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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report on the 2007 meeting of the Southwest Academy of Management (SWAM) that incorporated content related to gender and diversity. Design/methodology/approach - SWAM offers a track each year that includes gender and diversity research. For the 2007 meeting gender and diversity was combined with human resources, careers, and social issues in management. Findings - One paper introduced a new form of surface-level (observable) diversity - military status. There were two diversity-related papers, one looking generally at the importance of cultural differences in global management systems and the other focusing on cultural differences between the USA and Mexico. The final paper incorporating diversity issues focused on the influence of cultural differences within student teams on individual learning. Originality/value - The diversity papers included in this conference showed a focus on diversity introduced through globalization, which is of value in highlighting the need for diversity scholars to develop expertise in international management or to develop collaborations with colleagues who pursue international management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the asymmetric effects of fossil fuels, foreign direct investment (FDI), and globalization on the ecological footprint (EFP) in Mexico from 1975 to 2020. To this end, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL), and the wavelet coherence approach are conducted. Based on the outcomes of the ARDL method, economic growth and fossil fuel consumption lead to ecological degradation, while foreign direct investment improves environmental conditions. Globalization has no impact on the environment. The NARDL approach illustrates that a positive shock to fossil fuels, FDI, and globalization degrades the environment. The wavelet coherence results emphasize the adverse environmental influence of economic growth and fossil fuels. These results imply that the Mexican government should conduct its economic expansion considering the principle of sustainable development. In this context, policymakers should propagate carbon taxes and similar instruments to promote clean energy sources that can replace fossil fuels and are compatible with sustainable development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the way in which Mexico and the European Union (EU) established a strategic partnership. In a globalized world and following the Washington Consensus both signed, in March 2000, a Free Trade Agreement (TLCUEM) which entered into force in October 2000. The good results of the bilateral exchanges plus important events in the world encouraged them, in 2016, to renovate the legal framework of the original Agreement. At the end of 2017, the negotiators finished the revised chapters of political dialogue and cooperation and on April 2018 they reached an agreement in principle on a modernized trade pillar of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement (GA). By 2020, negotiations were over. It is expected that after the trade pillar's legal scrutiny and translation, it will become part of the three-pronged GA that will also contain revamped political dialogue and cooperation pillars. After 20 years of its subscription, results are promising. Representing 26% of world GDP, the EU is a key partner for Mexico, and Mexico, with 12 free trade agreements signed with 46 countries, for the EU. The cooperation has encouraged exchanges in subjects of common interest, such as the fight against pandemic and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the main challenges confronted by Mexican government agencies and universities to deal with the model implemented since the late 1980s in the context of neoliberalism and globalization. Such challenges are associated with the tendencies observed at three levels. First, the transformation of the sense and content of the autonomy regime of the university and its legal principles. Secondly, the emergence of governance as a strategic condition to perform institutional ends and projects in a market driven context. Finally, the gradual conformation of the entrepreneurial university under new organizational arrangements through which it is trying to perform their functions effectively and legitimately to fulfill current market and economic demands. The paper concludes by discussing some alternative arrangements, thus advocating the transformation of the university system in order to confront the challenges resulting from new emerging contexts, but without abandoning its commitment to social development and equity and its historical role as a main cultural institution for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terr@ Plural is the property of Terr@ Plural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews the way in which Mexico and the European Union (EU) established a strategic partnership. In a globalized world and following the Washington Consensus both signed, in March 2000, a Free Trade Agreement (TLCUEM) which entered into force in October 2000. The good results of the bilateral exchanges plus important events in the world encouraged them, in 2016, to renovate the legal framework of the original Agreement. At the end of 2017, the negotiators finished the revised chapters of political dialogue and cooperation and on April 2018 they reached an agreement in principle on a modernized trade pillar of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement (GA). By 2020, negotiations were over. It is expected that after the trade pillars legal scrutiny and translation, it will become part of the three-pronged GA that will also contain revamped political dialogue and cooperation pillars. After 