterprise, non-governmental organisations and the public. In this article, the public are the focus and their perception of the recovery is collected. An online survey was conducted, and it demonstrates a significant gap between the Government’s perception and the perception of residents of Christchurch. How do publics react when they feel as though they have been marginalised by the authorities charged with the crisis event recovery? The Government’s account of success is not shared by the majority of respondents, who have mobilised politically using social media platforms. There are implications for Governments and authorities that are seen to fail segments of the public in the age of social media, where crisis management and public relations meet and political mobilisation against officials and official bodies takes place.

Ship wrecks in the sea has many dangerous to enviroment, especially there are fuel and oil in them. To protect sea enviroment and improve the removal of wreckage, the use of the commercialization can solve the problem, have a reality meaning for the high cost of salvaging problem. The thesis analyses the situation and problem of our wreck removal actuality, then introduce Bertrend game model of the market to illustrate competition of the removal work, which can reduce the cost of salvage , our government should actively support the development of dive salvaging and private enterprise and make them strong and better.

The purpose of this study was to confirm that the formation and influencing factors of ocean governance in Busan. Recently it has been observed that the concept of ocean governance increasingly popular in the field of maritime administration, as the concept helps us understand more comprehensively the new or emerging roles of the government and other stakeholders(private enterprise, citizen, etc) in a rapidly changing environments. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the status of ocean governance and draw alternatives in applying appropriate ocean governance structure of maritime administration in Busan. The result of this study shows that ocean governance level in Busan was not high in some factors such as participation, cooperation, collective decision making. This is caused by the lack of a ocean governance structure. Based on these significant research findings, theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

In its quest to be a world city, many of Singapore’s urban spaces have been subjected to constant redevelopment. Derelict waterfronts and ageing neighbourhoods have been given new life, enjoying their reincarnation as landscapes of economy and leisure. A prevalent theme in Singapore’s transformation has been the reclamation of landscapes to cater to new users, activities and agendas. Adopting a case study of the Singapore River waterfront, this paper analyses three forms of urban reclamation. They include reclaiming functionality, aimed at infusing the waterfront with new land uses; reclaiming access, as a way of opening up the landscape to more people; and reclaiming the local, as a way to commemorate local cultures and histories. While government planners and private enterprise are intent on developing a world-class environment, Singaporeans and visitors respond to this urban vision in different ways with some praising the dynamism of worldly transformations and others criticising them as a prelude to a soulless city. While some degree of worldliness is essential in any redevelopment, a fine balance has to be sought between the excesses of global urbanism and the parochialism of vernacular concerns.

In recent years, due to the rise of labor costs, the RMB has appreciated. The government encourages private enterprise to make foreign investment. Increasingly, private enterprises in Zhejiang start to develop through foreign direct investment (FDI). This study finds that major FDI modes of the private enterprises from Zhejiang include: the establishment of overseas processing bases, international marketing network, international R&D institutions, overseas acquisition, and cluster FDI. By means of leadership, differentiation, and cluster FDI strategy, the private enterprises become engaged in local production network, innovation, and social development. These realized economic sustainable development and enhanced global competitiveness.

The relationship between government policy and economic development has been along-standing topic of academic research and policy debate. The government of a transitional economy plays an important role in the process of economic development. Over the past three decades, the Chinese economy has been growing very rapidly, in particular because of the rapid development of the private sector. However, the performance of private enterprises is still affected by government policies. In the present paper, we examine the changes in large Chinese private enterprises' performance during 2003–2006 and test the determinants of such changes. We conclude that the Chinese Government's discriminating policies against private enterprises are the main cause of the private sector's downturn.

We propose a new cause for the pervasive syndromes of soft budget constraint (SBC) in socialist and transition economies, that is, the policy burdens on enterprises result in the SBC problems. The policy burdens induce low effort input of firm manager and thus the low efficiency of production. And with the policy burdens, increasing market competition will make the SBC syndromes arise more likely. Privatization will not necessarily harden the budget constraint of the enterprise. On the contrary, when a SOE still bears the policy burdens, privatization will only aggravate the SBC problems. Because in this case, a private enterprise will demand more ex post subsidies from the government, than a SOE under the same condition. Our results help to explain many stylized facts in transition and socialist economies. Journal of Comparative Economics 36 (1) (2008) 90–102.

