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The development of new bioelectronic platforms for direct interactions with oral fluid could open up significant opportunities for healthcare monitoring. A tongue depressor is a widely used medical tool that is inserted into the mouth, where it comes into close contact with saliva. Glucose is a typical salivary biomarker. Herein, we report-for the first time-a tongue depressor-based biosensor for the detection of glucose in both phosphate buffer and real human saliva. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive electronic materials, with excellent electrochemical properties. The sensor is constructed by printing CNTs and silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) to form three electrodes in an electrochemical cell: Working, reference, and counter electrodes. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) is immobilized on the working electrode. The glucose detection performance of the sensor is excellent, with a detection range of 7.3 μM to 6 mM. The glucose detection time is about 3 min. The discretion between healthy people's and simulated diabetic patients' salivary samples is clear and easy to tell. We anticipate that the biosensor could open up new opportunities for the monitoring of salivary biomarkers and advance healthcare applications.

Developing a simple and direct approach for sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of metabolic compounds is of great importance for a variety of biological, medical, and food applications. Tubes are a highly portable and accessible container shape which are widely used for scientific research in cell biology and chemical synthesis, and which are also of great use in domestic health care applications. Here, we show for the first time the development of a tube-based painted amperometric biosensor for the detection of glucose and lactate. The sensor was prepared by printing carbon graphite and silver/silver chloride inks on the interior wall of the tube and then immobilizing glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase on the sensor. The sensor showed a sensitive, rapid, and reliable detection of glucose and lactate. We anticipate that these results could open new avenues for the development of painted biosensors, and toward advanced biosensor applications.

The development of the electrochemical biosensing approaches for creatine kinase (CK) has attracted great interests for clinical and healthcare applications. One of the major challenges is the synergistic integration of the sensing principle, the device configuration, the fabrication method, and the materials on the devices. In recent years, there have been various types of the enzymatic biosensors, the electrochemical immunosensors, and the electrochemiluminescence-based approaches that have been used to construct the electrochemical biosensors for CK. To successfully construct an electrochemical biosensor for CK, there are several interesting questions: What sensing principle should be chosen? Which device configuration should be used? What materials and fabrication methods should be adopted to construct the device? How are the signals generated and detected? What is the current commercial status for the electrochemical biosensors for CK. This review will highlight the early attempts to address these research challenges and explore the fundamental and practical aspects for the CK electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel diabetes monitoring sensors is important for the diabetes management of millions of diabetic patients. This work reports a flexible filamentary continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor. A multilayer CGM sensor has been constructed on titanium filament with low cost and ease of use. The sensor, made of flexible material, offers better adaptability and comfort than traditional rigid filament CGM sensors, allowing continuous monitoring of subcutaneous blood glucose levels to provide patients with treatment strategies. The performance and reliability of the sensor were verified through rat experiments. The trend of the increase and decrease of the detected current was generally consistent with the actual blood glucose, and the detected values were located in regions A and B of the Clarke error grid. The results show that the sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, high accuracy and fast response speed, which is suitable for monitoring the blood glucose level for a long time and has a broad application prospect in diabetes monitoring, exercise monitoring, health management and clinical application. [Display omitted] • This work reports a flexible filamentary continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor. • A multilayer CGM sensor has been constructed on titanium filament with low cost and ease of use. • The performance of the sensor was verified through rat experiments with high reliability and accuracy. • The sensor has high sensitivity, high accuracy and fast response for monitoring interstitial glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new bioelectronic platforms could provide exciting new opportunities for clinical analysis, environmental monitoring, and defense. Wearable adhesive tapes could adhere to skin to be in close contact with sweat that consists of many healthcare-related proteins, small molecules, and ions, and thus could function as unique platforms for the sensor construction. Here, we show for the first time the construction of wearable adhesive tape-based smart biosensing systems, and their determinations of lactate and glucose. The sensor is built by printing carbon graphite and Ag/AgCl inks on an adhesive tape to function as the working, reference, and counter electrodes, followed by the immobilization of lactate oxidase or glucose oxidase on the working electrode. The sensor shows a sensitive and broad detection range from micromolar to millimolar, and a quick measuring time of within 5 min for the determination of lactate or glucose. It is expected that these results could open up exciting new avenues for the development of novel wearable sensors, and toward advanced sweat-sensor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a simple directly wearable approach for the rapid, specific and sensitive determination of biomarkers is of great importance to a variety of biomedical applications. Dental floss can provide a unique device platform for sensing of oral biomarkers. We show here for the first time the development of a smart dental floss for biosensing of glucose. The sensor was made by painting carbon graphite ink and Ag/AgCl ink on dental floss. Via the immobilization of glucose oxidase, we show the detection of glucose with a detection range of 0.048 mM to 19.5 mM and a response time of about 2 min. It is expected that our results could provide new exciting opportunities for the development of various flexible smart sensing devices in oral health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]