20 years of its subscription, results are promising. Representing 26% of world GDP, the EU is a key partner for Mexico, and Mexico, with 12 free trade agreements signed with 46 countries, for the EU. The cooperation has encouraged exchanges in subjects of common interest, such as the fight against pandemic and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability, accessibility, and sustainability of resources can enhance or jeopardize the security of meeting human needs for water, energy, and food in several regions of the world. For this reason, it is crucial to propose strategies that allow quantifying the current situation of resource security and preventing alarming scenarios in the future. The objective of this paper is to assess the current condition of food, energy, and water security of a region with rampant economic development, but struggling with natural resources as a result of its adverse climatic conditions. An approach for assessing the water–energy–food security in arid or semiarid areas is presented through different scenarios considering the availability, accessibility, and sustainability of the involved resources. The proposed approach is applied in the State of Nuevo León in Mexico, which is the second-most important state regarding contribution to the national Gross Domestic Product. Nevertheless, the rapid increase in its population and the semiarid climate condition with precedents of natural catastrophes jeopardize the continuity of its development. Results show that the state may not be able to meet the demands of water and food due to the stress generated on its resources. In contrast, the energy situation is more promising with the implementation of energy from renewable sources. The analysis is carried out over a past time period and making projections until 2030, providing a tool to be able to make decisions in the medium and long term. The main goal is to propose preventive measures and to ensure sustainable planning covering economic, social, and environmental needs without compromising the well-being of future generations. In this sense, the implementation of new policies for the water sector is analyzed, with the aim of reducing domestic and agricultural consumption, targeting improvements in the evaluated indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in the wage share in the manufacturing industry in Mexico, Turkey and Korea in the era of globalization. The focus is on the one hand on the effects of globalization on the wage share, which is measured by the effects of international trade and FDI intensity of the economy. On the other hand, the process of opening up has been accompanied by major currency crises in most developing countries in the last decade, which has affected the wage share through exchange rate depreciation and economic recession. The paper develops a Post-Keynesian conflicting claims model for an open economy under the pressure of globalization, and an equation for the wage share is estimated for each country using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression method. The results show that both recessions and nominal depreciations have a clear and lasting negative effect on the manufacturing wage share in all countries, whereas the effect of openness, in particular international trade depends on industrial policy structure. Increased export intensity leads to a decline in the manufacturing wage share in Turkey and Mexico, but has no significant effect in Korea. The positive expectations from FDI are also not materialized in any of the three countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper our aim is to analyze the relationship between technological capabilities accumulation of Mexican biotech firms and their different types of internationalization strategies. Because of the determining effect of firms' capital investment level, we analyzed three groups of firms: start-ups, small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and multinational firms (MNEs). We made use of a wide range of information: The First Survey of Biotechnology Development Firms in Mexico, the systematization of 20 case studies, interviews with key persons in the industry and public sources. We confirmed the two hypotheses outlined: (i) TCA process does not follow a linear path in Mexican biotech firms and (ii) firms with lower capital investment levels exhibit a lower level of TCA and less complex internationalization strategies; while firms with higher capital investment levels are associated with higher TCA levels and more complex internationalization strategies. Biotechnology requires high levels of capital investment and these to a large extent determine the development and technological capabilities accumulation. Therefore, we suggest that a capitalization program is much needed to foster Mexican biotech firms' TCA processes and develop internationalization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands upon Leslie Sklair's concept of 'iconicity' to understand gentrification as a 'glocal' process wherein elites attempt to brand cities and exclude undesirable populations to attract capital investment. By focusing on the creation, commercialisation, and maintenance (via punitive policing) of iconic architectural and cultural spaces, I attempt to shed light on the economic, cultural, and political practices that have emerged in response to the ripening contradiction between increasing transnational investment in cities and worsening inequality/displacement in urban areas throughout the globe. Utilising this 'icon model of gentrification' to investigate ongoing gentrification within Mexico City, I illustrate the usefulness of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stories of local managers working for global