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Aim. The dynamics of forest fires in Russia and its regions and CO2 emissions from 2001 to 2019 are investigated to assess the relationship between global warming and forest fires. Methodology. The published materials and statistical sources are analyzed and the databases on fires are studied. The dynamics of forest fires in Russia and its regions is examined on the basis of remote sensing data from the Earth (MODIS data). The datasets are processed using QGIS software and Python libraries. CO2 emissions are analyzed using the Global Fire Emissions Database fire datasets using system analysis and mathematical modeling. Mathematical modeling of the global CO2 cycle is carried out using the global spatial model of A. M. Tarko under two scenarios - taking into account industrial emissions and forest fires and taking into account industrial emissions and deforestation. Results. It is found that for the period from 2001 to 2019, the maximum increase in the empirical distribution functions of the areas of burnt forests in all federal districts is shifted towards the minimum values, which implies an increase in the annual areas of forest fires in Russia and its constituent entities, with a general decrease in their number. The largest number of statistically significant correlation coefficients is observed in the Central Federal District. The direct dependence of the areas of fires on the average annual temperature and inverse dependence on the average annual amount of precipitation is demonstrated. It is revealed that the burnt dry matter and CO2 emissions from fires increased by 90% in 2019 compared to 2001. An increase by 167% is found if forest fires are taken into account. Mathematical modeling of the global CO2 cycle in the biosphere demonstrates a positive feedback between global warming and forest fires. Research implications. The conducted research is an actual basis for the further study of the dynamics of forest fires in Russia, as well as for the ecological functions of forest communities.

This review article discusses the climate, water resources and historical droughts of Africa, drought indices, vulnerability, impact of global warming and land use for drought-prone regions in West, southern and the Greater Horn of Africa, which have suffered recurrent severe droughts in the past. Recent studies detected warming and drying trends in Africa since the mid 20th century. Based on the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), both northern and southern Africa are projected to experience drying, such as decreasing precipitation, runoff and soil moisture in the 21st century and could become more vulnerable to the impact of droughts. The daily maximum temperature is projected to increase by up to 8°C (RCP8.5 of CMIP5), precipitation indices such as total wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT) and heavy precipitation days (R10 mm) could decrease, while warm spell duration (WSDI) and consecutive dry days...

Productivity in the agricultural sector is inherently dependent on weather, such as variations in rainfall and temperature. As a result, weather risk events can cause losses in yield and production that translate into economic losses for producers, as well as other sector stakeholders that depend on income from agricultural trade, transport, processing, or export. This document is a guide for development practitioners and strategically presents a variety of mapping techniques for agricultural risk management and illustrates the application of these techniques for informing public and private sector development strategies. The introduction places weather risk mapping within the broader context of agricultural risk, explaining how mapping can enable risk identification, assessment and management activities, and each chapter elaborates on one or more of the technical components. A basic definition of agro-meteorology is provided, along with a discussion of different mapping techniques. The guide presents the available remote (satellite) databases of agro-meteorological variables that can be used for the purpose of weather risk mapping, assessing the advantages and drawbacks of each database and their suitability for different purposes. The document reviews current risk mapping analyses based on historical weather observations, which are typically used for risk identification and assessment, including climatologies, hazard and risk maps, climate regionalizations and agro-ecological zones (AEZ). The document also reviews forward-looking mapping techniques, known as diagnostic and forecasting analyses, specific examples of which are drawn from the United States, the European Union, and Australia. Finally, the guide provides instruction on how and why to conduct agro-ecological zoning, a technique that can be used to assess land-use types, land resources, land suitability, and climatic and agro-climatic regionalizations, as well as to inform land use recommendations. The concluding chapter demonstrates a step-by-step application of agro-ecological zoning in a case study of Mozambique.

Global warming induced by human activity has brought about irreversible environmental changes whose consequences are still being analyzed. Of all the affected areas, the coasts are the most volatile zones due to increasing seawater temperatures and rising sea levels. These climatic changes bring about ecological shifts, strongly impacting the biological equilibrium of coastal ecosystems. These same coastal areas are the naturally occurring habitat of the most important human pathogens of Vibrio: V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. For the last year, the interaction of the oceans and climactic anomalies on the dynamics of diseases associated with these pathogens has been studied with the use of oceanographic data provided by satellites. Studies carried out in Peru using these new tools have allowed the epidemic expansion of V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus infections in South America to be linked to the arrival and spread of the El Niño waters. Further investigation using remote sensing data to analyze the dynamic of V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks in the USA, Spain and Chile has led to the conclusion that infections in these areas have also concurred with the presence of oceanic anomalies. The movement of oceanic waters has therefore been identified as a potential vehicle for the dispersion of Vibrio infections on a global scale, opening new channels for exploring and predicting new epidemic outbreaks of these diseases. El calentamiento global producido por la actividad humana está causando un cambio ambiental irreversible, cuyas consecuencias están siendo todavía analizadas. De todas las áreas afectadas, las regiones costeras serán de las zonas más afectadas debido al calentamiento de sus aguas y al aumento del nivel del mar. Estas alteraciones climáticas van a producir cambios ecológicos que tendrán un fuerte impacto en el equilibrio biológico de los ecosistemas costeros. Estas zonas del litoral son el hábitat natural de los dos principales patógenos humanos del género Vibrio: V. cholerae y V. parahaemolyticus. Durante los últimos años, se ha estudiado la interacción de los océanos y las anomalías climáticas en la dinámica de las enfermedades causadas por estos patógenos, utilizando la información oceanográfica aportada por los satélites. Estudios realizados en Perú, empleando estas nuevas herramientas han permitido asociar la expansión epidémica de las infecciones de V. cholera y V. parahaemolyticus en Suramérica con la llegada y propagación de las aguas de El Niño. Estudios posteriores, utilizando datos de detección remota por satélite para analizar la dinámica de los brotes de infección por V. parahaemolyticus en Estados Unidos, España y Chile, han permitido establecer que la aparición de las infecciones en estas regiones fue igualmente concurrente con la presencia de anomalías oceánicas. De esta forma, se ha identificado a los movimientos de aguas oceánicas como un motor potencial de dispersión de las infecciones de Vibrio a escala global, abriendo nuevas vías para explorar y predecir los nuevos brotes epidémicos de estas enfermedades.