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This paper examines the potential negative consequences of the internationalisation of American higher education from the perspective of positional competition theory. This analysis suggests that internationalisation efforts undertaken by colleges and universities contribute to positional competition between students vying for admission, between graduates competing for prestigious, well-paying jobs, and between higher education institutions themselves, who compete for prestige. As positional competition necessarily involves displacing other in obtaining advantage for one's self, the paper further describes how the positional competition engendered in part by the internationalisation of higher education contributes to the replication of social patterns of inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographically and economically, there is an ongoing global shift that has resulted in the uneven development and distribution of monetary, human and knowledge capital. This paper first examines and consolidates economic, social and urban theories of growth and decline and demonstrates how globalisation has conceptually shifted the spatial scale and trajectory of urban change theories. The examination of the population trajectories of the 100 largest American cities from 1980 to 2010 demonstrates that the majority either grew or shrank continuously. This trend counters early cyclical models and supports the argument that globalisation has altered population trajectories. Second, conceptualisations of urban shrinkage trajectories are reviewed and a two-dimensional trajectory typology encompassing both economic and demographic change is presented. The diversity of urban shrinkage experiences is demonstrated through the application of the typology to the 20 largest shrinking American cities, 12 of which experienced overall population loss and simultaneous economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The gruesome attacks of 11 September 2001 signalled a powerful paradigm shift in international politics: governments previously accustomed to military menaces were now being increasingly threatened by independent, non-state actors. Consequently, a plethora of literature emerged, looking to better understand the nature of these actors. An aspect that has attracted substantial interest is the inter-relation between terrorism and organised crime (OC). This paper aims to answer the question as to whether, for the purpose of controlling and mitigating the threat they pose to society, there is meaning in differentiating between terrorist organisations (TOs) and organised crime groups (OCGs).Design/methodology/approach The first section of the paper will provide an account of the various kinds of threats posed by OCGs and TOs. The subsequent section will question whether it is possible, in today's globalised era, to distinguish between these two actors, while the last sections will ask if such a differentiation is desirable.Findings OCGs and TOs display a clear divergence: the former's motivation is financial while the latter's political. With the end of the Cold War, however, each type of organisation has been building up the capabilities of the other, helped by the force of global networks. As such, these two actors now exist within the same body – a continuum – that renders their separation difficult. As to the question of desirability, the separation of the two phenomena has often led to the adoption of highly disproportionate militarised and securitised measures, resulting in a dangerous blending of law enforcement and security service methodology.Originality/value Many have argued for the separation of the "terrorist" from the "criminal", on the grounds that the former is particularly heinous and deserving of more severe measures. Others have studied the evolution of these two phenomena to understand whether the lines separating them have been blurring and the extent to which this affects law-enforcement. This paper goes beyond notions of feasibility and poses the following question: has the traditional separation of these phenomena led to a desirable regime? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper maps the global dimension of higher education and associated research, including the differentiation of national systems and institutions, while reflecting critically on theoretical tools for working this terrain. Arguably the most sustained theorisation of higher education is by Bourdieu: the paper explores the relevance and limits of Bourdieu's notions of field of power, agency, positioned and position-taking; drawing on Gramsci's notion of hegemony in explaining the dominant role played by universities from the United States. Noting there is greater ontological openness in global than national educational settings, and that Bourdieu's reading of structure/agency becomes trapped on the structure side, the paper discusses Sen on self-determining identity and Appadurai on global imagining, flows and 'scapes'. The dynamics of Bourdieu's competitive field of higher education continue to play out globally, but located within a larger and more disjunctive relational setting, and a setting that is less closed, than he suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to bring into conversation two apparently disparate debates in the fields of politics and International Relations. The first is a debate over celebrity humanitarianism that is divided between optimistic scholars, who see in it an enhancement of democracy, and pessimistic scholars, who link it to capitalist imperialism or a throwback to older colonial tropes. The second is a debate over a (new) American empire which has prompted scholars in IR to redress IR’s historic ‘elision’ of empire and to offer new network theories of empire. The paper argues that these two debates each address the shortcomings in the other and offers speculation on what celebrity humanitarianism might have to do with empire by bridging the connections between structuralist political theories of empire and the cultural accounts offered by postcolonial theory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The