corporations reveal that the standard multicultural approach no longer suffices to describe what is occurring at the borders of the global business system. Local managers retain local managerial culture even as they are indoctrinated into the culture of the corporations. The resulting hybrid forms of management should be studied by corporations. Interviews with Thai, Mexican and Israeli managers of two global corporations headquartered in Sweden and the US exemplify this hybridization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents empirical evidence that the growth of export manufacturing in Mexico during a period of major trade reforms (the years 1986 to 2000) altered the distribution of education. I use variation in the timing of factory openings across commuting zones to show that school drop-out increased with local expansions in export- manufacturing industries. The magnitudes I find suggest that for every 25 jobs created, one student dropped out of school at grade 9 rather than continuing through to grade 12. These effects are driven by less- skilled export- manufacturing jobs which raised the opportunity cost of schooling for students at the margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the operation of banks in developing economies dominated by foreign multinational corporations (FMCs), and argues that banks have acquired new activities without drastically modifying the composition of their income. This discussion takes place in the light of the profound changes in financial systems that have modified the linkages between banks, capital markets, businesses and households, during the period of globalization and financialization. The main argument of this paper is that although foreign multinational corporations have become dominant in developing countries, and bank activities have diversified, the multinational corporations of the banking sector still rely on interest margins, particularly from consumer credit. This is explained in terms of specific bank credit activities that operate under oligopolistic structures, a condition that has not being modified by foreign multinational corporations’ dominance in developing banking markets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the context of globalization, international processes do affect the national innovation system (NIS), increasing the relationship between its agents and its components within and with external agents. The paper seeks to determine the openness and internationalization processes in the internal features of Mexico's NIS and estimate its impacts. This information could allow for a better use of scientific, technological, and innovation-internal and external-capabilities. The point of departure is the concept of innovation, which was developed for the industrial revolution where products and technological processes are emphasized, with a scope of radical to incremental innovation, as a function of the level of their impacts. Implicitly, innovation has been conceptualized internally within the company, i.e., closed innovation, especially in large companies with research and development departments. However, companies have undertaken various forms of collaboration to reduce costs particularly for R&D, which fall within the concept of open innovation. Based on the concept of open innovation, an open national innovation system (ONIS) has been proposed with internal and external components and relationships. This paper argues that the openness of innovation needs to be applied both at firm level and through a NIS as a way of handling the risks involved in innovation better. Thus, firms' open innovation must correspond to an ONIS, matching the openness and internationalization of its knowledge components and agents: firms and universities supported through government policies. The empirical analysis is exploratory, based on a direct and indirect source to assess how highly developed the Mexican ONIS is in order to propose some policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Paraguaya de Educación is the property of Ministerio de Educacion - Organizacion de Estados Santillana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Commercial diplomacy has been of interest to researchers in the context of export development due to the many empirical studies indicating that the international economic integrations provide more growth and employment for the governments and internationalization for the enterprises. Unlike the strict and/or regional economic integrations, MIKTA was created as an informal and cross-regional group of 'middle powers' bringing together Mexico, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, and Australia in 2013. Being distant apart from each other geographically and having many differences besides their similarities, each of the member states is considered influential in their regions and of high importance for the paradigm shift to a new world order. This paper aims to figure out if MIKTA has been utilized as a powerful advocate for enhancing exports of the member states while also resuming sustainable economic growth. For this reason, it is analyzed to what extent the members' exports were and have become sophisticated, meaning capital intensive or labour intensive, over the past 20 years and how the members' economic growth rates were contributed. For the analysis, PRODY and EXPY indices are calculated representing the sophistication levels of, respectively, product groups and the total exports of the states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US poultry industry based on flexible accumulation has been advanced as the model of agro-industrial development for agrifood globalization. Similarly, Mexico has been presented as a noteworthy example of the negative effects of