Mass immigration to Australia began in the late 1830s. It was a small part of the international movement of people in the nineteenth century. The majority of emigrants to the Australian colonies in the nineteenth century were from Britain and Ireland. As in north America in the previous two centuries, they quickly overwhelmed the indigenous people and became the dominant population on the Australian continent. In the first half of the nineteenth century the British government and British private enterprise were instrumental in diverting some of the flow of emigrants from Britain and Ireland to the Australian colonies away from north America. Other factors, such as chain migration, helped once this emigration field became known. At the heart of the immigrants' quest, as it probably was for most free emigrants in the nineteenth century, was the family. I have constructed a story of the operation of two sets of extended families over several decades to provide insights into their culture and customs, to look...

The importance of stimulating interest in entrepreneurship and small business is now recognized worldwide. In recent years, a number of organizations in Oman have started promoting entrepreneurship. In an attempt to diversify the economy and stimulate private enterprise development, government agencies and private institutions are participating in different entrepreneurship development activities. This paper provides a brief overview of the emergence of entrepreneurship education and training followed by a review of relevant programs and activities in Oman aimed at fostering entrepreneurship and small enterprise development. The paper also suggests how to enhance the efforts related to entrepreneurship development in the country and argues that a well developed comprehensive and co-ordinated program needs to be made available nationwide.

Este artículo busca abrir un diálogo necesario para las ciencias administrativas: brindar herramientas a la empresa para responder a los cambios del entorno que generará la firma de un acuerdo de paz con grupos insurgentes. Para esta investigación se realizó trabajo de campo con el grupo Éxito, la Organización Ardila Lülle, Pan Pa'Ya y Aviatur, y se encontró un bajo conocimiento de la política pública de atención a víctimas y de sus formas de articulación. Las acciones realizadas por estas empresas no son sistemáticas con respecto a las víctimas, pero existen posibilidades de fortalecer su accionar planteando estrategias integrales que cubran los aspectos político, social y cultural, no sólo lo económico. Lo cual queda como propuesta para futuras investigaciones. This article aims at opening a much-needed dialogue between the administrative sciences. It seeks to give companies tools to prepare them for the societal changes that will come about once the peace treaty is signed between the Colombian government and the insurgent groups. For the purposes ofthis research, field work was conducted with the Éxito Group, the Ardila Lülle Organization, Pan Pa'Ya and Aviatur, and the findings indicated that there is a general low level of knowledge in regards to the public policies for the attention to victims and its articulation methods. Actions carried out by these companies are not systematic in regards to victims, although there are possible ways to strengthen their efforts by setting out integral strategies that can cover not only the economical but the political, social and cultural aspects. These may be further explored in future research.

Economic growth without enterprise development would be like a pond without a source of water, while enterprise development without entrepreneurs would be like a bow without an arrow. In modern China, the growth of entrepreneurs and development of enterprises is related to government under the market economic system.

In this book, we have tried to depict a prospect for the growth of private entrepreneurs and the development of private enterprises in contemporary China based on an analytical framework and a series of empirical studies. Our findings are briefly summarized and their implications revealed in Chap. 6. We also discuss the implications of the studies on the relationship between governments and enterprises further in this chapter.

If we think of China’s economy as a car, the government provides the road, employees constitute the parts that make up the car and the entrepreneur is the driver.

This interdisciplinary, mixed-method research using the explanatory sequential design was undertaken to study one sector of the elderly community’s living condition in Mandaluyong City to determine the viability of putting up a privately-funded residential and care facility for them. Sixty-nine senior citizens were surveyed by a group of 4th year business students in 2013 for their feasibility study about an economic housing for the elderly, using a government-published questionnaire. Raw data from these instruments were, by mutual agreement used for this study. Analysis showed that the demographics from the instruments matched with the local government statistics. It was also found out that some respondents who have some source of modest income but feel neglected and lonely signified desire to live in a more quiet, modest but decent living facility away from their noisy and chaotic home environment. Literature search also showed numerous laws, bills, plans, and other government initiatives that provide assistance for the welfare of the elderly. These could be used in addressing or providing ideas to solve the problem at hand. A privately-funded facility proposed under the undergraduate feasibility study was therefore found economically viable after review in the areas of marketing, technical and financial aspects and that government interference was proposed to be solicited. Initially, the findings of this study was formally presented before the officials of Barangay Hulo, Mandaluyong City last May 7, 2015 as an extension project for the concerned elderly of the community. More than 50 senior citizens attended the presentation. Feedback from stakeholders was promising.

