12 results
Search Results
2. Development and validation of a 3D printed antiviral ventilator filter - a comparative study
- Author
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Mathew Francis, Barak Cohen, Esther Shaylor, Ruth Shaylor, and Solomon Dadia
- Subjects
Paper ,Surgical Sponges ,Ventilator circuit ,3d printed ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Supply chain ,Polyurethanes ,Ultrafiltration ,Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ,Global Health ,Automotive engineering ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cartridge ,0302 clinical medicine ,Anesthesiology ,Humans ,Medicine ,RD78.3-87.3 ,Anesthesia ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Coloring Agents ,030223 otorhinolaryngology ,Pandemics ,Ventilator ,Ventilators, Mechanical ,Filter paper ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,Reproducibility of Results ,Equipment Design ,3D printing ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Filter (video) ,Printing, Three-Dimensional ,Viruses ,Feasibility Studies ,business ,Casing ,Research Article - Abstract
Background The current coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unexpected pressure on medical supplies, interrupting supply chains and increasing prices. The supply of antiviral filters which form an essential part of the ventilator circuit have been affected by these issues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing may provide a solution to some of these issues. Methods We designed and tested 3D printed heat and moisture exchange (HME) and antiviral casing. For each casing we tested two different filter materials derived from a sediment water filter cartridge or 1.5-μm glass fiber filter paper. A polyurethane sponge was used for the HME. Each design was tested for circuit leak, circuit compliance, peak inspiratory pressure and casing integrity using methylene blue dye. Results We designed, produced, and tested two different types of antiviral filters with six different internal configurations. Overall, we tested 10 modified filter designs and compared them with the original commercial filter. Except for the combination of 1.5-μm filter paper and 5 mm sponge peak inspiratory pressure and circuit compliance of the filters produced were within the operating limits of the ventilator. All In addition, all filters passed the dye test. Conclusions Our filter may be of particular importance to those working in low middle-income countries unable to compete with stronger economies. Our design relies on products available outside the healthcare supply chain, much of which can be purchased in grocery stores, hardware stores, or industrial and academic institutions. We hope that these HMEs and viral filters may be beneficial to clinicians who face critical supply chain issues during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Published
- 2021
3. Nanomaterial-enhanced paper-based biosensors.
- Author
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Ge, Xiaoxiao, Asiri, Abdullah Mohamed, Du, Dan, Wen, Wei, Wang, Shengfu, and Lin, Yuehe
- Subjects
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NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *BIOSENSORS , *PAPER , *NANOPARTICLES , *CHEMICAL systems , *MEDICAL equipment - Abstract
Highlights: [•] We present nanoparticle-based lateral-flow test-strip devices. [•] We review nanomaterial-based paper biosensors. [•] We discuss future opportunities for nanomaterial-based paper biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Foldscope: Origami-Based Paper Microscope.
- Author
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Cybulski, James S., Clements, James, and Prakash, Manu
- Subjects
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ORIGAMI , *PAPER , *MANUFACTURED products , *LARGE scale systems , *FLUORESCENCE microscopy , *COST effectiveness - Abstract
Here we describe an ultra-low-cost origami-based approach for large-scale manufacturing of microscopes, specifically demonstrating brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscopes. Merging principles of optical design with origami enables high-volume fabrication of microscopes from 2D media. Flexure mechanisms created via folding enable a flat compact design. Structural loops in folded paper provide kinematic constraints as a means for passive self-alignment. This light, rugged instrument can survive harsh field conditions while providing a diversity of imaging capabilities, thus serving wide-ranging applications for cost-effective, portable microscopes in science and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Announcing Swine Flu and the Interpretation of Pandemic Anxiety
- Author
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Jonathan Everts
- Subjects
Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Public health ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Face (sociological concept) ,Public relations ,globalisation ,anxiety ,H1n1 pandemic ,Globalization ,Development economics ,Pandemic ,Papers ,Global health ,Medicine ,Anxiety ,medicine.symptom ,business ,H1N1 pandemic ,Earth-Surface Processes ,global health security - Abstract
This paper discusses the ways in which 2009 novel swine‐origin influenza A (H1N1) was announced and resonated with current pandemic anxieties. In particular, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are used as a lens through which recent pandemic anxieties can be analysed and understood. This entails a closer look at the securitisation of public health and the challenges and struggles this may have caused within public health agencies. In that light, CDC' formal entanglement with global health security and its announcement of the H1N1 pandemic are interpreted, followed by an ethnographically informed focus on various people who were engaged in the H1N1 emergency response and their practices and practical struggles in the face of pandemic anxiety.