neoliberal restructuring associated with the globalization project. In this paper we use both of these assertions as points of departure to guide an investigation of the case of the restructuring of the Mexican poultry industry. Informed by a commodity systems analysis, archival data and key informant interviews are used to generate an overview of the history of the poultry industry in Mexico. A sociology of agrifood theoretical framework informed by regimes theory is employed to analyze the events of the case. We conclude that neoregulation related to the IMF and NAFTA restructuring in Mexico facilitated the diffusion of the US model of poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educating for a future that assumes students will be educated in the country where they were born or that they will remain in the country where they are currently in school does not reflect the reality of the movement of people in an age of globalization. The research presented here examines the case of children and youth in Mexican public schools who have had some or all of their education in the United States, transnational students (TS) with a particular focus on their linguistic situation. Results suggest that TS struggle with the linguistic transition from Spanish as language of the home to Spanish as the language of education. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research and application to other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last thirty-five years, Mexico has maintained a trade liberalization policy which has depressed food production and has reconstructed the structure of the agri-food sector; this has generated a higher food dependence and insecurity. In order to face this structural change, new organizational and socio-productive dynamics have emerged in communities, which take into consideration food diversity, heritage and cultural conditions of rural areas. In this paper, we use the theoretical approach of Localized Agrifood Systems (LAFS) and the operative concepts of governance and social innovation to analyze and understand the efforts that at the base of society are created to grant development of productive systems. Therefore, we present the results of an investigation based on the exploration of two LAFS cases; in these cases, different strategies to achieve development have been established: the elaboration of artisanal cheese in the state of Hidalgo, and the production of rice in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Research results show the importance of concepts such as Social Innovation (SI) and Governance within the framework of localized agri-food systems in rural studies, this, in order to identify the needs and potentials of family farming and producer's groups inside the new contexts generated by globalization and market liberation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tourism mobilities, conservation, and development planning are central social processes in the restructuring of places. This paper will argue that this is especially manifest in Biosphere Reserves where global agendas are spatially articulated through the creation of ‘contentious hotspots’ or ‘heated spots’, that is, sites within the local in which global mobilities are condensed and constantly at play through the performance of disruptive practices. The paper draws evidence from the ethnographical account of two disputes at the Biosphere Reserve Ria Celestun (Yucatan, Mexico) where tourism mobilities and conservation planning have established the ria and the beach as those contentious hotspots where mobilities are concentrated, space and resources are appropriated, and locals and institutions fight to stay still. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Humanities in the 21st century must be innovative and reflective of the changing landscape of the world. Efforts to internationalize the curricula and forge alliances with community and university are on the forefront of new educational approaches. This paper presents an innovative approach to teaching linguistic field methods, a course designed to train students in the methodology necessary to document endangered languages around the world. There is a dire need in the 21st century for documentary linguists, as we anticipate a devastating loss of indigenous languages over the next 100 years. Traditionally, field methods courses are taught in the sterile environment of the classroom where a native speaker of an exotic language answers grammatical questions about his/her language as students figure out the grammar through elicitation. This decontextualized introduction to the language means much of what documentary linguists actually do in the field is left to the student's imagination. Further, separated from the culture in which the language is spoken, students gain little insight into the cultural norms, worldviews and established values and practices of the community from which the language comes. In this paper, I present a new approach to field methods. I have taken the learning out of the classroom and brought it into the field where students live and work with a Zapotec community in Mexico for a three-week period during the summer. Together, community members and students are working on creating an archive of the oral history of the town in the native language, Zapotec. This will be the fourth summer that students and I have gone to Mexico to work on this collaborative endeavor. This program illustrates how community-based, participatory action research not only has a place in the humanities, but also enhances the humanities by adding depth to the learning experience and providing important services to the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the degree to which the Tijuana-San Diego metropolitan