international appeal of Hollywood films through the twentieth century has been a subject of interest to economic and film historians alike. This paper employs some of the methods of the economic historian to evaluate key arguments within the film history literature explaining the global success of American films. Through careful analysis of both existing and newly constructed data sets, the paper examines the extent to which Hollywood's foreign earnings were affected by: film production costs; the extent of global distribution networks; and also the international orientation of the films themselves. The paper finds that these factors influenced foreign earnings in quite distinct ways, and that their relative importance changed over time. The evidence presented here suggests a degree of interaction between the production and distribution arms of the major US film companies in their pursuit of foreign markets that would benefit from further archival-based investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's engagement with global capitalism is driven by the emergence of a statist and private transnational capitalist class. Nevertheless, aspects of China's foreign policy from the Maoist period still echo today. Consequently, elements of third world solidarity and opposition to Western domination continue to exist as China's past is redefined to further its transnational strategies in Latin America and the US. The main Chinese investments in South America have been in energy and infrastructure among the left lead countries of the Pink Tide. In the US, Chinese capital has grown despite heated political rhetoric. This paper will examine how economic ties in South and North America reflect past and present conditions, and if China has initiated a non-Western globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 1970, Black Panther Party leader Huey P. Newton gave a lecture at Boston College where he introduced his theory of intercommunalism. Newton re-articulated Marxist theories of imperialism through the lens of the Black liberation struggle and argued that imperialism had entered a new phase called ‘reactionary intercommunalism’. Newton’s theory of intercommunalism offers nothing less than a proto-theorisation of what we have come to call neo-liberal globalisation and its effects on what W. E. B. Du Bois had seen as the racialisation of modern imperialism. Due to the initial historical dismissal of the Black Panther Party’s political legacy, Newton’s thought has largely been neglected for the past 40 years. This paper revisits Newton’s theory of intercommunalism, with the aim of achieving some form of epistemic justice for his thought, but also to highlight how Newton’s recasting of imperialism as reactionary intercommunalism provides critical insight into the rise of Trumpism in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we address the following question: would a fuliy integrated world economy eliminate the widely reported decline in the terms of trade of primary commodities? We address the question by looking at the terms of trade within the US (a highly integrated economy). Our findings show two results. First, US internal real commodities' terms of trade over the 1947-1998 period experienced slowly declining but significant trends. Second, once we control for the effect of US prices on international terms of trade, we find a long-run relationship between the US and international relative prices. These findings support the view that the decline of commodities' terms of trade bears no relationship with the process of globalisation. This seems to indicate that, if world terms of trade behaved as the US terms of trade, neither increased integration nor protectionist measures would eliminate this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned both with the substantive policy issue of the implications of the European welfare state in a global setting and with the way in which economists analyse the welfare state. Economics has made a major contribution to our understanding of the welfare state through the provision of formal models. These have allowed us to see the implications of social protection for countries increasingly open to international competition. These models, however, leave out essential elements, and the standard Heckscher–Ohlin 2-good, 2-factor, 2-country assumptions impose too tight a straitjacket. We do not observe full factor price equalisation. The paper considers how we might relax this straitjacket to incorporate elements that are important in the public debate, while preserving tractability. The resulting 3×3×3 model is used to investigate the impact of globalisation on the welfare state, contrasting Europe and the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the dynamics of competition in higher education. National competition and global competition are distinct, but feed into each other. Higher education produces ‘positional goods’ (Hirsch 1976) that provide access to social prestige and income-earning. Research universities aim to maximise their status as producers of positional goods. This status is a function of student selectivity plus research performance. At system-level competition bifurcates between exclusivist elite institutions that produce highly value positional goods, where demand always exceeds supply and expansion is constrained to maximise status; and mass institutions (profit and non-profit) characterised by place-filling and expansion. Intermediate universities are differentiated between these poles. In global competition, the networked open information environment has facilitated (1) the emergence of a world-wide positional market of elite US/UK universities; and (2) the rapid development of a commercial mass market led by UK and Australian universities. Global competition is vectored by research capacity. This is dominated by English language, especially US universities, contributing to the pattern of asymmetrical resources and one-way global flows. The paper uses Australia as its example of system segmentation and global/national interface. It closes by reflecting on a more balanced global distribution of capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) shook the corporate world beyond US borders more than Enron shook the corporate world within them. This paper goes beyond the prodigious commentary on the Act itself to understand the nature of its reception outside the USA. It first develops a hubs-and-spokes account of global corporate life in which corporate purpose (which varies around the world) forms the hub and radiates spokes constituting governance, finance, accounting and auditing -- all of which also differ around the world. Using this model, the paper suggests that non-US receptions of the Act exhibited unfounded fear that the export of US norms concerning the spokes of corporate life could redefine corporate conceptions of the hub, corporate purpose. It also shows the fallacy in the 'no scandal here' argument emanating from countries around the world. Although global reactions to the Act may therefore have been somewhat overstated, the Act certainly carried a whiff of exporting US corporate norms around the world by fiat. A key lesson for the USA is that, the next time US corporate scandals erupt and Congress adopts a legislative response, it should automatically exempt non-US issuers pending Securities and Exchange Commission determination of the necessity of applying the reforms to them. A related implication of this model and interpretation concerns debate over whether corporate life around the world is converging to a single model or remaining path dependent and varied. Moves like SOX seem to change the character of both the debate and the direction of evolving corporate life. The normative pay-off contends that the superior road to harmonious corporate life is to develop comity rather than to hope for convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the ways in which 2009 novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) was announced and resonated with current pandemic anxieties. In particular, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are used as a lens through which recent pandemic anxieties can be analysed and understood. This entails a closer look at the securitisation of public health and the challenges and struggles this may have caused within public health agencies. In that light, CDC' formal entanglement with global health security and its announcement of the H1N1 pandemic are interpreted, followed by an ethnographically informed focus on various people who were engaged in the H1N1 emergency response and their practices and practical struggles in the face of pandemic anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of international networks, like those linking religious institutions, engage in development-related activities across the world. Improvements in technology and increased travel opportunities for international volunteers have given these networks new influence, with unknown implications for the trajectory of development, especially where states are weak. This paper examines the role of a transnational religious network in a newly formed nation: the Republic of South Sudan, where the dominant Episcopal Church has links with dioceses elsewhere in the Anglican Communion. Through field observations, interviews and a survey of US Episcopal Church links in other countries, preliminary evidence is presented about the real and potential impact of this emergent form of globalised solidarity. Le rôle d'un réseau religieux transnational dans le développement au sein d'un État faible : les liens internationaux de l'Église épiscopale du Soudan Un nombre croissant de réseaux internationaux, comme ceux qui relient les institutions religieuses, participent à des activités liées au développement de par le monde. Les progrès technologiques et les occasions plus nombreuses de voyager pour les volontaires internationaux ont conféré à ces réseaux un regain d'influence, avec des implications inconnues concernant la trajectoire du développement, en particulier là où les États sont faibles. Ce document examine le rôle d'un réseau religieux transnational dans une nation nouvellement formée : la République du Sud-Soudan, où l'Église épiscopale dominante entretient des liens avec des diocèses situés ailleurs dans la Communion anglicane. Grâce à des observations sur le terrain, des entretiens et une enquête sur les liens de l'Église épiscopale des États-Unis avec d'autres pays, des données préliminaires sont présentées sur l'impact réel et potentiel de cette forme émergente de solidarité mondialisée. O papel de uma rede religiosa transnacional no desenvolvimento em um estado fraco: as ligações internacionais da Igreja Episcopal do Sudão Um número crescente de redes internacionais, como aquelas ligadas a instituições religiosas, engaja-se em atividades relacionadas ao desenvolvimento em todo o mundo. Avanços tecnológicos e maiores oportunidades de viagem para voluntários internacionais têm dado a estas redes nova influência, com implicações desconhecidas para a trajetória do desenvolvimento, especialmente onde os estados são fracos. Este artigo examina o papel de uma rede religiosa transnacional em uma nação recém-formada: a República do sul do Sudão, onde a Igreja Episcopal dominante possui ligações com dioceses em outros lugares da Comunhão Anglicana. Através de observações de campo, entrevistas e uma pesquisa sobre as ligações da Igreja Episcopal dos EUA em outros países, evidências preliminares são apresentadas sobre o impacto real e potencial desta forma emergente de solidariedade globalizada. El papel de una red religiosa multinacional en el desarrollo de un Estado débil: las relaciones internacionales de la Iglesia Episcopal de Sudán Cada vez más redes internacionales, como las conformadas por instituciones religiosas, realizan actividades de desarrollo en todo el mundo. Los avances tecnológicos y las mayores facilidades que tienen los voluntarios internacionales para viajar contribuyen a que estas redes ahora cuenten con más influencia, pero sus aportes al desarrollo se desconocen, en especial en los Estado débiles. Este ensayo analiza el papel de una red religiosa multinacional en un país de reciente creación, la República de Sudán del Sur, donde la mayoritaria Iglesia