- Published
- 2020
6. Political Ecologies of Global Health: Pesticide Exposure in Southwestern Ecuador's Banana Industry
- Author
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Brisbois, Ben Wesley, Harris, Leila, and Spiegel, Jerry M.
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Paper ,Papers ,occupational health ,global health ,engaged scholarship ,political ecology ,ecosystem health - Abstract
Pesticide exposure in Ecuador's banana industry reflects political economic and ecological processes that interact across scales to affect human health. We use this case study to illustrate opportunities for applying political ecology of health scholarship in the burgeoning field of global health. Drawing on an historical literature review and ethnographic data collected in Ecuador's El Oro province, we present three main areas where a political ecological approach can enrich global health scholarship: perceptive characterization of multi-scalar and ecologically entangled pathways to health outcomes; critical analysis of discursive dynamics such as competing scalar narratives; and appreciation of the environment-linked subjectivities and emotions of people experiencing globalized health impacts. Rapprochement between these fields may also provide political ecologists with access to valuable empirical data on health outcomes, venues for engaged scholarship, and opportunities to synthesize numerous insightful case studies and discern broader patterns.La exposición a agroquímicos en la industria bananera del Ecuador evidencia procesos de ecología y economía política interactuando en diferentes escalas y que terminan afectando a la salud humana. Este estudio de caso ilustra como la ecología política de la salud puede aportar al creciente campo de la salud global. A partir de una revisión histórica de literatura y de datos etnográficos recopilados en la provincia de El Oro, Ecuador, presentamos tres áreas principales donde la perspectiva de ecología política puede enriquecer el campo de la salud global: caracterización perspicaz de trayectorias multi‐escalares y ecológicamente relacionadas que afectan a la salud; valoración crítica de dinámicas discursivas tales como las narrativas escalares contrapuestas; y apreciación de subjetividades y emociones relacionadas con el ambiente entre personas que viven impactos de salud global. El acercamiento entre estos dos campos también puede proporcionar a los ecólogos políticos acceso a valiosos datos empíricos sobre salud, espacios para la praxis y oportunidades para sintetizar numerosos estudios de casos perspicaces para discernir patrones más amplios.
- Published
- 2017
7. Paper-Based Analytical Methods for Smartphone Sensing with Functional Nanoparticles: Bridges from Smart Surfaces to Global Health
- Author
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Emine Guler Celik, Suna Timur, and Eda Aydindogan
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Paper ,Smart phone ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Surface Properties ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Lab scale ,02 engineering and technology ,Paper based ,Biosensing Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Global Health ,01 natural sciences ,Smart surfaces ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Knowledge flow ,Embedded system ,Humans ,Nanoparticles ,Smartphone ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Sensing system - Abstract
In this Feature, the most recent developments as well as “pros and cons” in smartphone sensing, which have been developed using various functional nanoparticles in paper-based sensing systems, will be discussed. Additionally, smart phone sensing and POC combination as a potential tool that opens a gate for knowledge flow “from lab scale data to public use” will be evaluated.
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- 2018
8. Quantitative point-of-care (POC) assays using measurements of time as the readout: a new type of readout for mHealth
- Author
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Gregory G, Lewis and Scott T, Phillips
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Paper ,Time Factors ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,Alkaline Phosphatase ,Global Health ,beta-Galactosidase ,Telemedicine ,Wettability ,Humans ,Colorimetry ,Developing Countries ,Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ,Cell Phone ,Software - Abstract
A paper-based microfluidic device was used to quantitatively detect active enzyme analytes in samples at mid to low femtomolar levels. The device uses a hydrophobic oligomer that controls the wetting properties of the paper within the device. When the target analyte is present within the sample, the oligomer depolymerizes, thus switching the paper to hydrophilic, allowing for the sample to wick through the device. Measuring the time for the sample to wick to a control region relative to an assay region within the device results in sensitive, quantitative measurements of the target enzyme (e.g., alkaline phosphatase or β-D-galactosidase). This device requires the use of only a timer for quantifying a target analyte, and thus the platform may be appropriate for use in resource-limited environments, where access to expensive diagnostic equipment is limited. A smartphone with integrated application software (the software has yet to be developed) could be used for timing the assay and for relating the time measurement to the quantitative readout for the assay. In future versions of this assay, it should be possible to configure the smartphone to start and stop the time-based measurement to further simplify the assay for the user.
