1. Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases.
- Author
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Burns M, Rizvi SHM, Tsukahara Y, Pimentel DR, Luptak I, Hamburg NM, Matsui R, and Bachschmid MM
- Subjects
- Animals, Antioxidants metabolism, Cardiovascular Diseases drug therapy, Cysteine analogs & derivatives, Cysteine chemistry, Cysteine metabolism, Disulfides metabolism, Endothelial Cells metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Glutaredoxins deficiency, Glutaredoxins therapeutic use, Homeostasis, Humans, Lipid Metabolism physiology, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Myocytes, Cardiac metabolism, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidative Stress, Reactive Nitrogen Species metabolism, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism, Glutaredoxins physiology, Glutathione metabolism, Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and as rates continue to increase, discovering mechanisms and therapeutic targets become increasingly important. An underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases is believed to be excess reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Glutathione, the most abundant cellular antioxidant, plays an important role in the body's reaction to oxidative stress by forming reversible disulfide bridges with a variety of proteins, termed glutathionylation (GSylation). GSylation can alter the activity, function, and structure of proteins, making it a major regulator of cellular processes. Glutathione-protein mixed disulfide bonds are regulated by glutaredoxins (Glrxs), thioltransferase members of the thioredoxin family. Glrxs reduce GSylated proteins and make them available for another redox signaling cycle. Glrxs and GSylation play an important role in cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, and atherosclerosis. This review primarily concerns the role of GSylation and Glrxs, particularly glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), in cardiovascular diseases and the potential of Glrx as therapeutic agents.
- Published
- 2020
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