The urbanization construction of Zhengzhou city plays an exemplary role in the development of Henan province. This article summarizes the periodic achievements made by urban construction of Zhengzhou city and problems derived from rapid development, analyzes the mutual promoting relationships between private enterprise and the urbanization construction of Zhengzhou city, and obstacle factors faced by private enterprises in participating in the construction of urbanization in Zhengzhou city, and then discusses the ways of private enterprises in participating in the construction of urbanization in Zhengzhou city from two perspectives of government and private enterprise. Keywords—private enterprises; Zhengzhou; urbanization

Since 1883, when the nation's first electric power company, Tokyo Electric Lighting Co., was founded, Japan's electric power industry has developed largely through private enterprise. The exception was the period 1939-1951, spanning World War II and the Allied Occupation, when it was under state control. This path of development contrasts sharply with that of another electricity-related enterprise, the telecommunications industry. The Ministry of Communications also controlled telecommunications during and just after the war, but unlike the electric industry, telecommunications had no history as a private enterprise at any time from its start in 1869 until it was privatized in 1985. Until that year, the government ran it either directly or indirectly. This article reviews the history and development of Japan's electric power industry and analyzes the influential role of Matsunaga Yasuzaemon (1875-1971) in that process. While identifying the factors that lay behind Matsunaga's enormous contributions to the industry, it explains the reasons that the electric power industry, in contrast with telecommunications, has been run predominantly as a private enterprise.

The market, not the government, is that last best hope for actual and future potential victims of hurricanes. State subsidies have perverted locational settlement decision-making. They have acted in such a manner as to encourage people to build in more dangerous areas than they otherwise would have. By the government undertaking part of the costs of rebuilding in the aftermath of storms, it has encouraged irrational settlement patterns, which have led, in turn, to needless loss of life and wealth.

This chapter considers developments and changes in port policy and regulation occurring in the United Kingdom over the last few decades. This provides relevant contextual background relating to the issues and arguments surrounding the sale of former state-owned ports in the UK, the different methods of disposal employed, the associated liberalisation of dockworking and the legislative framework. It is argued that there were two distinct phases of port privatisation in the UK, with phase I involving the sale of state-owned ports and railway ports in the early 1980s, and phase II the disposal of major trust ports. However, it remains that the method and approach used to privatise ports in the UK differs markedly from the privatisation process for ports in most other countries, very few actually selling off port land. Port privatisation in the UK was never about creating new and improved port infrastructure and facilities to benefit the economy, which was the aim in other countries; it was simply a mechanism used to remove port assets from public ownership. This raises issues related to the aims and objectives of seaports and the role of government in this regard. The wider purpose of seaports in facilitating trade and generating economic and social benefits still tends to be stressed by public-owned (but private operated) ports in most other countries, whereas the narrower profit-making goal of private enterprise is paramount in the UK.

The history of the police in Canada is a field that has been little explored. This is all the more so in the case of the police corps of Quebec, the only valid monograph on the subject being one on the Montreal police. This article gives a general outline of the administrative history of the provincial police of Quebec, the “Sûreté du Québec”, since its creation in 1870 by the provincial government. The idea of creating a police force under State control was not new, going back to the first «modern» police established in 1838 in Quebec city and Montreal during a time of rebellion, by an Order in Council of governor Durham. An unsuccessful attempt was made to establish one during the 1850s. It was in 1870 that the «provincial police» were set up in Quebec City, the capital, mainly to have a force to intervene in riots and strikes. Municipalities requiring them could also obtain their services. This police corps was reduced after 1878 to become a mere guard of the Parliament which also served the Department of the Attorney General. After that, great changes were made with the integration of other police and government services : the Bureau of Provincial Detectives of Montreal in 1922, the liquor and highway police in 1934 and 1936, which in 1938 become branches of the Provincial Police. In 1938, the Duplessis government undertook to extend the provincial police by opening up stations throughout the province. After 1960, the Lesage government completed the merging of the various branches, sought to eliminate political influence in the hiring of police and opened the first training school for policemen. The Provincial Police became the Sûreté du Québec in 1968, when an administrative restructuring was started, inspired by the methods used in private enterprise, which gave its form to today's Sûreté.