- Published
- 2015
9. Safety and Efficacy of Iron Supplements in Malaria-Endemic Areas
- Author
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Richard F. Hurrell
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Paper ,Adult ,Endemic Diseases ,Anemia ,Iron ,Plasmodium falciparum ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Global Health ,Intestinal absorption ,Antimalarials ,Immune system ,Hepcidins ,Hepcidin ,medicine ,Humans ,Malaria, Falciparum ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ,biology ,Merozoites ,business.industry ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Intestinal Absorption ,chemistry ,Cerebral Malaria ,Transferrin ,Child, Preschool ,Bacteremia ,Dietary Supplements ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,business ,Iron, Dietary ,Malaria ,Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides - Abstract
Where malaria surveillance and health care is inadequate, iron supplements given without food can increase the severity of malarial infections. The likely explanation is that the rate of iron influx into the plasma from high-dose oral supplements exceeds the rate of iron binding to transferrin and a quantity of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is formed. It is proposed that NTBI increases the intensity of malarial infections by increasing the sequestration of malaria-infected red cells in the capillaries of the brain and intestine, causing more cerebral malaria and further increasing the permeability of the intestinal barrier to the passage of pathogens. Bacteremia is frequently reported in children with severe malaria. At the same time, high iron doses stimulate the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the stool, further increasing the potential for bacteremia. The normal immune response to malaria, as well as other infections and inflammatory disorders, is to prevent further microbial growth by stimulating hepcidin synthesis and preventing the passage of iron into the plasma. Iron absorption is decreased and the efficacy of the iron interventions would be expected to be lower in the presence of infections.
- Published
- 2011
10. Testing the measurement equivalence of paper and interactive voice response system versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30
- Author
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Neil K. Aaronson, J. Jason Lundy, Stephen Joel Coons, and Klinische Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG)
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Adult ,Male ,Paper ,Applied psychology ,Global Health ,Speech Recognition Software ,Young Adult ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Neoplasms ,Sickness Impact Profile ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Interactive voice response ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Humans ,Interactive voice response system ,Equivalence (measure theory) ,Aged ,Quality of Life Research ,Aged, 80 and over ,Cross-Over Studies ,Eortc qlq c30 ,Arizona ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Reproducibility of Results ,Middle Aged ,humanities ,Quality of Life ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the measurement equivalence of an interactive voice response system (IVRS) version and the original paper-based version of the EORTC QLQ-C30.Methods: The QLQ-C30 is a cancer-specific, health-related quality of life questionnaire consisting of nine multi-item scales (physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social functioning, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, and quality of life) and six single item measures (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial problems). This study utilized a crossover design with subjects randomly assigned to one of two assessment orders: (1) paper then IVRS or (2) IVRS then paper. Equivalence between the two administration modes was established by comparing the 95 % lower confidence interval (CI) of the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each scale, with a critical value of 0.70.Results: The ICCs for the nine multi-item scales were all above 0.79, ranging from 0.791 to 0.899 (ICC 95 % lower CI range 0.726-0.865) and significantly different from our threshold reliability of 0.70. The ICCs for the six single items ranged from 0.689 to 0.896 (ICC 95 % lower CI range 0.611-0.888). Two of the items, insomnia and appetite loss, were not statistically different from 0.70. When considered together, the per-protocol analysis results support the equivalence of the paper and IVRS versions of the QLQ-C30 for 13 of the 15 scores.Conclusion: This analysis provides evidence that the scores obtained from the IVRS version of the QLQ-C30 are equivalent to those obtained with the original paper version except for the insomnia and appetite loss items.