region functions as a transborder metropolis. It is shown that the border is quite porous, especially for work and shopping. In addition, the two metropolitan economies are much more complementary than competitive, with San Diego specializing in high-order services and the "new economy" while Tijuana primarily functions as a manufacturing center, based on maquiladora. However, much more cooperation and collaboration are needed in several areas: improving trade infrastructure; addressing the deficits in social infrastructure (especially in Tijuana); making the border crossings more user-friendly; expanding educational opportunities for Latinos in both areas; more priority to environmental problems, especially air quality and sewerage; attempting to reduce the public sector fiscal differentials between the two areas; and more attention to income distribution issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent protests against corporate globalisation in Seattle, Washington, Prague, Melbourne and Quebec City suggest the emergence of a new anti-globalisation movement. These protests have been linked to forms of 1960s radicalism, situationism and anarchism. Others herald this protest as the beginning of a new global movement, of a 'new community' or a 'new culture' in the making. This paper investigates these pronouncements about 'newness' and examines the use of Zapatista iconography in recent anti-globalisation protests, including S11 in Melbourne. It questions why the Zapatistas, a movement of primarily low-waged, indigenous Mexican peasants who rose up against the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement has captured the imagination of activists. It focuses on the novel forms of communication used by the Zapatistas, and their use of poetry, song, stories and symbolism. The paper critiques pronouncements of the Zapatistas as a postmodern movement and argues that the Zapatistas represent the seeds of a different kind of politics and the revival of hope in political activism. Acknowledging the cultural borrowing of the symbolism and strategies of the Zapatistas is central to any understanding of the nature of the contemporary anti-globalisation movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the integration of Latin American marine fisheries into the global production system in the post-1945 period and the role of foreign and domestic fleets in this process. Through reference to the state-denial theories found in the globalisation literature, it charts the impact that the globalisation process has had upon the exploitation and sustainability of fish stocks in Latin American waters. It argues that while globalisation may indeed boost environmental awareness and lead to a more sustainable level of production through the decreased influence of local political interests, this has yet to happen in the principal Latin American fishing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing economic and technological conditions often referred to as ‘globalization’ have had a deep impact on the very nature of the state, and thus on the aims, objectives and implementation of cultural policy, including film policy. In this paper, I discuss the main changes in film policy there have been in Mexico, comparing the time when the welfare state regarded cinema as crucial to the construction of national identity, and actively supported national cinema at the production, distribution and exhibition levels (about 1920–1980), and the recent onset of neoliberal policies, during which the industry was privatized and globalized. I argue that the result has been a transformation of film production, from the properly ‘national’ cinema it was during the welfare state – that is, having a role in nation building, democratization processes and being an important part of the public sphere – into a kind of genre, catering to a very small niche audience both domestically and internationally. However, exhibition and digital distribution have been strengthened, perhaps pointing towards a more meaningful post-national cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The film La jaula de oro (The Golden Dream, 2013), by Mexican-Spanish director Diego Quemada-Diez, begins in a landfill in Guatemala City and ends with one of its main characters, Juan, gathering waste in a meat processing plant, somewhere in the northern United States. Having crossed two borders, survived riding La Bestia across Mexico, and lost Sara, Chauk and Samuel on the way, Juan's transnational journey comes full circle to end pretty much where it started: at the very bottom of the consumption cycle. A strength of La jaula is its ability to make visible that main condition of undocumented migrant bodies: their disposability, the banality of their disappearance and/or death. In this paper I take this line of thought further and explore the ways in which, through its documentary-like style and neorealistic use of non-professional actors and real locations, Quemada-Diez's storytelling develops what I will call a poetics of austerity. On one hand, the film tells a story about four teenagers whose lives have been made redundant by the effects of neoliberal austerity recipes --states' disengagement from social investment and wealth redistribution--; on the other hand, its austere style counters excess by relying on the moving image and conspicuously avoiding dialogue or other non-visual ways of creating meaning--such as non-diegetic music, for instance. Weaved together, these two approaches make up a revealing poetics, capable of baring the structural verticality hidden in globalization's DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper begins from a paradox. In the 1980s and 1990s, women became increasingly mobile, especially in the developing