Episcopal tiene vínculos con las diócesis de otros países de la Comunión Anglicana. Mediante observaciones sobre el terreno, entrevistas y una encuesta sobre los vínculos de la Iglesia Anglicana de EEUU en otros países, el ensayo ofrece información preliminar sobre el impacto, real y potencial, de esta forma emergente de solidaridad mundial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting around the early 2000s, and especially after the 2008 crisis, the rate of capital accumulation for US nonfinancial corporations has slowed down despite relatively high profitability; indicating a weakening of the link between profitability and investment. While the literature mostly focuses on financialisation and globalisation as the reasons behind this slowdown, I suggest adding another layer to these explanations and argue that, in conjunction with financialisation and globalisation, we need to pay attention to the increased use of intangible assets by nonfinancial corporations in the last two decades. Intangibles such as brand names, trademarks, patents and copyrights play a role in the widening of the profit–investment gap as the use of these assets enables firms to increase market power and profitability without necessarily generating a corresponding increase in fixed capital investment. After discussing the ways nonfinancial corporations use intangible assets, I look at large corporations in the USA and find the following: (i) The ratio of intangible assets to the capital stock increased in general. This increase is highest for firms in high-technology, healthcare, nondurables and telecommunications. (ii) Industries with higher intangible asset ratios have lower investment to profit ratios. (iii) Industries with higher intangible asset ratios have higher markups and profitability. (iv) The composition of the nonfinancial corporate sector has changed and the weight of high-technology and healthcare firms has increased; but this increase did not correspond to an equal increase in their investment share. The decline in the investment share of durables, nondurables and machinery is matched by an increase in the investment share of location-specific industries with low intangible asset use, most notably firms in energy extraction. In general, these firms have steadier markups and higher investment to profit ratios. (v) Yet, intangible-intensive industries' profitability has increased faster than their share of investment or total assets. All in all, these findings are in line with the suggestion that the increased use of intangible assets enables firms to have high profitability without a corresponding increase in investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American politicians and policy makers have blamed China's exchange rate for the large US trade deficits. This paper explains why the USA treats its trade deficits with China as a security issue that have become a source of friction in Sino-US relations. The essay argues that this friction is a useful deflection from the politically difficult policy action needed to remedy the US economy and cannot easily be removed by the Chinese side alone. The structure of global trade and the reality of China's political economy, which forces Chinese leaders to develop policies for a “harmonious society” in the face of growing inequality also makes it difficult for China to respond positively to US pressure on the exchange rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore the changing face of current affairs programmes in three countries, New Zealand, Britain and the United States. News and current affairs programmes have been the subject of much debate in recent years in these three countries. It is common to read of the tabloidisation of news and current affairs and its general decline. This paper will evaluate how key drivers such as legislative changes, globalisation and technological advances have impacted on current affairs programmes in these countries. A recent British study by the University of Westminster is used as one example to discuss the issues facing current affairs as a genre with the claim that it is in crisis and possible terminal decline. For other academics and television executives comes the response that the genre of current affairs has changed with the demands of changing audience taste and commercial realities. This paper suggests that the genre has undergone significant change and is in some crisis. It argues that the change in itself is worthy of investigation and consideration and questions whether the once respected formats of the past that offered context, depth and serious commentary represent the norms of a discarded television genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to review the evolution of Mexican migration to the United States in an historical context, paying due attention to economic factors in both countries and, for more recent analysis, setting the globalisation context. The article is in four parts. Firstly, the profile and trends of Mexican migration to the US are reviewed. Secondly, I present recent evidence and data on the incorporation of Mexicans in the US labour market; this helps to counteract the stereotype of Mexicans as temporary migrants. The third section of the article overviews the structural transformation of the Mexican economy, which helps to explain changing social, gender and geographical origins of Mexican migration in recent years. Fourthly, attention is turned to the US context, with a particular focus on processes of labour flexibilisation, segmentation and polarisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: On the one hand the present globalisation process has only been made possible through a reduction in time–distances allowed by high-speed transport, and particularly through the development of air transport. On the other hand the metropolitanization process seen as the urban counterpart of globalisation is deeply associated with the development of air transport. Understanding distances between places is a fundamental task for the geographer, while the representation of distances constitutes one of the major functions of cartography. Among the types of maps invented