- Published
- 2014
11. Non-Invasive Cytology Brush PCR for the Diagnosis and Causative Species Identification of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peru
- Author
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Nicolas Veland, Vanessa Adaui, Milena Alba, Braulio M. Valencia, Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas, Andrea K. Boggild, Jorge Arevalo, and Donald E. Low
- Subjects
Pathology ,Travel-Associated Diseases ,denaturation ,polymerase chain reaction ,lcsh:Medicine ,Global Health ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,non invasive procedure ,law.invention ,law ,Cytology ,Peru ,Species identification ,lcsh:Science ,Leishmaniasis ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Skin ,Multidisciplinary ,skin leishmaniasis ,DNA, Kinetoplast ,Infectious Diseases ,Specimen collection ,Cytology brush ,Medicine ,diagnostic accuracy ,medicine.symptom ,Molecular Pathology ,Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ,Research Article ,Test Evaluation ,Neglected Tropical Diseases ,Skin Infections ,Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,species identification ,Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous ,kinetoplast ,Biology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Specimen Handling ,Lesion ,Cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Species Specificity ,Diagnostic Medicine ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,controlled study ,diagnostic test accuracy study ,Skin Tests ,lcsh:R ,DNA ,assay ,medicine.disease ,Dermatology ,major clinical study ,cytology ,purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.00 [https] ,lcsh:Q ,General Pathology - Abstract
Background Traditional methods of detecting Leishmania from cutaneous lesions involve invasive diagnostic procedures, such as scrapings, which cause discomfort, require technical expertise, and carry risks of invasive procedures. We compared the performance of 2 novel, molecular-based non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Methods Consecutive patients presenting to the Leishmania Clinic at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia were enrolled. PCR was performed on filter paper lesion impressions (FPLIs), cytology brushes, and lancets for detection of Leishmania DNA. Smears from lesion scrapings and leishmanin skin test were also performed. Outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity. Composite reference standard was any 2 of 5 tests positive. Species identification was performed by PCR assays of positive specimens. Results Ninety patients with 129 lesions were enrolled, 117 of which fulfilled reference criteria for a diagnosis of CL. Of these 117 lesions, 113 were positive by PCR of lancets used for lesion scrapings versus 116 by PCR of FPLIs (p = 0.930) or 116 by PCR of cytology brushes (p = 0.930). Sensitivity and specificity of PCR on lancets were 96.6% [95% CI 93.3–99.9%] and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of FPLI PCR were 99.1% [95% CI 97.4–100%] and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of cytology brush PCR were 99.1% [95% CI 97.4–100%] and 100%, respectively. Giemsa-stained lesion smear and leishmanin skin test had inferior sensitivities at 47.9% [95% CI 38.9–57.0%] and 82.3% [95% CI 73.9–90.7%], respectively, compared to PCR of invasive or non-invasive specimens (p
- Published
- 2012
12. Foldscope: Origami-Based Paper Microscope
- Author
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James Clements, Manu Prakash, and James S. Cybulski
- Subjects
Foldscope ,Health Screening ,Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy ,Microscope ,Computer science ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Physics - Popular Physics ,Global Health ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Physics Education (physics.ed-ph) ,Materials Physics ,law ,Microscopy ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Fluorescence microscope ,Public and Occupational Health ,lcsh:Science ,Microstructure ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Artificial light ,Digital imaging ,Equipment Design ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Fluorescence ,Infectious Diseases ,Medical Microbiology ,Physical Sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,0210 nano-technology ,Physics - Optics ,Research Article ,Biotechnology ,Paper ,Science Policy ,Materials Science ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Bioengineering ,Nanotechnology ,Popular Physics (physics.pop-ph) ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,030304 developmental biology ,lcsh:R ,Bright-field microscopy ,Physics - Physics Education ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Science Education ,chemistry ,lcsh:Q ,Medical Devices and Equipment ,Polystyrene ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
Here we describe an ultra-low-cost origami-based approach for large-scale manufacturing of microscopes, specifically demonstrating brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscopes. Merging principles of optical design with origami enables high-volume fabrication of microscopes from 2D media. Flexure mechanisms created via folding enable a flat compact design. Structural loops in folded paper provide kinematic constraints as a means for passive self-alignment. This light, rugged instrument can survive harsh field conditions while providing a diversity of imaging capabilities, thus serving wide-ranging applications for cost-effective, portable microscopes in science and education.
- Published
- 2014
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