Under a voluntary agreement with the Government, the Swiss private sector proposes to lauch an innovative Climate Penny Fund. Oil importers agree to contribute CHF 0.01–0.02 for each liter of gasoline and diesel sold. The measure will generate at least CHF 70 million annually to finance climate protection projects domestically and abroad, enabling Switzerland to eliminate the anticipated transport sector compliance gap and to fulfill its greenhouse gas emission reduction obligations. At reasonable cost, the Climate Penny buys time to implement transport sector policies, develop low-emission technologies/infrastructure and facilitate behavioral changes, while still delivering real, measurable and long-term climate mitigation results.

This article examines the attempt by Britain’s biggest house builders to launch a privately‐initiated programme of ‘new country towns’ during the 1980s. It was their response to the policy changes of the Thatcher governments, shrinking the state sector and deregulating private enterprise. Consortium Developments Ltd (CDL) was established in 1983, intending to develop up to 15 new country towns in the prosperous region around London, where housing demand was high but local planning very restrictive of developers. Each town would comprise around 5000 dwellings with social and physical infrastructure largely provided by CDL. The concept was a novel one in twentieth century Britain, where new settlements had been developed previously by philanthropic companies or by government agencies. Advised by planners associated with Milton Keynes, CDL effectively updated the Garden City–New Town tradition for the Thatcher era. However, despite pushing four proposals through the planning process, all failed. This largely...

This paper documents and articulates Murray N. Rothbard’s contribution to our understanding of the theory and practice of socialism. We summarize his theoretical contributions and then turn to his explanation of the operation of socialism in the Soviet Union. Moreover, we make and support the conjecture that Rothbard, writing in the 1950s and 60s, anticipated all the major subsequent developments in the economic analysis regarding the problems of the Soviet economy and all the major works in comparative political economy for real-existing socialism in the Soviet Union. [T]he extent of socialism in the present-day world is at the same time underestimatated in countries such as the United States and overestimated in Soviet Russia. It is underestimated because the expansion of government lending to private enterprise in the United States has been generally neglected, and we have seen that the lender, regardless of his legal status, is also an entrepreneur and part owner. The extent of socialism is overestimated because most writers ignore the fact that Russia, socialist as

China's economy has undergone a rapid transformation since liberalization was first introduced in 1979. Not only has there been rapid economic growth, but ownership sources have changed fundamentally, with a relative decline of the state-owned sector (SOE), a large foreign-owned sector (FIE), private enterprise and hybrid public/private forms. Accompanying these profound changes, there has been a marked shift in people management processes from centrally planned personnel administration to new forms. This article reviews the extent of those changes through a review of eight studies of HRM in China by the authors and their project colleagues. It concludes that there are widespread variations in the pace of change, between ownership forms in particular, but also between localities. Specifically, SOEs have been slower to implement reform than FIEs, largely due to historical legacies, organizational inertia and continued government interference.

Conventional analyses of housing policy in most European countries treat the 1940s as a decade when private enterprise was eclipsed by social housing programmes. As a result, private enterprise is also eclipsed in most accounts of housing and housing policy in the early post-war period. This paper draws on the British experience to show that if the policy narrative is traced from wartime plans rather than from post-war action, and if the question of who actually built post-war social housing is raised, then a different picture emerges. From the middle of 1942 British civil servants and ministers were engaged in detailed planning for post-war housing, in both the short and long term. Private enterprise was assumed to have a major role to play in the long term, and a supporting role in the transitional period. In practice the post-war Labour Government relied on local authorities as housing developers, who themselves relied on private contractors to build the houses. The eclipse of private enterprise was, t...

As the most populous country in the world with a heavy reliance on public transit, China's public transit privatization has a global significance. China's post-Mao economic reform and establishment of market-oriented economy have stimulated its public transit privatization at a very fast pace. The largest Chinese cities have been spearheading the implementation of different privatization measures, such as granting franchises, company merger, company reorganization, public/private partnership, responsibility systems, and many others. All these privatization efforts have yielded preliminary successful results, even though some obstacles are encountered. In the future, new privatization-related laws are expected to be enacted, government functions and business functions would be further separated, privatizing other public transit services besides operation would take place, and some negative impacts associated with privatization would be mitigated.