to represent time–space, distorted projections were supplemented with time–space relief cartography in the 1990s. This paper proposes a representation of the time–space relief of the USA considering terrestrial and air modes. This constitutes a key innovation in this type of cartography, giving the possibility of creating a representation of global time–space. The metaphors associated with the images proposed are then discussed evoking the shrinking, the crumpling and finally the shrivelling of time–space. The shrivelling metaphor takes account of the complicated contraction/expansion movement that high-speed transport impacts on space and allows for a rich interpretation of the time–space relief map of the USA in the perspective of the processes of globalisation and metropolitanization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The history of perceptions between the West and the Islamic world does not begin with the recent terror attacks in the US, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia. These in a way only mark the moment in the West when awareness became overwhelming that something is fundamentally amiss in its relations with the countries of so-called Islamic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines an increasingly international, work-centred process of welfare restructuring through its effects on ideas and practices of social reproduction. The effects of intensified welfare restructuring on social reproduction are argued to be a neglected aspect of globalisation debates, connected to a posited ‘labour metaphysic’ within mainstream leftist politics. Analysis of relations between welfare restructuring and neoliberal globalisation suggests a crisis of support for practices of social reproduction, exemplified in US welfare-to-work programmes. The need for leftist politics to reconstruct ‘labour imaginaries’ in relation to issues of social reproduction is argued through an examination of welfare reform programmes in Texas. Welfare-to-workers are shown to live their class through painful and shameful ‘classifying practices’, which deny the class basis of their poverty, negate the value of their motherhood, and aim to construct individualised, psychologised and evangelised subjectivities for labour market participation. The struggle of programme participants for material and psychological survival is argued to be a class struggle, which presents a major challenge to the thinking and practice of leftist politics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Globalisation creates threats and opportunities for retailers in both international and domestic markets. Recently, researchers established a framework for examining the development of supra national marketing segments to explain acculturation to the global consumer culture (AGCC) (Cleveland & Laroche, 2007). The research presented here extends their work by examining demographic and cultural drivers of AGCC and the impacts of global acculturation on ethnocentrism towards international retailers among a cross-section of US consumers (N = 492). Findings suggest that, to varying degrees, demographics and individualism impact four of the dimensions of AGCC, while the dimensions of AGCC impact ethnocentrism for food and fashion retailers. Cosmopolitanism and social interaction consistently reduce ethnocentrism towards retailers among the sample data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In higher education in the US today, particular practices of global engagement are positioned as essential to student learning. Institutional stakeholders foreground the potential of outward‐facing orientation to the globe while sidestepping local connections to racial inequality and injustice foregrounded by student and waged‐worker activism. Faculty and student composition, course content and hierarchies of waged work have been targeted by activists from within and without. In this example, relations between labour, students and administrators at a large southern research university in the USA reveal the mechanisms by which especially neoliberal cosmopolitanisms require an intentional and narrow rendering of what and who counts in the production of campus life. A discussion of student activism and changes to housekeeping work practices reveal how power is produced and divided by controlling and corralling particular kinds of social reproductive labour. In light of the redistribution and erasure of this labour, we argue that US universities are geopolitical in nature, shaping young people's orientations to an imagined global citizenship to create a specific form of cosmopolitanism that centres whiteness and makes claim to a globally oriented generosity rather than a justice‐oriented framework with explicit connections to the breadth of waged work undergirding university life and practice. To create this possibility, the university frequently side‐steps complex interconnections between student life and systems of racialised, ethnicised and gendered exploitation in local spaces in favour of a focus of similar inequalities in the world "out there." In higher education in the USA, particular practices of global engagement are positioned as essential to student learning. In this example, relations between labour, students and administrators at a large southern research university in the USA reveal the mechanisms by which especially neoliberal cosmopolitanisms require an intentional and narrow rendering of what and who counts in the production of campus life. We argue that US universities are geopolitical in nature, shaping young people's orientations to an imagined global citizenship to create a specific form of cosmopolitanism that centres whiteness and makes claim to a globally oriented generosity rather than a justice‐oriented framework with explicit connections to the breadth of waged work undergirding university life and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the incorporation of a refugee simulation into an upper-division sociology course on globalisation at a liberal arts institution in the United States. The simulation is designed to inform students of the refugee process in the United States by inviting