world. Scholars generally attribute this shift to global economic pressure or to the spread of (Western) gender egalitarianism. Yet, in some places, women gained mobility just as local institutions extended policies excluding them or segregating them from men. Here, we look at two such cases: first, how women of Tehran, Iran, became the majority of bus riders just as the city segregated public transportation, and second, how women in the rural, Mexican village of San Pedro came to predominate among emigrants to the United States, even as they were excluded from participating in village politics. We use what we call “linked ethnographies” to put these two cases into dialogue. While attending to the particularities of each site, we find that in both, women gained mobility through the very policies that appeared to confine or exclude them. We call these policies “patriarchal accommodations.” They were patriarchal, because they enshrined formal gender difference associated with male dominance. They were accommodations, because they adapted existing standards of “appropriate” masculinity and femininity to global economic pressure, enabling women to work, study, and consume. We argue that patriarchal accommodations may facilitate women’s entry into the public sphere, particularly in non-Western regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista de Antropología Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spatial restructuring of work across borders is an ongoing process that relies on heterogeneity of place. Strategic differentiation is key, as the ability of corporations to implement differences in the organisation of work and work practices facilitates the weakening of local labour forces. Taking the Mexican maquiladora automotive industry as an example of cross-border spatial restructuring, the paper asks if and how labour is undermined by (i) consciously constructed functional differences and (ii) the active exploitation of existing local differences. Strategic differentiation is heavily dependent on the specifics of place, while the specifics of place themselves can serve as additional, pre-existing sources of differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the history and development of the labor law in Mexico is presented in March 2011 at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Symposium. It examines the workers' right and comparative advantage in Mexico with comparison to other developing countries in this globalization era. It discusses relation of the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation of 1994 (NAALC) with North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Copyright of Revista EAN is the property of Universidad EAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a proposal for an anthropological analysis of the cargo system in Mexico, including both indigenous and non-indigenous communities. From the understanding of the cargo system as an essentially heterogeneous institution, this paper suggest as its main hypothesis that this institution is the origin of other mechanisms in the interaction of the members of the communities. First, the community institutions promote the participation of the largest number of people. Second, interactions' scenes are constantly created and recreated by the community members. Third, the roles' rotation, as a product of a tacit agreement into community members, is fundamental in assuring social participation. The proposal is structured in three parts: the composition of the cargo system as a continuum that explains the differences between individual and collective behaviour; the idea of community as a fundamental concept in understanding the cargo system;as a conclusion; the idea of a communitarian project becomes the common characteristic of all the communities (native or non-native) in the Mesoamerican area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a macroeconomic analysis of the service economy in the metropolitan areas of Michoacán, a state in western Mexico whose main characteristic is its weak momentum. The development of a service economy which manifests low rates of growth of services to producer, means that the process is based on the sale of commercial services that generate low income and which do not require the presence of skilled workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Latin American Studies is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The past 25 years have brought upheaval to the indigenous people of Mexico due to two opposing forces: modernization and globalization, on the one hand, and indigenous uprisings on the other. Suddenly, the topic of indigenous languages and education was brought into official discussions at the national level. This paper examines the tensions that emerge between the political discourses which emanate from within the indigenous communities and from the national government, and the actual implementation of educational policy models. The political-educational discourse shifted from Spanishization [castellanizacion], assimilation, and integration to bilingualism, interculturalism, and participation. We demonstrate that this shift was not a smooth transition, but rather an abrupt change that occurred in the early 1990s. Further, despite the shift to new discourses that respected indigenous languages and cultures, institutional factors have not been altered sufficiently to improve the conditions of indigenous education or their well-being in Mexico. Thus, ultimately, the new discourse of bilingualism and interculturalism in education serves to obfuscate the socio-political-economic work that must be done to truly allow the indigenous people to participate in the nation's political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]