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Ruminants have a superficial implantation pattern. The extended conceptus attaches to the receptive endometrium to form the cotyledonary placenta. During the attachment, a large number of events occur at the maternal-fetal interface. However, the related molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. Integrin beta8 (ITGB8) is a subunit of integrin beta involved in embryo implantation. In this study, we determined peri-implantation expression and regulation of ITGB8 in goat uterus. The mRNA and protein levels of ITGB8 were both high in goat endometrial luminal epithelium (LE) and superficial glandular epithelium (sGE) during the adhesion period (Days 16-19 of pregnancy). Such expression profile was opposite to that of microRNA-187 (miR-187). Then, we validated that miR-187 targeted the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of ITGB8 in primary goat endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). In EECs, inhibition of miR-187 resulted in not only up-regulated ITGB8 level but also reduced cell proliferation and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity. Moreover, ITGB8 and miR-187 were regulated by interferon tau (IFNT). Altogether, in goat, the miR-187/ITGB8 axis may be involved in conceptus attachment and is downstream of IFNT. Our results will help us better understand the mechanisms of ruminant implantation and may provide a useful tool to improve the reproduction ratio for ruminants.

Pregnancy success is closely related to the molecular mechanisms that control energy metabolism balance. However, the mechanisms have not been fully understood. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) plays a physiological role by regulating energy metabolism in numerous tissues. In this study, we determined the expression and hormone regulation of UCP2 in goat uterus. UCP2 is expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelia of goat uterus during early pregnancy, as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry conducted on pregnant goats. The signals were detected from day 0 (D0) to D30 of pregnancy, though weak on D16 (the adhesion period). The low levels of UCP2 on D16 were confirmed by RT-qPCR and western blot. In goat uterus and endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), UCP2 was up-regulated by progesterone and estrogen. In addition, after goat EECs were treated with genipin (an inhibitor of UCP2), not only UCP2 expression but also cell proliferation was inhibited. Collectively, UCP2 is dynamically expressed in goat uterus and can affect EEC proliferation, suggesting that it may participate in regulating the energy metabolism balance of goat uterus during early pregnancy.

Embryo implantation is crucial for a successful pregnancy. Although many essential molecular modulators and pathways have been identified, the precise mechanisms of the process in goat remain largely unknown. CCN2 is a connective tissue growth factor participating in many biological processes; however, its presence or function in goat uterus has not yet been reported. In this study, we determined the expression and regulation of CCN2 in goat uterus. CCN2 was not detected by in situ hybridization at ED0 (Day 0 of the estrous cycle), but at ED6 (metestrus), ED12 (dioestrus), and ED16 (proestrus), with high signals in luminal epithelium, superficial glands, and caruncula matrix. During early pregnancy, CCN2 was also detected in these locations on D0 and D6 (pre-receptive uterus). The signals significantly increased on D16 and D19 (receptive uterus), and remained at high levels on D25 and D30. Similarly, the RT-qPCR assays showed that the mRNA level of CCN2 was relatively low on D0 and D6, increased on D16, peaked on D19, and kept high thereafter. Moreover, CCN2 was up-regulated not only in ovariectomized ewes subcutaneously injected with 17β-estradiol and progesterone (separately or together), but also in cultured goat uterine epithelial cells treated with the two hormones or interferon tau (IFNτ). In conclusion, CCN2 expression may be induced by 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and IFNτ in the luminal epithelium of goat receptive uterus, suggesting that CCN2 is involved in goat embryo adhesion during early pregnancy.