participants to immerse themselves in refugee experiences by adopting identities of actual refugee families as they complete four stages of the refugee application process. Student reactions to the refugee simulation suggest that it is an effective tool for demonstrating the complexities of the refugee experience in the United States and for evoking social empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twin cities of Niagara Falls Ontario (ON) and New York (NY) share a natural wonder and an industrial past; however, respective local economic and governance structures have led to a stark demographic divergence between the two cities. Analysis reveals that the economic and demographic processes, as well as government interventions, that led to the divergence between the cities occurred predominantly outside of the local geographic scale. Local perceptions of and strategies to cope with shrinkage and slow growth were comparable in both cities. Niagara Falls, ON’s relative success in retaining population and jobs can be largely attributed to provincial intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the extent to which academic institutions and their curricula are internationalised in the US. The survey instrument incorporates variables that assess the students’ globalisation skills related to international awareness, international competency and international expertise. Generally, findings suggest that a large proportion of students in the US glean their international learning experiences from course-infused content. This allows them to develop international awareness and competency skills, but fall short of the international expertise skills. Furthermore, the probability that students will be exposed to international or cross-cultural learning experiences increases as they advance in their various programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Content & Focus: A notable number of actions and programmes have taken place to internationalise the US counselling psychology profession. This article expands the previous work by examining the growing international perspectives within the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP), specifically those associated with recent presidential initiatives and leadership, structural organisational change within the Division, and scholarly publications in the Division's journal, The Counseling Psychologist. In addition, we discuss a few cross-cultural training initiatives as one way forward for the SCP to continue promoting the development of international perspectives in counselling psychology in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the discussion of global policy convergence through the implementation of "distributed governance" within the education policy sector. Here, the focus is directed at the emergence of national education standards (NES) as a simultaneous instrument of fair school control and performance increase. Both the US and Germany show a high traditional resistance to nationally centralised educational control, but experienced a massive transformation in this direction by the recent implementation of a national core curriculum initiative (National Education Standards in Germany and Common Core State Standards in the US). This article will rely on global governance and distributed governance research, focusing on the concept of "heterarchies", to analyse the interplay of global and national contexts in the case of the rise of NES in the US and Germany, ultimately showing the concepts' contributions (and limits) to explain policy convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the internationalisation of higher education has become an important element in university global competitiveness, universities are engaged in initiatives to internationalise their curricula. Among the strategies employed to internationalise the campuses is the recruitment of highly skilled international faculty. The recruitment of such faculty is fraught with challenges of integrating and socialising the faculty into the academic ethos and social fabric of the university and community. This study presents the findings of a qualitative case study conducted on international faculty in a Southwestern university engaged in an ambitious programme of transformation into a global campus. Using embedded intergroup theory and boundary heightening as theoretical constructs, the study identifies the isolation of the faculty through excessive intrinsic careerism, collegial and community isolation, minimal professional development opportunities, and exclusionary politics of teaching and scholarship that occasionally translated into stereotypical comments, physical violence in class and offering courses that were unpopular. The study recommends enhancing opportunities for international faculty interactions, strengthening the integration practices evident in successful units, and providing staff development opportunities for both chairs and international faculty in order to boost professional and social integration of the faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Human rights declarations provide the right for any person to leave their country, yet do not provide the right to enter another country, stopping halfway in asserting a right to mobility. In this article we provide evidence that 1) state policies and actions create migration flows; 2) migrants often travel to fulfil their human rights; and 3) current restrictions on immigration curtail migrants' human rights. We argue, based on sociological evidence, that the right to mobility is a fundamental human right, and deserves a place in human rights doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the form and function of the Korean family at the beginning of the twenty-first century are inextricably related to the process of globalisation. The kirŏgi family is one of several novel family types that have emerged since 1990. It is a split-household, transnational family with the mother and children moving to an English-speaking country for the children's education and the father staying behind in Korea to work and support the family. The kirŏgi family is a response to the challenges of rapid globalisation, to English as the global hegemonic language, to Korea's economic success and democratisation and to the rapid development of transportation and communication technology. Based on surveys and interviews with kirŏgi families in the Washington Metropolitan Area, we examine what makes the kirŏgi project worth considering, practicable and desirable, as these middle-class Korean families pursue success through education in the global arena. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This seminal article analyses the current structural crisis and instability in an ever more polarised world in relation to earlier systemic crises that were resolved through fascism or through Fordist-Keynesian ‘class compromise’ (the 1930s) and the emergence of capitalist globalisation (the 1970s). The authors identify three basic responses to the crisis: popular insurgency from below; reformist stabilisation from above; and, a twenty-first century neo-fascism. Looking specifically at the US, they analyse political and economic developments that demonstrate fascistic characteristics. While no simple replication of the past, the emergence of a Christian Right since the mid-1980s, the growth of certain currents within the Tea Party movement, the sharp increase in violent hate groups, the spread of a vicious anti-immigrant movement, the psychopathology of white decline, sharp militarisation and pervasive policing give some indications of the rise of fascist tendencies. But what is crucial today is the sophistication of such a project, made possible by the ideological domination of media together with new surveillance and social control technologies that allow it to rely more on selective than generalised repression. In calling for a co-ordinated fightback, both in the US and beyond, the authors see the only viable solution to the crisis of global capitalism as a massive redistribution of wealth and power downward towards the poor majority of humanity, along the lines of a twenty-first century democratic socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The dialogue begins with a discussion of the development of processes of globalisation in recent years, offering a critique of some of the more hyperbolic claims about the death of geography. The discussion then moves to the question of the new conditions for the production of localities, and the role of new technologies in these developments. Further issues considered concern the politics of mobility, the question of differential modes of circulation and of continuing patterns of sedentarism and in some sectors of society. The relation between migrancy as a differentiated material process, and as a metaphor is discussed and these issues are then related to contemporary political debates in the USA, in the UK, India and South Africa. As the dialogue develops, attention turns to the question of how best to theorise the activity of audiences in different cultural locations in relation to particular structures of cultural power. The discussion also covers the particular status of readers and audiences within the context of postcolonial theory and concludes with a debate about questions of race, class, empire, consumption and resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the role of journalism in the construction and mediation of global imaginary. I suggest that the notion of global journalism helps us understand how the image of an interconnected world becomes embedded in the news. The operation of global journalism is illustrated with a qualitative content analysis of the coverage of President Obama's 'Address to the Muslim World' in quality British, German and Spanish newspapers. The analysis examines how the newspapers make sense of the President's lecture in Cairo as a transnational news event by evaluating it against the political and historical background of the Middle East conflict and the contentious intercultural relations between 'the Muslim world' and 'the West'. Based on the analysis, I argue that the Western European newspapers craft a strikingly unified narrative of the Cairo event. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of transnational news narratives and on the relevance of global imaginary in journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing inferences from both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examines the extent to which American companies tailor their Web advertising for global audiences with a particular focus on French-speaking consumers in North America, Europe, Africa, the Caribbean and French Polynesia. Explored from a sociolinguistic and social semiotic perspective, advertising is seen as being strongly rooted in symbolic and cultural codes that are designed to have an emotional impact on consumers. This analysis also draws on the notion of 'language display' to explore strategies involving English borrowings used to appeal to French-speaking audiences and the indisputable link between language and identity. By analysing the latest trends in international e-marketing practices, this research underscores the cultural differences among global consumers and the importance of tailoring corporate websites to audiences in different markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although globalisation has been an increasingly important characteristic of United States higher education for over two decades, there has been little historical analysis of the process or its origins. This article argues that beginning in the early 1970s, institutional, national, and international events established a powerful context for the development of college and university goals that focus on globalisation. These goals are substantially different from the goals of improving the democracy and opportunities for full citizenship articulated in the report of the 1947 President's Commission on Higher Education and subsequently affirmed in other national reports as late as 1971. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of modernisation in a society is intimately connected to the growth of legal evolutions related to criminalisation. While modernisation expands the boundaries of tolerance in an open society, it also expands the boundaries of crime and criminalisation. As modernisation expands on a global scale, the process of redefining crime, criminalisation, and victimisation also occurs on a global scale. In the modern societies of the West, the advance of modern law and justice and the progress of the notions of human rights have expanded the boundaries of freedom. They have also expanded the boundaries of criminalisation in a number of social, cultural, political, and economic domains. One of the major areas of criminalisation that has rapidly expanded with modernisation and globalisation, particularly in the West, is domestic violence. During the last 30 years, a series of laws have evolved in these societies that criminalise a wide variety of behaviours related to domestic violence. A comparative study of legislative developments on domestic violence in the United States, Brazil, India, Japan, Bangladesh, and Ghana suggests that, in each, a relatively homogenous set of laws against domestic violence has evolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article situates the election of Barack Hussein Obama as President of the United States of America within the current global political economy. It examines the major tenets of neo-liberalism, the founding ideology of this economy, and the policies by which neo-liberal ideology targeted and achieved a diminution of global state authority concomitant with a rise of market sovereignty. The consequences have been disastrous for the evolution of constitutional democracy and are at the root of the current economic crisis. As a critical factor that propelled Barack Obama's election, this article argues that Obama's presidency may offer a turning point away from a neo-liberal ideology and towards a strengthened commitment to constitutional democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 9/11, intelligence has been viewed as an integral part of a controversial ‘war on terror’. The acrimonious public arguments over subjects such as Iraqi WMD assessments, secret prisons and the interrogation of detainees suggest intense transatlantic discord. Yet improbably, some of those countries that have expressed strident disagreement in public are privately the closest intelligence partners. It is argued here that we can explain this seeming paradox by viewing intelligence co-operation as a rather specialist kind of ‘low politics’ that is focused on practical arrangements. Intelligence is also a fissiparous activity, allowing countries to work together in one area even while they disagree about something else. Meanwhile, the pressing need to deal with a range of increasingly elusive transnational opponents—including organised crime—compels intelligence agencies to work more closely together, despite their instinctive dislike of multilateral sharing. Therefore, transatlantic intelligence co-operation will continue to deepen, despite the complex problems that it entails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the questions raised by the present financial crisis through an enquiry into the institutional foundations of American finance. We view with some scepticism strong claims concerning the disastrous outcome for the structural dynamism of the global financial system and America's position in it. Many critical political economists tend to take the system of global financial markets as their point of departure and then locate the US in this system. Such approaches, however, generally fail to do justice to the decades-long build up of US financial power and do not capture many of the organic institutional linkages through which the American state is connected to the world of global finance and which are responsible for its imperial sprawl. In many ways, financial globalisation is not best understood as the re-emergence of international finance but, rather, as a process through which the expansionary dynamics of American finance took on global dimensions. Because the present system of global finance has been shaped so profoundly by specifically American institutions and practices, it will not do to evaluate the changes and transformations of this system on the basis of either an abstract, generic model of capitalism or mere extrapolations from conjunctural crises. Crisis and instability are part and parcel of the dynamics of imperial finance and so are the managerial capacities developed by the US state. The most important questions that should occupy critical political economists therefore have to do not with what appear to be external challenges to US financial power (or the putative opportunities for progressive change opened up by them), but, rather, relate to the ways in which the imperial network of intricate, complex and often opaque institutional linkages between the US state and global finance is managed and reproduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text constructs a profile of one of Mexico's most powerful organised crime groups, the Gulf cartel. The text analyses the power of the cartel in the international system, the effects globalisation has had on its operations, the threats it poses to the state, and the obstacles the state faces in countering transnational organised crime groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Globalisation’, driven by neoliberal-based policies, can be seen to have significant impacts on ethnobotanical practices, particularly through the commercialisation of traditional knowledge and rise in identity-based social movements. Despite its relative political and economic isolation in comparison to more ‘neoliberalised’ areas of Latin America, local-level shifts occurring in post-Soviet Cuba are similar to those occurring elsewhere in the region. Afro-Cuban ritual activities have proliferated, particularly in Havana, leading to an increased dependence on the rich magico-medicinal pharmacopoeias employed in hybridised religions such as santería and palo monte – suggesting that ‘globalisation’ may have profound, albeit indirect, implications for even the most economically marginalised countries such as Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]